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Zhao H, Zong X, Li L, Li N, Liu C, Zhang W, Li J, Yang C, Huang S. Electroacupuncture Inhibits Neuroinflammation Induced by Astrocytic Necroptosis Through RIP1/MLKL/TLR4 Pathway in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3258-3271. [PMID: 37982922 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03650-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytic necroptosis plays an essential role in the progression and regression of neurological disorders, which contributes to the neuroinflammation and disrupts neuronal regeneration and remyelination of severed axons. Electroacupuncture (EA), an effective therapeutic efficacy against spinal cord injury (SCI), has been proved to reduce neuronal cell apoptosis, inhibit inflammation, and prompt neural stem cell proliferation and differentiations. However, there have been few reports on whether EA regulate astrocytic necroptosis in SCI model. To investigate the effects of EA on astrocytic necroptosis and the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of astrocytic necroptosis after SCI in mice by EA, 8-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to SCI surgery and randomly divided into EA and SCI groups. Mice receiving sham surgery were included as sham group. "Jiaji" was selected as points for EA treatment, 10 min/day for 14 days. The in vitro data revealed that EA treatment significantly improved the nervous function and pathological changes after SCI. EA also reduced the number of GFAP/P-MLKL, GFAP/MLKL, GFAP/HMGB1, and Iba1/HMGB1 co-positive cells and inhibited the expressions of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-33. The results indicate a significant reduction in inflammatory reaction and astrocytic necroptosis in mice with SCI by EA. Additionally, the expressions of RIP1, MLKL, and TLR4, which are associated with necroptosis, were found to be downregulated by EA. In this study, we confirmed that EA can inhibit neuroinflammation by reducing astrocytic necroptosis through downregulation of RIP1/MLKL/TLR4 pathway in mice with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdi Zhao
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chifeng, 024099, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zong
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Long Li
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Na Li
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Wanchao Zhang
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Juan Li
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China.
| | - Siqin Huang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
- Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 402760, China.
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2
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Yu H, Morihara R, Ota-Elliott R, Bian Z, Bian Y, Hu X, Sun H, Fukui Y, Abe K, Ishiura H, Yamashita T. Injection of exogenous amyloid-β oligomers aggravated cognitive deficits, and activated necroptosis, in APP23 transgenic mice. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148565. [PMID: 37683777 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the loss of synapses and neurons in the brain, and the accumulation of amyloid plaques. Aβ oligomers (AβO) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Although there is increasing evidence to support the involvement of necroptosis in the pathogenesis of AD, the exact mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we explored the effect of exogenous AβO injection on cell necroptosis and cognitive deficits in APP23 transgenic mice. We found that intrahippocampal injection of AβO accelerated the development of AD pathology and caused cognitive impairment in APP23 mice. Specifically, AβO injection significantly accelerated the accumulation of AβO and increased the expression level of phosphorylated-tau, and also induced necroptosis. Behavioral tests showed that AβO injection was associated with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, necroptosis induced by AβO injection occurred predominantly in microglia of the AD brain. We speculate that AβO increased necroptosis by activating microglia, resulting in cognitive deficits. Our results may aid in an understanding of the role played by AβO in AD from an alternative perspective and provide new ideas and evidence for necroptosis as a potential intervention and therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yu
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Morihara
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ricardo Ota-Elliott
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Zhihong Bian
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuting Bian
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xinran Hu
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hongming Sun
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukui
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Angel JP, Daniels BP. Paradoxical roles for programmed cell death signaling during viral infection of the central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 77:102629. [PMID: 36162201 PMCID: PMC10754211 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential mechanism of antimicrobial defense. Recent work has revealed an unexpected diversity in the types of PCD elicited during infection, as well as defined unique roles for different PCD modalities in shaping the immune response. Here, we review recent work describing unique ways in which PCD signaling operates within the infected central nervous system (CNS). These studies reveal striking complexity in the regulation of PCD signaling by CNS cells, including both protective and pathological outcomes in the control of infection. Studies defining the specialized molecular mechanisms shaping PCD responses in the CNS promise to yield much needed new insights into the pathogenesis of neuroinvasive viral infection, informing future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Angel
