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García‐Ramos BR, Villarroel R, González‐Mora JL, Revert C, Modroño C. Neurofunctional correlates of a neurorehabilitation system based on eye movements in chronic stroke impairment levels: A pilot study. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3049. [PMID: 37434341 PMCID: PMC10454340 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rehabilitation after a stroke is widely considered fundamental to improve secondary functional impairments. Accessible methods based on motor learning, motor transfer and virtual environments are necessary to help to improve stroke patients' quality of life. OBJECTIVES Continuing the line of our previous studies, this work investigated the effect of our new and innovative game-based virtual reality training using the control of virtual objects with gaze in three chronic stroke survivors. METHODS All participants performed an eye-controlled virtual training task for 4 weeks. Pre- and post-training evaluation were carried out with the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper extremity scale as well as performing a tracking task inside an MRI scanner with a MRI-compatible eye-tracker or a joystick. RESULTS Neural results for each participant show the increase of activity in the motor cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum for both effectors (hand or eye). CONCLUSION These promising results have a potential application as a new game-based neurorehabilitation approach to enhance the motor activity of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebeca Villarroel
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas BásicasUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
| | - José L. González‐Mora
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas BásicasUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
- Instituto de Tecnologías BiomédicasUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
- Instituto Universitario de NeurocienciaUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
| | - Consuelo Revert
- Departamento de Medicina Física y FarmacologíaUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
| | - Cristián Modroño
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas BásicasUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
- Instituto de Tecnologías BiomédicasUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
- Instituto Universitario de NeurocienciaUniversidad de la LagunaTenerifeSpain
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Abstract
Compared to blocked practice, interleaved practice of different tasks leads to superior long-term retention despite poorer initial acquisition performance. This phenomenon, the contextual interference effect, is well documented in various domains but it is not yet clear if it persists in the absence of explicit knowledge in terms of fine motor sequence learning. Additionally, while there is some evidence that interleaved practice leads to improved transfer of learning to similar actions, transfer of implicit motor sequence learning has not been explored. The present studies used a serial reaction time task where participants practiced three different eight-item sequences that were either interleaved or blocked on Day 1 (training) and Day 2 (testing). In Experiment 1, the retention of the three training sequences was tested on Day 2 and in Experiment 2, three novel sequences were performed on Day 2 to measure transfer. We assessed whether subjects were aware of the sequences to determine whether the benefit of interleaved practice extends to implicitly learned sequences. Even for participants who reported no awareness of the sequences, interleaving led to a benefit for both retention and transfer compared to participants who practiced blocked sequences. Those who trained with blocked sequences were left unprepared for interleaved sequences at test, while those who trained with interleaved sequences were unaffected by testing condition, revealing that learning resulting from blocked practice may be less flexible and more vulnerable to testing conditions. These results indicate that the benefit of interleaved practice extends to implicit motor sequence learning and transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Schorn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Barbara J Knowlton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Interlimb Transfer of Reach Adaptation Does Not Require an Intact Corpus Callosum: Evidence from Patients with Callosal Lesions and Agenesis. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0190-20.2021. [PMID: 33632816 PMCID: PMC8318344 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0190-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalization of sensorimotor adaptation across limbs, known as interlimb transfer, is a well-demonstrated phenomenon in humans, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Theoretical models suggest that interlimb transfer is mediated by interhemispheric transfer of information via the corpus callosum. We thus hypothesized that lesions of the corpus callosum, especially to its midbody connecting motor, supplementary motor, and premotor areas of the two cerebral hemispheres, would impair interlimb transfer of sensorimotor adaptation. To test this hypothesis, we recruited three patients: two rare stroke patients with recent, extensive callosal lesions including the midbody and one patient with complete agenesis. A prismatic adaptation paradigm involving unconstrained arm reaching movements was designed to assess interlimb transfer from the prism-exposed dominant arm (DA) to the unexposed non-dominant arm (NDA) for each participant. Baseline results showed that spatial performance of each patient did not significantly differ from controls, for both limbs. Further, each patient adapted to the prismatic perturbation, with no significant difference in error reduction compared with controls. Crucially, interlimb transfer was found in each patient. The absolute magnitude of each patient’s transfer did not significantly differ from controls. These findings show that sensorimotor adaptation can transfer across limbs despite extensive lesions or complete absence of the corpus callosum. Therefore, callosal pathways connecting homologous motor, premotor, and supplementary motor areas are not necessary for interlimb transfer of prismatic reach adaptation. Such interlimb transfer could be mediated by transcallosal splenium pathways (connecting parietal, temporal and visual areas), ipsilateral cortico-spinal pathways or subcortical structures such as the cerebellum.
