1
|
Deligianni C, Martelletti P, Mitsikostas DD. Are indirect comparisons for treatments in migraine necessitas? Many inevitable challenges to overcome. J Comp Eff Res 2023; 12:e230082. [PMID: 37265067 PMCID: PMC10508295 DOI: 10.57264/cer-2023-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Martelletti
- Department of Clinical & Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Dimos D Mitsikostas
- Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramachanderan R, Schramm S, Schaefer B. Migraine drugs. CHEMTEXTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-023-00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAccording to recent studies, migraine affects more than 1 billion people worldwide, making it one of the world’s most prevalent diseases. Although this highly debilitating illness has been known since ancient times, the first therapeutic drugs to treat migraine, ergotamine (Gynergen) and dihydroergotamine (Dihydergot), did not appear on the market until 1921 and 1946, respectively. Both drugs originated from Sandoz, the world’s leading pharmaceutical company in ergot alkaloid research at the time. Historically, ergot alkaloids had been primarily used in obstetrics, but with methysergide (1-methyl-lysergic acid 1′-hydroxy-butyl-(2S)-amide), it became apparent that they also held some potential in migraine treatment. Methysergide was the first effective prophylactic drug developed specifically to prevent migraine attacks in 1959. On the basis of significantly improved knowledge of migraine pathophysiology and the discovery of serotonin and its receptors, Glaxo was able to launch sumatriptan in 1992. It was the first member from the class of triptans, which are selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists. Recent innovations in acute and preventive migraine therapy include lasmiditan, a selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist from Eli Lilly, the gepants, which are calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists discovered at Merck & Co and BMS, and anti-CGRP/receptor monoclonal antibodies from Amgen, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and others.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
3
|
The first report of the Italian Migraine Registry (I-GRAINE). Neurol Sci 2022; 43:5725-5728. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
4
|
Cohen F, Yuan H, Silberstein SD. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)-Targeted Monoclonal Antibodies and Antagonists in Migraine: Current Evidence and Rationale. BioDrugs 2022; 36:341-358. [PMID: 35476215 PMCID: PMC9043885 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37 amino-acid neuropeptide found mostly in peptidergic sensory C-fibers, has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine, which is one of the most common neurological disorders seen in medical practice, affecting almost 16% of the US population. While previously thought to be a vascular condition, migraine attacks are the result of neurogenic inflammation and peripheral/central sensitization through dysfunctional activation of the trigeminovascular system. To date, two classes of therapeutic agents have been developed to interrupt the function of CGRP: CGRP-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and small-molecule antagonists (gepants). There are currently four CGRP-targeted mAbs and three gepants that are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of migraine. Multiple phase II and III studies have established the efficacies and tolerability of these treatments. Previously, we reviewed the fundamental role of CGRP in migraine pathogenesis. Here, we discuss in depth the clinical evidence (randomized controlled trials and real-world studies), safety, and tolerability of CGRP-targeted mAbs and gepants for treating migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Cohen
- Jefferson Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Hsiangkuo Yuan
- Jefferson Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Stephen D Silberstein
- Jefferson Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zebenholzer K, Gall W, Gleiss A, Pavelic AR, Wöber C. Triptans and vascular comorbidity in persons over fifty: Findings from a nationwide insurance database – A cohort study. Headache 2022; 62:604-612. [PMID: 35593784 PMCID: PMC9321590 DOI: 10.1111/head.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To gather information about prescription of triptans and to evaluate whether vascular comorbidity differs in users and nonusers of triptans over the age of 50 years. Background Beyond the age of 50 years, migraine is still common—yet the incidence of vascular disorders increases. Triptans, medications for treating migraine attacks, are vasoconstrictive drugs and contraindicated in persons with vascular disorders. Methods Based on a nationwide insurance database from 2011, we compared the prescription of vascular drugs (identified by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes), vascular diagnoses and hospitalizations, between triptan users greater than 50 years and a matched control group. Results Of the 3,116,000 persons over 50 years, 13,833 (0.44%) had at least one triptan prescription; 11,202 (81%) were women. Thirty percent of the triptan users (13,833/47,336 persons) were over 50 years. Of those over 50 years, 6832 (49.4%) had at least one vascular drug and 870 (6.3%) had at least one inpatient vascular diagnosis; 15.7% (2166 of 13,833 users) overused triptans. We compared triptan‐users to 41,400 nonusers, using a 1:3 match. In triptan‐users, prescriptions of cardiac therapies and beta blockers were significantly more common (odds ratio [OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24–1.47 and OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.14–1.25, respectively); whereas prescriptions of calcium channel blockers and renin/angiotensin inhibitors were significantly less common (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.76–0.88 and OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.72–0.79, respectively). The prescriptions of antihypertensive, diuretic, and antilipidemic drugs as well as platelet inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors did not differ in users and nonusers. Triptan users had significantly more hospital stays (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.33–1.45); however, the number of days spent in the hospital and more importantly the frequency of inpatient vascular diagnoses did not differ statistically significantly between the two groups. Conclusion In persons over 50 years of age, a prescription of triptans is common. Vascular comorbidity is comparable in users and nonusers of triptans showing that triptans are prescribed despite vascular comorbidity and suggesting that triptan use does not increase vascular risk in patients with migraine over the age of 50 years. Nevertheless, regular evaluation for contraindications against triptans and for vascular risk factors is recommended in this age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Zebenholzer