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. https://twitter.com/JuanP_Angell
| | - Brian P Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Aronica E, Binder DK, Drexel M, Ikonomidou C, Kadam SD, Sperk G, Steinhäuser C. A companion to the preclinical common data elements and case report forms for neuropathology studies in epilepsy research. A report of the TASK3 WG2 Neuropathology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 35938285 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society (ILAE/AES) Joint Translational Task Force initiated the TASK3 working group to create common data elements (CDEs) for various aspects of preclinical epilepsy research studies, which could help improve the standardization of experimental designs. This article addresses neuropathological changes associated with seizures and epilepsy in rodent models of epilepsy. We discuss CDEs for histopathological parameters for neurodegeneration, changes in astrocyte morphology and function, mechanisms of inflammation, and changes in the blood-brain barrier and myelin/oligodendrocytes resulting from recurrent seizures in rats and mice. We provide detailed CDE tables and case report forms (CRFs), and with this companion manuscript, we discuss the rationale and methodological aspects of individual neuropathological examinations. The CDEs, CRFs, and companion paper are available to all researchers, and their use will benefit the harmonization and comparability of translational preclinical epilepsy research. The ultimate hope is to facilitate the development of rational therapy concepts for treating epilepsies, seizures, and comorbidities and the development of biomarkers assessing the pathological state of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Devin K Binder
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Meinrad Drexel
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Shilpa D Kadam
- The Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guenther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Mitra S, Anjum J, Muni M, Das R, Rauf A, Islam F, Bin Emran T, Semwal P, Hemeg HA, Alhumaydhi FA, Wilairatana P. Exploring the journey of emodin as a potential neuroprotective agent: Novel therapeutic insights with molecular mechanism of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112877. [PMID: 35367766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative found in the roots and bark of a variety of plants, molds, and lichens. Emodin has been used as a traditional medication for more than 2000 years and is still common in numerous herbal drugs. Emodin is plentiful in the three plant families, including Polygonaceae (Rheum, Rumex, and Polygonum spp.), Fabaceae (Cassia spp.), and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus, Frangula, and Ventilago spp.). Emerging experimental evidences indicate that emodin confers a wide range of pharmacological activities; special focus was implemented toward neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, chronic hyperglycemic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Numerous preclinical evidences were established in support of the neuroprotection of emodin. However, this review highlighted the role of emodin as a potent neurotherapeutic agent; therefore, its evidence-based functionality on neurological disorders (NDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Juhaer Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Maniza Muni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan.
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh.
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Salvadores N, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Gamez N, Quiroz G, Vegas-Gomez L, Escandón M, Jimenez S, Vitorica J, Gutierrez A, Soto C, Court FA. Aβ oligomers trigger necroptosis-mediated neurodegeneration via microglia activation in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:31. [PMID: 35264247 PMCID: PMC8908658 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major adult-onset neurodegenerative condition with no available treatment. Compelling reports point amyloid-β (Aβ) as the main etiologic agent that triggers AD. Although there is extensive evidence of detrimental crosstalk between Aβ and microglia that contributes to neuroinflammation in AD, the exact mechanism leading to neuron death remains unknown. Using postmortem human AD brain tissue, we show that Aβ pathology is associated with the necroptosis effector pMLKL. Moreover, we found that the burden of Aβ oligomers (Aβo) correlates with the expression of key markers of necroptosis activation. Additionally, inhibition of necroptosis by pharmacological or genetic means, reduce neurodegeneration and memory impairment triggered by Aβo in mice. Since microglial activation is emerging as a central driver for AD pathogenesis, we then tested the contribution of microglia to the mechanism of Aβo-mediated necroptosis activation in neurons. Using an in vitro model, we show that conditioned medium from Aβo-stimulated microglia elicited necroptosis in neurons through activation of TNF-α signaling, triggering extensive neurodegeneration. Notably, necroptosis inhibition provided significant neuronal protection. Together, these findings suggest that Aβo-mediated microglia stimulation in AD contributes to necroptosis activation in neurons and neurodegeneration. As necroptosis is a druggable degenerative mechanism, our findings might have important therapeutic implications to prevent the progression of AD.