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Abstract
Visual perceptual learning (VPL) is an improvement in visual function following training. Although the practical utility of VPL was once thought to be limited by its specificity to the precise stimuli used during training, more recent work has shown that such specificity can be overcome with appropriate training protocols. In contrast, relatively little is known about the extent to which VPL exhibits motor specificity. Previous studies have yielded mixed results. In this work, we have examined the effector specificity of VPL by training observers on a motion discrimination task that maintains the same visual stimulus (drifting grating) and task structure, but that requires different effectors to indicate the response (saccade vs. button press). We find that, in these conditions, VPL transfers fully between a manual and an oculomotor response. These results are consistent with the idea that VPL entails the learning of a decision rule that can generalize across effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmara Awada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,
| | - Shahab Bakhtiari
- Department of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,
| | - Christopher C Pack
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,
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5
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Chen YC, Chou YC, Hwang IS. Reliance on Visual Input for Balance Skill Transfer in Older Adults: EEG Connectome Analysis Using Minimal Spanning Tree. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:632553. [PMID: 33613272 PMCID: PMC7890183 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.632553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skill transfer from trained balance exercises is critical to reduce the rate of falls in older adults, who rely more on vision to control postural responses due to age-dependent sensory reweighting. With an electroencephalography (EEG) minimum spanning tree (MST) structure, the purpose of this study was to compare the organization of supraspinal neural networks of transfer effect after postural training using full and intermittent visual feedbacks for older adults. Thirty-two older adults were randomly assigned to the stroboscopic vision (SV) (n = 16; age = 64.7 ± 3.0 years) and control (16; 66.3 ± 2.7 years) groups for balance training on a stabilometer (target task) with on-line visual feedback. Center-of-pressure characteristics and an MST-based connectome of the weighted phase-lag index during the bilateral stance on a foam surface (transfer task) were compared before and after stabilometer training. The results showed that both the SV and control groups showed improvements in postural stability in the trained task (p < 0.001). However, unlike the control group (p = 0.030), the SV group who received intermittent visual feedback during the stabilometer training failed to reduce the size of postural sway in the anteroposterior direction of the postural transfer task (unstable stance on the foam surface) in the post-test (p = 0.694). In addition, network integration for the transfer task in the post-test was absent in the SV group (p > 0.05). For the control group in the post-test, it manifested with training-related increases in leaf fraction in beta band (p = 0.015) and maximum betweenness in alpha band (p = 0.018), but a smaller diameter in alpha (p = 0.006)/beta (p = 0.021) bands and average eccentricity in alpha band (p = 0.028). In conclusion, stabilometer training with stroboscopic vision impairs generalization of postural skill to unstable stance for older adults. Adequate visual information is a key mediating factor of supraspinal neural networks to carry over balance skill in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,Physical Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Abstract
Bimanual mirror-symmetrical movement (MSM) is relatively easy to control movement. Different MSM tasks may have different activations and interhemispheric interactions. The purpose of this study is to compare anatomo-physiological features such as hemispheric activations and dominance of two different MSMs, namely melody-playing and rhythm. We examined functional MRI (fMRI) recordings in a group of fifteen right-handed pianists performing two separate tasks: bimanual rhythm and bimanual melody-playing on two different keyboards with standard key order for right hand and reversed for left hand, which allows homolog fingers' movements. Activations and laterality indices on fMRI were examined. The results show that significant cerebellar activations (especially in anterior cerebellum) in both groups. Significant primary sensorimotor cortical activations are observed in the melody-playing group. While there are also bilaterally symmetric activations, and laterality indices suggest overall lateralization towards the left hemisphere in both groups. Activations in the left fronto-parietal cortex, left putamen and left thalamus in conjunction with right cerebellar activations suggest that the left cortico-thalamo-cerebellar loop may be a dominant loop. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) indicates the presence of causal influences from the left to the right cerebral cortex. In conclusion, melody-playing with bimanual MSM is a complex in-phase task and may help activate the bilateral cortical areas, and left hemisphere is dominant according to laterality indices and DCM results. On the other hand, bimanual rhythm is a simpler in-phase task and may help activate subcortical areas, which might be independent of the voluntary cortical task.
