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Li Y, Mondaza-Hernandez JL, Moura DS, Revenko AS, Tolentino A, Nguyen JT, Tran N, Meyer CA, Merino-Garcia J, Ramos R, Di Lernia D, Martin-Broto J, Hayenga HN, Bleris L. STAT6-targeting antisense oligonucleotides against solitary fibrous tumor. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102154. [PMID: 38511173 PMCID: PMC10950871 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare, non-hereditary soft tissue sarcoma thought to originate from fibroblastic mesenchymal stem cells. The etiology of SFT is thought to be due to an environmental intrachromosomal gene fusion between NGFI-A-binding protein 2 (NAB2) and signal transducer and activator protein 6 (STAT6) genes on chromosome 12, wherein the activation domain of STAT6 is fused with the DNA-binding domain of NAB2 resulting in the oncogenesis of SFT. All NAB2-STAT6 fusion variations discovered in SFTs contain the C-terminal of STAT6 transcript, and thus can serve as target site for antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs)-based therapies. Indeed, our in vitro studies show the STAT6 3' untranslated region (UTR)-targeting ASO (ASO 993523) was able to reduce expression of NAB2-STAT6 fusion transcripts in multiple SFT cell models with high efficiency (half-maximal inhibitory concentration: 116-300 nM). Encouragingly, in vivo treatment of SFT patient-derived xenograft mouse models with ASO 993523 resulted in acceptable tolerability profiles, reduced expression of NAB2-STAT6 fusion transcripts in xenograft tissues (21.9%), and, importantly, reduced tumor growth (32.4% decrease in tumor volume compared with the untreated control). Taken together, our study established ASO 993523 as a potential agent for the treatment of SFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jose L. Mondaza-Hernandez
- Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS/FJD-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital General de Villalba, 28400 Madrid, Spain
| | - David S. Moura
- Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS/FJD-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexey S. Revenko
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Angelica Tolentino
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - John T. Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Nam Tran
- Neurosurgical Oncology, Department of Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Clark A. Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jose Merino-Garcia
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma, Av. Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Ramos
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Davide Di Lernia
- Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS/FJD-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martin-Broto
- Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS/FJD-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital General de Villalba, 28400 Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Heather N. Hayenga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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2
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Shafie A, Ashour AA, Anwar S, Anjum F, Hassan MI. Exploring molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s12272-024-01499-w. [PMID: 38764004 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a paradigm of a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene. This extensive review investigates the molecular complexities of HD by highlighting the pathogenic mechanisms initiated by the mutant huntingtin protein. Adverse outcomes of HD include mitochondrial dysfunction, compromised protein clearance, and disruption of intracellular signaling, consequently contributing to the gradual deterioration of neurons. Numerous therapeutic strategies, particularly precision medicine, are currently used for HD management. Antisense oligonucleotides, such as Tominersen, play a leading role in targeting and modulating the expression of mutant huntingtin. Despite the promise of these therapies, challenges persist, particularly in improving delivery systems and the necessity for long-term safety assessments. Considering the future landscape, the review delineates promising directions for HD research and treatment. Innovations such as Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated system therapies (CRISPR)-based genome editing and emerging neuroprotective approaches present unprecedented opportunities for intervention. Collaborative interdisciplinary endeavors and a more insightful understanding of HD pathogenesis are on the verge of reshaping the therapeutic landscape. As we navigate the intricate landscape of HD, this review serves as a guide for unraveling the intricacies of this disease and progressing toward transformative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Adnan Ashour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Ahamad S, Bano N, Khan S, Hussain MK, Bhat SA. Unraveling the Puzzle of Therapeutic Peptides: A Promising Frontier in Huntington's Disease Treatment. J Med Chem 2024; 67:783-815. [PMID: 38207096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder characterized by a mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, resulting in the production of a mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT). The accumulation of mHTT leads to the development of toxic aggregates in neurons, causing cell dysfunction and, eventually, cell death. Peptide therapeutics target various aspects of HD pathology, including mHTT reduction and aggregation inhibition, extended CAG mRNA degradation, and modulation of dysregulated signaling pathways, such as BDNF/TrkB signaling. In addition, these peptide therapeutics also target the detrimental interactions of mHTT with InsP3R1, CaM, or Caspase-6 proteins to mitigate HD. This Perspective provides a detailed perspective on anti-HD therapeutic peptides, highlighting their design, structural characteristics, neuroprotective effects, and specific mechanisms of action. Peptide therapeutics for HD exhibit promise in preclinical models, but further investigation is required to confirm their effectiveness as viable therapeutic strategies, recognizing that no approved peptide therapy for HD currently exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Nargis Bano
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sameera Khan
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | | | - Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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4