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Jantas D, Lasoń W. Preclinical Evidence for the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and RIP1-Dependent Cell Death in Neurodegeneration: State of the Art and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101518. [PMID: 34679652 PMCID: PMC8532910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are the most frequent chronic, age-associated neurological pathologies having a major impact on the patient’s quality of life. Despite a heavy medical, social and economic burden they pose, no causative treatment is available for these diseases. Among the important pathogenic factors contributing to neuronal loss during neurodegeneration is elevated oxidative stress resulting from a disturbed balance between endogenous prooxidant and antioxidant systems. For many years, it was thought that increased oxidative stress was a cause of neuronal cell death executed via an apoptotic mechanism. However, in recent years it has been postulated that rather programmed necrosis (necroptosis) is the key form of neuronal death in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Such assumption was supported by biochemical and morphological features of the dying cells as well as by the fact that various necroptosis inhibitors were neuroprotective in cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the relationship between oxidative stress and RIP1-dependent necroptosis and apoptosis in the context of the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative disorders. Based on the published data mainly from cellular models of neurodegeneration linking oxidative stress and necroptosis, we postulate that administration of multipotential neuroprotectants with antioxidant and antinecroptotic properties may constitute an efficient pharmacotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Rahman MH, Bajgai J, Fadriquela A, Sharma S, Trinh TT, Akter R, Jeong YJ, Goh SH, Kim CS, Lee KJ. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Future Prospects and Challenges. Molecules 2021; 26:5327. [PMID: 34500759 PMCID: PMC8433718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products derived from plants, as well as their bioactive compounds, have been extensively studied in recent years for their therapeutic potential in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's (HD), and Parkinson's (PD) disease. These diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction and loss of neuronal structure and function. There has been little progress in designing efficient treatments, despite impressive breakthroughs in our understanding of NDs. In the prevention and therapy of NDs, the use of natural products may provide great potential opportunities; however, many clinical issues have emerged regarding their use, primarily based on the lack of scientific support or proof of their effectiveness and patient safety. Since neurodegeneration is associated with a myriad of pathological processes, targeting multi-mechanisms of action and neuroprotection approaches that include preventing cell death and restoring the function of damaged neurons should be employed. In the treatment of NDs, including AD and PD, natural products have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents. This current review will highlight the therapeutic potential of numerous natural products and their bioactive compounds thatexert neuroprotective effects on the pathologies of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (M.H.R.); (J.B.); (S.S.); (T.T.T.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.G.); (C.-S.K.)
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Johny Bajgai
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (M.H.R.); (J.B.); (S.S.); (T.T.T.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.G.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Ailyn Fadriquela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Subham Sharma
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (M.H.R.); (J.B.); (S.S.); (T.T.T.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.G.); (C.-S.K.)
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Thuy Thi Trinh
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (M.H.R.); (J.B.); (S.S.); (T.T.T.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.G.); (C.-S.K.)
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Graduate School, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Yun Ju Jeong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (M.H.R.); (J.B.); (S.S.); (T.T.T.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.G.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Seong Hoon Goh
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (M.H.R.); (J.B.); (S.S.); (T.T.T.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.G.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Cheol-Su Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (M.H.R.); (J.B.); (S.S.); (T.T.T.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.G.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Kyu-Jae Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea; (M.H.R.); (J.B.); (S.S.); (T.T.T.); (Y.J.J.); (S.H.G.); (C.-S.K.)
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Oxidative Stress-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Disruption in Neurological Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/4356386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), as a crucial gate of brain-blood molecular exchange, is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the scavenger system. Since oxidative stress plays a significant role in the production and maintenance of the BBB, the cerebrovascular system is especially vulnerable to it. The pathways that initiate BBB dysfunction include, but are not limited to, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, iron metabolism, cytokines, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, all converging on the generation of ROS. Interestingly, ROS also provide common triggers that directly regulate BBB damage, parameters including tight junction (TJ) modifications, transporters, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, inflammatory responses, and autophagy. We will discuss the role of oxidative stress-mediated BBB disruption in neurological diseases, such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke (IS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). This review will also discuss the latest clinical evidence of potential biomarkers and antioxidant drugs towards oxidative stress in neurological diseases. A deeper understanding of how oxidative stress damages BBB may open up more therapeutic options for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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