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Modroño C, Socas R, Hernández-Martín E, Plata-Bello J, Marcano F, Pérez-González JM, González-Mora JL. Neurofunctional correlates of eye to hand motor transfer. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2656-2668. [PMID: 32166833 PMCID: PMC7294058 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the transfer of motor learning from the eye to the hand and its neural correlates by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a sensorimotor task consisting of the continuous tracking of a virtual target. In pretraining evaluation, all the participants (experimental and control group) performed the tracking task inside an MRI scanner using their right hand and a joystick. After which, the experimental group practiced an eye-controlled version of the task for 5 days using an eye tracking system outside the MRI environment. Post-training evaluation was done 1 week after the first scanning session, where all the participants were scanned again while repeating the manual pretraining task. Behavioral results show that the training in the eye-controlled task produced a better performance not only in the eye-controlled modality (motor learning) but also in the hand-controlled modality (motor transfer). Neural results indicate that eye to hand motor transfer is supported by the motor cortex, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which is consistent with previous research focused on other effectors. These results may be of interest in neurorehabilitation to activate the motor systems and help in the recovery of motor functions in stroke or movement disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Modroño
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Rosario Socas
- Servicio de Rehabilitación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Estefanía Hernández-Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Julio Plata-Bello
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | - Francisco Marcano
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
| | | | - José L González-Mora
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad Departamental de Fisiología), Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, San Cristóbal de La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife), Spain
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8
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Witkowski M, Bojkowski Ł, Karpowicz K, Konieczny M, Bronikowski M, Tomczak M. Effectiveness and Durability of Transfer Training in Fencing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030849. [PMID: 32013174 PMCID: PMC7038032 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of an experiment that aimed to study transfer training in fencing. Fencers from the experimental group underwent six-week transfer training while those from the control group underwent regular fencing training. The fencers’ performance was analyzed thrice: before the experimental training (pretest), immediately after it (posttest), and four weeks after it (retention test). Using a device that simulates fencing moves and analyzes the accuracy of such performance, participants completed, with both hands, three tests related to straight thrust accuracy. While no differences in hand grip strength was observed between the two groups across the three tests, significant differences occurred in terms of their performance on the device. The groups did not differ in the pretests and the retention tests. However, the fencers from the experimental group generally performed better in postests than prestests. These results show that bilateral transfer can be effective in foil fencing training, although its positive effects are short-term. In order to be effective, transfer training should be used as a regular training tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Witkowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Zagajnikowa 9, 60-568 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bojkowski
- Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Krzysztof Karpowicz
- Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Konieczny
- Opole University of Technology, Prószkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland
| | - Michał Bronikowski
- Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Tomczak
- Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
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9
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Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Howatson G, Thomas K, Goodall S, Kidgell DJ. Determining the potential sites of neural adaptation to cross-education: implications for the cross-education of muscle strength. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1751-1772. [PMID: 29995227 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cross-education describes the strength gain in the opposite, untrained limb following a unilateral strength training program. Since its discovery in 1894, several studies now confirm the existence of cross-education in contexts that involve voluntary dynamic contractions, eccentric contraction, electrical stimulation, whole-body vibration and, more recently, following mirror feedback training. Although many aspects of cross-education have been established, the mediating neural mechanisms remain unclear. Overall, the findings of this review show that the neural adaptations to cross-education of muscle strength most likely represent a continuum of change within the central nervous system that involves both structural and functional changes within cortical motor and non-motor regions. Such changes are likely to be the result of more subtle changes along the entire neuroaxis which include, increased corticospinal excitability, reduced cortical inhibition, reduced interhemispheric inhibition, changes in voluntary activation and new regions of cortical activation. However, there is a need to widen the breadth of research by employing several neurophysiological techniques (together) to better understand the potential mechanisms mediating cross-education. This fundamental step is required in order to better prescribe targeted and effective guidelines for the clinical practice of cross-education. There is a need to determine whether similar cortical responses also occur in clinical populations where, perhaps, the benefits of cross-education could be best observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn K Frazer
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia.
| | - Alan J Pearce
- Discipline of Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia
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10
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Urry K, Burns NR, Baetu I. Age-related differences in sequence learning: Findings from two visuo-motor sequence learning tasks. Br J Psychol 2018; 109:830-849. [PMID: 29573264 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) is thought to assess implicit learning, which seems to be preserved with age. However, the reaction time (RT) measures employed on implicit-like tasks might be too unreliable to detect individual differences. We investigated whether RT-based measures mask age effects by comparing the performance of 43 younger and 35 older adults on SRTT and an explicit-like Predictive Sequence Learning Task (PSLT). RT-based measures (difference scores and a ratio) were collected for both tasks, and accuracy was additionally measured for PSLT. We also measured fluid abilities. The RT-difference scores indicated preserved SRTT and PSLT performance with age and did not correlate with fluid abilities, while ratio RT and the accuracy-based measures indicated age-related decline and correlated with fluid abilities. Therefore, RT-difference scores might mask individual differences, which compromises the interpretation of previous studies using SRTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Urry