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Li Y, Nguyen JT, Ammanamanchi M, Zhou Z, Harbut EF, Mondaza-Hernandez JL, Meyer CA, Moura DS, Martin-Broto J, Hayenga HN, Bleris L. Reduction of Tumor Growth with RNA-Targeting Treatment of the NAB2-STAT6 Fusion Transcript in Solitary Fibrous Tumor Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3127. [PMID: 37370737 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare soft-tissue sarcoma. This nonhereditary cancer is the result of an environmental intrachromosomal gene fusion between NAB2 and STAT6 on chromosome 12, which fuses the activation domain of STAT6 with the repression domain of NAB2. Currently there is not an approved chemotherapy regimen for SFTs. The best response on available pharmaceuticals is a partial response or stable disease for several months. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of RNA-based therapies for the treatment of SFTs. Specifically, in vitro SFT cell models were engineered to harbor the characteristic NAB2-STAT6 fusion using the CRISPR/SpCas9 system. Cell migration as well as multiple cancer-related signaling pathways were increased in the engineered cells as compared to the fusion-absent parent cells. The SFT cell models were then used for evaluating the targeting efficacies of NAB2-STAT6 fusion-specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and CRISPR/CasRx systems. Our results showed that fusion specific ASO treatments caused a 58% reduction in expression of fusion transcripts and a 22% reduction in cell proliferation after 72 h in vitro. Similarly, the AAV2-mediated CRISPR/CasRx system led to a 59% reduction in fusion transcript expressions in vitro, and a 55% reduction in xenograft growth after 29 days ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - John T Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | - Zikun Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Elijah F Harbut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jose L Mondaza-Hernandez
- Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS/FJD-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital General de Villalba, 28400 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clark A Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - David S Moura
- Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS/FJD-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martin-Broto
- Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (IIS/FJD-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- University Hospital General de Villalba, 28400 Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital Fundación Jimenez Diaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Heather N Hayenga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Khot KB, Gopan G, Bandiwadekar A, Jose J. Current advancements related to phytobioactive compounds based liposomal delivery for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101806. [PMID: 36427765 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are the most widely affected disease condition in an aging population. The treatment available reduces the elevated manifestations but is ineffective due to the drug's poor bioavailability, plasma stability, and permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Until now, no therapeutic compound has been able to stop the progression of neurodegenerative disease. Even the available therapeutic moiety manages it with possible adverse effects up to the later stage. Hence, phytobioactive compounds of plant origin offer effective treatment strategies against neurodegenerative diseases. The only difficulty of these phytobioactive compounds is permeability across the BBB. Engineered nanocarriers such as liposomes provide high lipid permeability across BBB. Liposomes have unique physicochemical properties that are widely investigated for their application in diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative diseases. The surface modification on liposomes by peptides, antibodies, and RNA aptamers offers receptor targeting. These brain-targeted approaches by liposomes improve the efficacy of phytoconstituents. Additional surface modification methods are utilized on liposomes, which increases the brain-targeted delivery of phytobioactive compounds. The marketing strategy of the liposomal delivery system is in its peak mode, where it has the potential to modify the existing therapy. This review will summarize the brain target liposomal delivery of phytobioactive compounds as a novel disease-modifying agent for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Bhairu Khot
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Gopika Gopan
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Akshay Bandiwadekar
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India.
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Ahamad S, Bhat SA. The Emerging Landscape of Small-Molecule Therapeutics for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15993-16032. [PMID: 36490325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene (HTT). The new insights into HD's cellular and molecular pathways have led to the identification of numerous potent small-molecule therapeutics for HD therapy. The field of HD-targeting small-molecule therapeutics is accelerating, and the approval of these therapeutics to combat HD may be expected in the near future. For instance, preclinical candidates such as naphthyridine-azaquinolone, AN1, AN2, CHDI-00484077, PRE084, EVP4593, and LOC14 have shown promise for further optimization to enter into HD clinical trials. This perspective aims to summarize the advent of small-molecule therapeutics at various stages of clinical development for HD therapy, emphasizing their structure and design, therapeutic effects, and specific mechanisms of action. Further, we have highlighted the key drivers involved in HD pathogenesis to provide insights into the basic principle for designing promising anti-HD therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh202002, India
| | - Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh202002, India
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Alharbi KS, Javed Shaikh MA, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Hassan almalki W, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Alzarea SI, Babu MR, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Gupta G. Oligonucleotides: A novel area of interest for drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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8
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Prasuhn J, Kunert L, Brüggemann N. Neuroimaging Methods to Map In Vivo Changes of OXPHOS and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137263. [PMID: 35806267 PMCID: PMC9266616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathophysiological hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases. Several clinical trials targeting mitochondrial dysfunction have been performed with conflicting results. Reliable biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo are thus needed to optimize future clinical trial designs. This narrative review highlights various neuroimaging methods to probe mitochondrial dysfunction. We provide a general overview of the current biological understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in degenerative brain disorders and how distinct neuroimaging methods can be employed to map disease-related changes. The reviewed methodological spectrum includes positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and near-infrared spectroscopy imaging, and how these methods can be applied to study alterations in oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. We highlight the advantages and shortcomings of the different neuroimaging methods and discuss the necessary steps to use these for future research. This review stresses the importance of neuroimaging methods to gain deepened insights into mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo, its role as a critical disease mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases, the applicability for patient stratification in interventional trials, and the quantification of individual treatment responses. The in vivo assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction is a crucial prerequisite for providing individualized treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (J.P.); (L.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Liesa Kunert