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Walter Gall
- Institute of Medical Information Management Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Institute of Clinical Biometrics Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Antun R. Pavelic
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Christian Wöber
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Spekker E, Tanaka M, Szabó Á, Vécsei L. Neurogenic Inflammation: The Participant in Migraine and Recent Advancements in Translational Research. Biomedicines 2021; 10:76. [PMID: 35052756 PMCID: PMC8773152 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by a unilateral, throbbing, pulsing headache, which lasts for hours to days, and the pain can interfere with daily activities. It exhibits various symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, sound, and odors, and physical activity consistently contributes to worsening pain. Despite the intensive research, little is still known about the pathomechanism of migraine. It is widely accepted that migraine involves activation and sensitization of the trigeminovascular system. It leads to the release of several pro-inflammatory neuropeptides and neurotransmitters and causes a cascade of inflammatory tissue responses, including vasodilation, plasma extravasation secondary to capillary leakage, edema, and mast cell degranulation. Convincing evidence obtained in rodent models suggests that neurogenic inflammation is assumed to contribute to the development of a migraine attack. Chemical stimulation of the dura mater triggers activation and sensitization of the trigeminal system and causes numerous molecular and behavioral changes; therefore, this is a relevant animal model of acute migraine. This narrative review discusses the emerging evidence supporting the involvement of neurogenic inflammation and neuropeptides in the pathophysiology of migraine, presenting the most recent advances in preclinical research and the novel therapeutic approaches to the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Spekker
- Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged (MTA-SZTE), H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged (MTA-SZTE), H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (M.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Vécsei
- Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged (MTA-SZTE), H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (M.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rustichelli C, Monari E, Avallone R, Bellei E, Bergamini S, Tomasi A, Ferrari A. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone and pregnenolone in women with migraine: Analysis of serum levels and correlation with age, migraine years and frequency. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114388. [PMID: 34597839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a very painful, disabling and extremely common disorder among the world's adult population, especially women, and it is associated with a variety of comorbidities. Neuroactive steroids exhibit pleiotropic actions on the nervous system. Alterations in their peripheral and central levels could be involved in the pathogenesis, still not fully understood, of migraine and its comorbidities. The purpose of our exploratory study was to determine and compare the serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 5α-dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and pregnenolone (PREGNE) between women suffering from migraine without aura (MO group, n = 30) and age-matched non-headache women as controls (C group, n = 30). Correlations with age, migraine years and frequency were also analyzed. The patients were enrolled at a headache center; controls were patients' contacts. Calibrators and serum samples were spiked with the internal standards (ISs) solution and treated to deplete proteins and phospholipids. The obtained extracts were evaporated to dryness, derivatized and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Analytes' levels were determined by interpolation on the regression curves, generated from the analyte quantifier ion peak area to the corresponding IS. MO group presented significantly lower levels of DHEAS, DHEA and DHP compared to C group (P < 0.05, Student't-test) and the neurosteroid levels negatively correlated with years of migraine and migraine days/3 months (P < 0.05, linear regression analysis). These results parallel to previous studies showing reduced serum levels of allopregnanolone and pregnenolone sulfate in women with migraine. The low serum levels found for both excitatory and inhibitory neurosteroids suggested that women with migraine might suffer from inadequate neuroprotection, anti-inflammation activity and pain modulation. These deficits might underlie the migraine chronification process and represent the link between migraine and its various comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Emanuela Monari
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, Proteomic Lab, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Rossella Avallone
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Bellei