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Burns
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Irina Baetu
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Shimizu RE, Wu AD, Samra JK, Knowlton BJ. The impact of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on learning fine-motor sequences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0050. [PMID: 27872369 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been shown to be important for skill learning, including the learning of motor sequences. We investigated whether cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) would enhance learning of fine motor sequences. Because the ability to generalize or transfer to novel task variations or circumstances is a crucial goal of real world training, we also examined the effect of tDCS on performance of novel sequences after training. In Study 1, participants received either anodal, cathodal or sham stimulation while simultaneously practising three eight-element key press sequences in a non-repeating, interleaved order. Immediately after sequence practice with concurrent tDCS, a transfer session was given in which participants practised three interleaved novel sequences. No stimulation was given during transfer. An inhibitory effect of cathodal tDCS was found during practice, such that the rate of learning was slowed in comparison to the anodal and sham groups. In Study 2, participants received anodal or sham stimulation and a 24 h delay was added between the practice and transfer sessions to reduce mental fatigue. Although this consolidation period benefitted subsequent transfer for both tDCS groups, anodal tDCS enhanced transfer performance. Together, these studies demonstrate polarity-specific effects on fine motor sequence learning and generalization.This article is part of the themed issue 'New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Shimizu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allan D Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jasmine K Samra
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Barbara J Knowlton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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12
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Rjosk V, Lepsien J, Kaminski E, Hoff M, Sehm B, Steele CJ, Villringer A, Ragert P. Neural Correlates of Mirror Visual Feedback-Induced Performance Improvements: A Resting-State fMRI Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:54. [PMID: 28220070 PMCID: PMC5292421 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mirror visual feedback (MVF) is a promising approach to enhance motor performance without training in healthy adults as well as in patients with focal brain lesions. There is preliminary evidence that a functional modulation within and between primary motor cortices as assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) might be one candidate mechanism mediating the observed behavioral effects. Recently, studies using task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have indicated that MVF-induced functional changes might not be restricted to the primary motor cortex (M1) but also include higher order regions responsible for perceptual-motor coordination and visual attention. However, aside from these instantaneous task-induced brain changes, little is known about learning-related neuroplasticity induced by MVF. Thus, in the present study, we assessed MVF-induced functional network plasticity with resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). We performed rs-fMRI of 35 right-handed, healthy adults before and after performing a complex ball-rotation task. The primary outcome measure was the performance improvement of the untrained left hand (LH) before and after right hand (RH) training with MVF (mirror group [MG], n = 17) or without MVF (control group [CG], n = 18). Behaviorally, the MG showed superior performance improvements of the untrained LH. In resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC), an interaction analysis between groups showed changes in left visual cortex (V1, V2) revealing an increase of centrality in the MG. Within group comparisons showed further functional alterations in bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), left V4 and left anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIP) in the MG, only. Importantly, a correlation analysis revealed a linear positive relationship between MVF-induced improvements of the untrained LH and functional alterations in left SM1. Our results suggest that MVF-induced performance improvements are associated with functional learning-related brain plasticity and have identified additional target regions for non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, a finding of potential interest for neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Rjosk
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jöran Lepsien
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maike Hoff
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher J Steele
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Cerebral Imaging Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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13
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Neural Network Underlying Intermanual Skill Transfer in Humans. Cell Rep 2016; 17:2891-2900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Mirror Visual Feedback Training Improves Intermanual Transfer in a Sport-Specific Task: A Comparison between Different Skill Levels. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8628039. [PMID: 27642526 PMCID: PMC5013216 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8628039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror training therapy is a promising tool to initiate neural plasticity and facilitate the recovery process of motor skills after diseases such as stroke or hemiparesis by improving the intermanual transfer of fine motor skills in healthy people as well as in patients. This study evaluated whether these augmented performance improvements by mirror visual feedback (MVF) could be used for learning a sport-specific skill and if the effects are modulated by skill level. A sample of 39 young, healthy, and experienced basketball and handball players and 41 novices performed a stationary basketball dribble task at a mirror box in a standing position and received either MVF or direct feedback. After four training days using only the right hand, performance of both hands improved from pre- to posttest measurements. Only the left hand (untrained) performance of the experienced participants receiving MVF was more pronounced than for the control group. This indicates that intermanual motor transfer can be improved by MVF in a sport-specific task. However, this effect cannot be generalized to motor learning per se since it is modulated by individuals' skill level, a factor that might be considered in mirror therapy research.