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (J.P.); (L.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (J.P.); (L.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-500-43420; Fax: +49-451-500-43424
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Zhao X, McHugh C, Coffey SR, Jimenez DA, Adams E, Carroll JB, Usdin K. Stool is a sensitive and noninvasive source of DNA for monitoring expansion in repeat expansion disease mouse models. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275011. [PMID: 35403689 PMCID: PMC9118036 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeat expansion diseases are a large group of human genetic disorders caused by expansion of a specific short tandem repeat tract. Expansion in somatic cells affects age of onset and disease severity in some of these disorders. However, alleles in DNA derived from blood, a commonly used source of DNA, usually show much less expansion than disease-relevant cells in the central nervous system in both humans and mouse models. Here we examined the extent of expansion in different DNA sources from mouse models of the fragile X-related disorders, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. We found that DNA isolated from stool is a much better indicator of somatic expansion than DNA from blood. As stool is a sensitive and noninvasive source of DNA, it can be useful for studies of factors affecting the risk of expansion, or the monitoring of treatments aimed at reducing expansion in preclinical trials, as it would allow expansions to be examined longitudinally in the same animal and allow significant changes in expansion to be observed much earlier than is possible with other DNA sources. Summary: Stool is a readily available, noninvasive and sensitive source of DNA for monitoring repeat expansion in mouse models of four different repeat expansion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cassandra McHugh
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Psychology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Sydney R Coffey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Psychology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Diego Antonio Jimenez
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Psychology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Carroll
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Psychology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Karen Usdin
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Serranilla M, Woodin MA. Striatal Chloride Dysregulation and Impaired GABAergic Signaling Due to Cation-Chloride Cotransporter Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:817013. [PMID: 35095429 PMCID: PMC8795088 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.817013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular chloride (Cl–) levels in mature neurons must be tightly regulated for the maintenance of fast synaptic inhibition. In the mature central nervous system (CNS), synaptic inhibition is primarily mediated by gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), which binds to Cl– permeable GABAA receptors (GABAARs). The intracellular Cl– concentration is primarily maintained by the antagonistic actions of two cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs): Cl–-importing Na+-K+-Cl– co-transporter-1 (NKCC1) and Cl– -exporting K+-Cl– co-transporter-2 (KCC2). In mature neurons in the healthy brain, KCC2 expression is higher than NKCC1, leading to lower levels of intracellular Cl–, and Cl– influx upon GABAAR activation. However, in neurons of the immature brain or in neurological disorders such as epilepsy and traumatic brain injury, impaired KCC2 function and/or enhanced NKCC1 expression lead to intracellular Cl– accumulation and GABA-mediated excitation. In Huntington’s disease (HD), KCC2- and NKCC1-mediated Cl–-regulation are also altered, which leads to GABA-mediated excitation and contributes to the development of cognitive and motor impairments. This review summarizes the role of Cl– (dys)regulation in the healthy and HD brain, with a focus on the basal ganglia (BG) circuitry and CCCs as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of HD.
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Wipf P, Polyzos AA, McMurray CT. A Double-Pronged Sword: XJB-5-131 Is a Suppressor of Somatic Instability and Toxicity in Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2022; 11:3-15. [PMID: 34924397 PMCID: PMC9028625 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-210510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to large increases in the elderly populations across the world, age-related diseases are expected to expand dramatically in the coming years. Among these, neurodegenerative diseases will be among the most devastating in terms of their emotional and economic impact on patients, their families, and associated subsidized health costs. There is no currently available cure or rescue for dying brain cells. Viable therapeutics for any of these disorders would be a breakthrough and provide relief for the large number of affected patients and their families. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by elevated oxidative damage and inflammation. While natural antioxidants have largely failed in clinical trials, preclinical phenotyping of the unnatural, mitochondrial targeted nitroxide, XJB-5-131, bodes well for further translational development in advanced animal models or in humans. Here we consider the usefulness of synthetic antioxidants for the treatment of Huntington's disease. The mitochondrial targeting properties of XJB-5-131 have great promise. It is both an electron scavenger and an antioxidant, reducing both somatic expansion and toxicity simultaneously through the same redox mechanism. By quenching reactive oxygen species, XJB-5-131 breaks the cycle between the rise in oxidative damage during disease progression and the somatic growth of the CAG repeat which depends on oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pater Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aris A. Polyzos
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia T. McMurray
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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