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, Proteomic Lab, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Bergamini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, Proteomic Lab, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Aldo Tomasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, Proteomic Lab, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nie L, Jiang L, Quinn JP, Grubb BD, Wang M. TRPA1-Mediated Src Family Kinases Activity Facilitates Cortical Spreading Depression Susceptibility and Trigeminovascular System Sensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12273. [PMID: 34830154 PMCID: PMC8620265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) plays a role in migraine and is proposed as a promising target for migraine therapy. However, TRPA1-induced signaling in migraine pathogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that Src family kinases (SFKs) transmit TRPA1 signaling in regulating cortical spreading depression (CSD), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release and neuroinflammation. CSD was monitored in mouse brain slices via intrinsic optical imaging, and in rats using electrophysiology. CGRP level and IL-1β gene expression in mouse trigeminal ganglia (TG) was detected using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction respectively. The results showed a SFKs activator, pYEEI (EPQY(PO3H2)EEEIPIYL), reversed the reduced cortical susceptibility to CSD by an anti-TRPA1 antibody in mouse brain slices. Additionally, the increased cytosolic phosphorylated SFKs at Y416 induced by CSD in rat ipsilateral cerebral cortices was attenuated by pretreatment of the anti-TRPA1 antibody perfused into contralateral ventricles. In mouse TG, a SFKs inhibitor, saracatinib, restored the CGRP release and IL-1β mRNA level increased by a TRPA1 activator, umbellulone. Moreover, umbellulone promoted SFKs phosphorylation, which was reduced by a PKA inhibitor, PKI (14-22) Amide. These data reveal a novel mechanism of migraine pathogenesis by which TRPA1 transmits signaling to SFKs via PKA facilitating CSD susceptibility and trigeminovascular system sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Nie
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Blair D. Grubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Minyan Wang
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Martelletti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00189, Italy
- Regional Referral Headache Centre, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Curto
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00189, Italy
- International Consortium for Mood Psychotic and Mood Disorders Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Kynurenine Pathway as a Potential Target for Neuropathic Pain Therapy Design: From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011055. [PMID: 34681715 PMCID: PMC8537209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the key role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of the tryptophan metabolism in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Despite extensive research aimed at clarifying the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, the roles of KP metabolites in this process are still not fully known. Although the function of the peripheral KP has been known for several years, it has only recently been acknowledged that its metabolites within the central nervous system have remarkable consequences related to physiology and behavior. Both the products and metabolites of the KP are involved in the pathogenesis of pain conditions. Apart from the neuroactive properties of kynurenines, the KP regulates several neurotransmitter systems in direct or indirect ways. Some neuroactive metabolites are known to have neuroprotective properties (kynurenic acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor), while others are toxic (3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Numerous animal models show that modulation of the KP may turn out to be a viable target for the treatment of diseases. Importantly, some compounds that affect KP enzymes are currently described to possess analgesic properties. Additionally, kynurenine metabolites may be useful for assessing response to therapy or as biomarkers in therapeutic monitoring. The following review describes the molecular site of action and changes in the levels of metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of various conditions, with a particular emphasis on their involvement in neuropathy. Moreover, the potential clinical implications of KP modulation in chronic pain therapy as well as the directions of new research initiatives are discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tanaka M, Török N, Tóth F, Szabó Á, Vécsei L. Co-Players in Chronic Pain: Neuroinflammation and the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080897. [PMID: 34440101 PMCID: PMC8389666 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that persists or recurs more than three months and may extend beyond the expected time of healing. Recently, nociplastic pain has been introduced as a descriptor of the mechanism of pain, which is due to the disturbance of neural processing without actual or potential tissue damage, appearing to replace a concept of psychogenic pain. An interdisciplinary task force of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) compiled a systematic classification of clinical conditions associated with chronic pain, which was published in 2018 and will officially come into effect in 2022 in the 11th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization. ICD-11 offers the option for recording the presence of psychological or social factors in chronic pain; however, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions in the pathogenesis of chronic pain are missing. Earlier pain disorder was defined as a condition with chronic pain associated with psychological factors, but it was replaced with somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) in 2013. Recently clinical nosology is trending toward highlighting neurological pathology of chronic pain, discounting psychological or social factors in the pathogenesis of pain. This review article discusses components of the pain pathway, the component-based mechanisms of pain, central and peripheral sensitization, roles of chronic inflammation, and the involvement of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites, exploring the participation of psychosocial and behavioral factors in central sensitization of diseases progressing into the development of chronic pain, comorbid diseases that commonly present a symptom of chronic pain, and psychiatric disorders that manifest chronic pain without obvious actual or potential tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (N.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Nóra Török
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (N.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Fanni Tóth
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (N.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE, Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (N.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-351
| |
Collapse
|