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15
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Sivilia S, Mangano C, Beggiato S, Giuliani A, Torricella R, Baldassarro VA, Fernandez M, Lorenzini L, Giardino L, Borelli AC, Ferraro L, Calzà L. CDKL5 knockout leads to altered inhibitory transmission in the cerebellum of adult mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:491-502. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sivilia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - C. Mangano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - S. Beggiato
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara
| | - A. Giuliani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - R. Torricella
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - V. A. Baldassarro
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - M. Fernandez
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - L. Lorenzini
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - L. Giardino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
| | - A. C. Borelli
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Ferrara; Ferrara
| | - L. Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara; Ferrara
| | - L. Calzà
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Bologna
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR); University of Bologna; Bologna
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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16
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Rjosk V, Kaminski E, Hoff M, Sehm B, Steele CJ, Villringer A, Ragert P. Mirror Visual Feedback-Induced Performance Improvement and the Influence of Hand Dominance. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 9:702. [PMID: 26834605 PMCID: PMC4720001 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror visual feedback (MVF) is a promising technique in clinical settings that can be used to augment performance of an untrained limb. Several studies with healthy volunteers and patients using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicate that functional alterations within primary motor cortex (M1) might be one candidate mechanism that could explain MVF-induced changes in behavior. Until now, most studies have used MVF to improve performance of the non-dominant hand (NDH). The question remains if the behavioral effect of MVF differs according to hand dominance. Here, we conducted a study with two groups of young, healthy right-handed volunteers who performed a complex ball-rotation task while receiving MVF of the dominant (n = 16, group 1, MVFDH) or NDH (n = 16, group 2, MVFNDH). We found no significant differences in baseline performance of the untrained hand between groups before MVF was applied. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the amount of performance improvement between MVFDH and MVFNDH indicating that the outcome of MVF seems not to be influenced by hand dominance. Thus our findings might have important implications in neurorehabilitation suggesting that patients suffering from unilateral motor impairments might benefit from MVF regardless of the dominance of the affected limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Rjosk
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maike Hoff
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher J Steele
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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17
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von Rein E, Hoff M, Kaminski E, Sehm B, Steele CJ, Villringer A, Ragert P. Improving motor performance without training: the effect of combining mirror visual feedback with transcranial direct current stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:2383-9. [PMID: 25632079 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00832.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror visual feedback (MVF) during motor training has been shown to improve motor performance of the untrained hand. Here we thought to determine if MVF-induced performance improvements of the left hand can be augmented by upregulating plasticity in right primary motor cortex (M1) by means of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) while subjects trained with the right hand. Participants performed a ball-rotation task with either their left (untrained) or right (trained) hand on two consecutive days (days 1 and 2). During training with the right hand, MVF was provided concurrent with two tDCS conditions: group 1 received a-tDCS over right M1 (n = 10), whereas group 2 received sham tDCS (s-tDCS, n = 10). On day 2, performance was reevaluated under the same experimental conditions compared with day 1 but without tDCS. While baseline performance of the left hand (day 1) was not different between groups, a-tDCS exhibited stronger MVF-induced performance improvements compared with s-tDCS. Similar results were observed for day 2 (without tDCS application). A control experiment (n = 8) with a-tDCS over right M1 as outlined above but without MVF revealed that left hand improvement was significantly less pronounced than that induced by combined a-tDCS and MVF. Based on these results, we provide novel evidence that upregulating activity in the untrained M1 by means of a-tDCS is capable of augmenting MVF-induced performance improvements in young normal volunteers. Our findings suggest that concurrent MVF and tDCS might have synergistic and additive effects on motor performance of the untrained hand, a result of relevance for clinical approaches in neurorehabilitation and/or exercise science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik von Rein
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Maike Hoff
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Elisabeth Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Christopher J Steele
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; and
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18
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Boeving ER, Lacreuse A, Hopkins WD, Phillips KA, Novak MA, Nelson EL. Handedness influences intermanual transfer in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) but not rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Exp Brain Res 2014; 233:829-37. [PMID: 25466868 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intermanual transfer refers to an effect, whereby training one hand to perform a motor task improves performance in the opposite untrained hand. We tested the hypothesis that handedness facilitates intermanual transfer in two nonhuman primate species: rhesus monkeys (N = 13) and chimpanzees (N = 52). Subjects were grouped into one of four conditions: (1) left-handers trained with the left (dominant) hand; (2) left-handers trained with the right (nondominant) hand; (3) right-handers trained with the left (nondominant) hand; and (4) right-handers trained with the right (dominant) hand. Intermanual transfer was measured using a task where subjects removed a Life Savers(®) candy (monkeys) or a washer (chimpanzees) from metal shapes. Transfer was measured with latency by comparing the average time taken to solve the task in the first session with the trained hand compared to the first session with the untrained hand. Hypotheses and predictions were derived from three models of transfer: access: benefit training with nondominant hand; proficiency: benefit training with dominant hand; and cross-activation: benefit irrespective of trained hand. Intermanual transfer (i.e., shorter latency in untrained hand) occurred regardless of whether monkeys trained with the dominant hand or nondominant hand, supporting the cross-activation model. However, transfer was only observed in chimpanzees that trained with the dominant hand. When handedness groups were examined separately, the transfer effect was only significant for right-handed chimpanzees, partially supporting the proficiency model. Findings may be related to neurophysiological differences in motor control as well as differences in handedness patterning between rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Boeving
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, DM 256, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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19
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Ruddy KL, Carson RG. Neural pathways mediating cross education of motor function. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:397. [PMID: 23908616 PMCID: PMC3725409 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross education is the process whereby training of one limb gives rise to enhancements in the performance of the opposite, untrained limb. Despite interest in this phenomenon having been sustained for more than a century, a comprehensive explanation of the mediating neural mechanisms remains elusive. With new evidence emerging that cross education may have therapeutic utility, the need to provide a principled evidential basis upon which to design interventions becomes ever more pressing. Generally, mechanistic accounts of cross education align with one of two explanatory frameworks. Models of the “cross activation” variety encapsulate the observation that unilateral execution of a movement task gives rise to bilateral increases in corticospinal excitability. The related conjecture is that such distributed activity, when present during unilateral practice, leads to simultaneous adaptations in neural circuits that project to the muscles of the untrained limb, thus facilitating subsequent performance of the task. Alternatively, “bilateral access” models entail that motor engrams formed during unilateral practice, may subsequently be utilized bilaterally—that is, by the neural circuitry that constitutes the control centers for movements of both limbs. At present there is a paucity of direct evidence that allows the corresponding neural processes to be delineated, or their relative contributions in different task contexts to be ascertained. In the current review we seek to synthesize and assimilate the fragmentary information that is available, including consideration of knowledge that has emerged as a result of technological advances in structural and functional brain imaging. An emphasis upon task dependency is maintained throughout, the conviction being that the neural mechanisms that mediate cross education may only be understood in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L Ruddy
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, UK ; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Yoo K, Sohn WS, Jeong Y. Tool-use practice induces changes in intrinsic functional connectivity of parietal areas. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:49. [PMID: 23550165 PMCID: PMC3582314 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic functional connectivity from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has increasingly received attention as a possible predictor of cognitive function and performance. In this study, we investigated the influence of practicing skillful tool manipulation on intrinsic functional connectivity in the resting brain. Acquisition of tool-use skill has two aspects such as formation of motor representation for skillful manipulation and acquisition of the tool concept. To dissociate these two processes, we chose chopsticks-handling with the non-dominant hand. Because participants were already adept at chopsticks-handling with their dominant hand, practice with the non-dominant hand involved only acquiring the skill for tool manipulation with existing knowledge. Eight young participants practiced chopsticks-handling with their non-dominant hand for 8 weeks. They underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions before and after the practice. As a result, functional connectivity among tool-use-related regions of the brain decreased after practice. We found decreased functional connectivity centered on parietal areas, mainly the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and superior parietal lobule (SPL) and additionally between the primary sensorimotor area and cerebellum. These results suggest that the parietal lobe and cerebellum purely mediate motor learning for skillful tool-use. This decreased functional connectivity may represent increased efficiency of functional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsun Yoo
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience and NeuroImaging, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, South Korea
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21
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Obayashi S, Hara Y. Hypofrontal activity during word retrieval in older adults: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuropsychologia 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Nieboer TE, Massa M, Weinans MJN, Vierhout ME, Kluivers KB, Stegeman DF. Does Training of the Nondominant Upper Extremity Reduce the Surgeon’s Muscular Strain During Laparoscopy? Surg Innov 2012; 20:292-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1553350612456099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. In laparoscopy, suboptimal ergonomics frequently lead to morbidity for surgeons. Physical complaints are more commonly reported on the dominant upper extremity. This may be the consequence of challenging laparoscopic tasks being easier to perform with the dominant side. The authors hypothesized that specific training of the nondominant upper extremity may equip this side better and lead to a more equal distribution of physical load. Materials and methods. Participants (medical doctors) were randomized to a 3-week training schedule or no training. The training program consisted of training the nondominant upper extremity. Participants were not allowed to train on a laparoscopic box or virtual reality trainer during the study period. Baseline and outcome measurements after 3 weeks were examined with the use of EMG measurements during a validated task on a laparoscopic box trainer. Muscle strain of the trapezius and deltoid muscles and effective alternation of brachioradial and abductor pollicis brevis muscles were used as outcome variables. Results. In all, 26 participants were included. EMG analysis revealed that participants in both intervention and control groups showed a decrease in muscle strain of trapezius and deltoid muscles. However, there were no significant differences between groups. Those in the intervention group showed significantly better alternation in the brachioradial muscle. Conclusion. Training the nondominant upper extremity leads to better alternated use of lower-arm muscles during a validated box trainer task. Repeating the task after 3 weeks led to less muscle tension in the trapezius and deltoid muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Massa
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark E. Vierhout
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dick F. Stegeman
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Heremans E, Smits-Engelsman B, Caeyenberghs K, Vercruysse S, Nieuwboer A, Feys P, Helsen W. Keeping an eye on imagery: the role of eye movements during motor imagery training. Neuroscience 2011; 195:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Nieboer TE, Sari V, Kluivers KB, Weinans MJN, Vierhout ME, Stegeman DF. A randomized trial of training the non-dominant upper extremity to enhance laparoscopic performance. MINIM INVASIV THER 2011; 21:259-64. [DOI: 10.3109/13645706.2011.614256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Amemiya K, Ishizu T, Ayabe T, Kojima S. Effects of motor imagery on intermanual transfer: a near-infrared spectroscopy and behavioural study. Brain Res 2010; 1343:93-103. [PMID: 20423702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intermanual transfer is the ability that previous studies by one limb promote the later learning by the other limb. This ability has been demonstrated in various effectors and types of training. Motor imagery, the mental simulation of motor execution, is believed to be strongly associated with the cognitive aspects of motor execution, and the pattern of brain activity during motor imagery is similar to that of motor execution, although the activation pattern is smaller, and the level is lower. If the cognitive component of motor execution strongly contributes to transfer, the training effect of motor imagery would be expected to transfer to the contralateral limb. In the present study, we used the tapping sequence paradigm to evaluate the occurrence of intermanual transfer through motor imagery and to compare differences of transfer effects to motor execution learning. We divided participants into three groups: an execution group, a motor imagery group and a no-training control group. Before and after a nondominant left hand training session, ipsilateral hand tests were conducted. After the post-test, a contralateral right-hand test was also conducted. In order to investigate the relationship between transfer effect and neural activation during the learning phase, we measured motor-related brain area activity using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Execution was effective especially for trained movement, imagery was effective for both trained movement and intermanual transfer. Brain activity suggesting predictive transfer differed between two groups, suggesting that motor execution and motor imagery training have different behavioural effects and neural contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Amemiya
- Department of Sensory and Motor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Obayashi S, Nagai Y, Suhara T, Okauchi T, Inaji M, Iriki A, Maeda J. Monkey brain activity modulated by reward preferences: A positron emission tomography study. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:421-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Cystine accumulation in the CNS results in severe age-related memory deficits. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:987-1000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Time-specific contribution of the supplementary motor area to intermanual transfer of procedural knowledge. J Neurosci 2008; 28:9664-9. [PMID: 18815252 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3416-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The supplementary motor area (SMA) makes a crucial contribution to intermanual transfer: the ability to use one hand to perform a skill practiced and learned with the other hand. However, the timing of this contribution relative to movement remains unknown. Here, 33 healthy volunteers performed a 12 item sequence in the serial reaction time task. During training, each participant responded to a sequence of visual cues presented at 1 Hz by pressing one of four keys with their right hand. The measure of intermanual transfer was response time (RT) during repetition of the trained sequence with the left hand, which was at rest during learning. Participants were divided into three groups, which did not differ in their learning rates or amounts. In two groups, 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induced transient virtual lesions of the SMA during training, either 100 ms before each cue (the premovement group) or during each key press (the movement group). The third group received sham stimulation (the sham group). After training with the right hand, RTs for performance with the left (transfer) hand were longer for the premovement group than for the movement or sham groups. Thus, the most crucial contribution of SMA to intermanual transfer occurs in the interval between movements, when the memory of a previous movement plays a role in encoding specific sequences. These results provide insight into frontal lobe contributions to procedural knowledge.
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29
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Olsson CJ, Jonsson B, Nyberg L. Learning by doing and learning by thinking: an FMRI study of combining motor and mental training. Front Hum Neurosci 2008; 2:5. [PMID: 18958206 PMCID: PMC2525972 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.09.005.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated behavioral and neural effects of motor, mental, and combined motor and mental training on a finger tapping task. The motor or mental training groups trained on a finger-sequence for a total of 72 min over 6 weeks. The motor and mental training group received 72 min motor training and in addition 72 min mental training. Results showed that all groups increased their tapping performance significantly on the trained sequence. After training functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was collected and indicated training specific increases in ventral pre-motor cortex following motor training, and in fusiform gyrus following mental training. Combined motor and mental training activated both the motor and the visual regions. In addition, motor and mental training showed a significant increase in tapping performance on an untrained sequence (transfer). fMRI scanning indicated that the transfer effect involved the cerebellum. Conclusions were that combined motor and mental training recruited both motor and visual systems, and that combined motor and mental training improves motor flexibility via connections from both motor and cognitive systems to the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-J Olsson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (Physiology), Umeå University Umeå, Sweden.
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30
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Effect of cognitive demand during training on acquisition, retention and transfer of a postural skill. Hum Mov Sci 2008; 27:126-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Abstract
A recent study has provided surprising new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying our ability to transfer a learned motor skill from one hand to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Gartenstrasse 29, D-72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
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32
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Neuroanatomical Correlates of Motor Skill Learning: Inferences from Neuroimaging to Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4115(08)10015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Neural Substrates of Intermanual Transfer of a Newly Acquired Motor Skill. Curr Biol 2007; 17:1896-902. [PMID: 17964167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Neuro-Physiological Adaptations Associated with Cross-Education of Strength. Brain Topogr 2007; 20:77-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-007-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Obayashi S, Matsumoto R, Suhara T, Nagai Y, Iriki A, Maeda J. Functional organization of monkey brain for abstract operation. Cortex 2007; 43:389-96. [PMID: 17533762 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When humans manipulate a control device under operational rules, with the goal of indirectly controlling a remote tool to achieve a desired outcome, they may rely on the power of internal representation to organize individual moves of the controller and tool into a set of sequences by mapping the motor space among hand, controller and tool. We recently used functional brain imaging (PET) to investigate activations in monkey brain associated with joystick-controlled remote operation of a shovel to obtain food. Activated areas included the prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex and cerebellum, regardless of the rules relating movements of the joystick to those of the shovel (Obayashi et al., 2004). If those areas are engaged in the mental manipulation of internal representation, then we should expect brain activity in the same regions during any similar remote operation, even with different controllers and/or operational rules. To address the above hypothesis in the current study, we used PET to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of two monkeys during a task in which they were required to control a shovel remotely (to fetch a food pellet) by manipulating dual dials. Compared to unplanned movement of the dials, the active dual-dial operation was associated with robust activation of the prefrontal cortex, higher-order motor cortex, posterior parietal cortex and cerebellum, quite similar to that observed during remote operation with a joystick. The present study suggests that monkeys might be able to organize abstract sequential operations according to learned rules, and perhaps indeed to have insight into the nature of the causal relationships, implying the existence of a relatively sophisticated system of internal representation in the absence of language. The fact that the present results are consistent with our previous PET studies strengthens the view that the underlying mechanism for implicit manipulation of internal representations may involve a cerebro-cerebellar neural circuit including the frontal and parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Obayashi
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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36
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Rocon E, Manto M, Pons J, Camut S, Belda JM. Mechanical suppression of essential tremor. THE CEREBELLUM 2007; 6:73-8. [PMID: 17366268 DOI: 10.1080/14734220601103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new treatment for essential tremor. A wearable orthosis, which can be adapted to each configuration of each joint of the upper limb, is able to apply effective dynamic force between consecutive segments of the upper limb and change its biomechanical characteristics. The orthosis is controlled by a computer with a dedicated software application that distinguishes between real time tremor and voluntary movement. The wearable orthosis is able to detect position, rate and acceleration of rotation of the joint by means of a chip gyroscope. This technology was evaluated in six patients suffering from essential tremor. The technique is non invasive and represents an alternative to medication and deep brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Rocon
- Instituto de Automática Industrial/CSIC, Carreterra Campo Real km. 0.200, La Poveda-Arganda del Rey, 28500 Madrid, Spain.
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Manto M, Rocon E, Pons J, Belda JM, Camut S. Evaluation of a wearable orthosis and an associated algorithm for tremor suppression. Physiol Meas 2007; 28:415-25. [PMID: 17395996 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/28/4/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe a wearable orthosis and an associated algorithm for the simultaneous assessment and treatment of essential tremor, one of the most common movement disorders in humans involving an overactivity of the olivo-cerebellar pathways. A motor providing effective viscosity is fixed on a wearable orthosis in the upper limbs. The motor is controlled by a personal computer with software processing in real time the position and rate of rotation of the joint detected by a chip gyroscope. The orthosis can be used in a monitoring mode and in an active mode. The range of tremor suppression of the signals above the orthosis operational limit ranges from about 3% (percentile 5) to about 79% (percentile 95) in relation to energy in the monitoring mode. Considering both postural and kinetic, the mean tremor energy decreased from 55.49 +/- 22.93 rad2 s(-3) in the monitoring mode to 15.66 +/- 7.29 rad2 s(-3) in the active mode. Medians of power reduction were below 60% for the wrist and the elbow. In addition to supplying new information on the interactions between kinematics, dynamics and tremor genesis, this non-invasive technique is an alternative to current therapies. This new approach will provide new insights into the understanding of motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Erasme-ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Abstract
The question of which type of information and how it is being processed by the puzzling cerebellar circuitry remains open. Numerous works have highlighted and delineated the roles of cerebellar pathways in various parameters of motor control, such as timing of motor commands. Recent anatomical and functional data on a possible genuine cerebellar contribution in the processing of 'cognitive', behavioral and emotional information have not yet generated a consensus. Despite an apparent homogeneous and uniform cytoarchitecture, the actors of the cerebellar orchestra do play different roles depending on the anatomical inputs/outputs of the cerebellar regions. The numerous interactions between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex remain a major field of research. Fundamental questions related to the cerebro-cerebellar networks, such as the modulation of corticomotoneuronal discharges in various contexts, have not been fully addressed, or only indirectly, with recent methods. Complexity of circuitries and non optimal theoretical frameworks continue to hamper our understanding of cerebellar operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario-Ubaldo Manto
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Hôpital Erasme-ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
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Manto M, Nowak DA, Schutter DJLG. Coupling between cerebellar hemispheres and sensory processing. THE CEREBELLUM 2006; 5:187-8. [PMID: 16997748 DOI: 10.1080/14734220600925075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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