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Wang X, Yuan L, Lu B, Lin D, Xu X. Glutathione promotes the synergistic effects of venetoclax and azacytidine against myelodysplastic syndrome‑refractory anemia by regulating the cell cycle. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:574. [PMID: 38023359 PMCID: PMC10652243 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Azacitidine is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor that has been used as a singular agent for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome-refractory anemia with excess blast-1 and -2 (MDS-RAEB I/II). However, recurrence and overall response rates following this treatment remain unsatisfactory. The combination of azacitidine and venetoclax has been used for the clinical treatment of a variety of hematological diseases due to the synergistic killing effect of the two drugs. Venetoclax is a BCL-2 inhibitor that can inhibit mitochondrial metabolism. In addition, azacitidine has been shown to reduce the levels of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) in acute myeloid leukemia cells. MCL-1 is an anti-apoptotic protein and a potential source of resistance to venetoclax. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of combined venetoclax and azacitidine treatment remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the molecular mechanism underlying the impact of venetoclax on the efficacy of azacitidine was investigated by examining its effects on cell cycle progression. SKM-1 cell lines were treated in vitro with 0-2 µM venetoclax and 0-4 µM azacytidine. After 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment, the impact of the drugs on the cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. Following drug treatment, changes in cellular glutamine metabolism pathways was analyzed using western blotting (ATF4, CHOP, ASCT2, IDH2 and RB), quantitative PCR (ASCT2 and IDH2), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (α-KG, succinate and glutathione) and ELISA (glutamine and glutaminase). Venetoclax was found to inhibit mitochondrial activity though the alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2) pathway, which decreased glutamine uptake. Furthermore, venetoclax partially antagonized the action of azacitidine through this ASCT2 pathway, which was reversed by glutathione (GSH) treatment. These results suggest that GSH treatment can potentiate the synergistic therapeutic effects of venetoclax and azacitidine combined treatment on a myelodysplastic syndrome-refractory anemia cell line at lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Dongjun Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
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Monfort-Vengut A, de Cárcer G. Lights and Shadows on the Cancer Multi-Target Inhibitor Rigosertib (ON-01910.Na). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041232. [PMID: 37111716 PMCID: PMC10145883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigosertib (ON-01910.Na) is a small-molecule member of the novel synthetic benzyl-styryl-sulfonate family. It is currently in phase III clinical trials for several myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemias and is therefore close to clinical translation. The clinical progress of rigosertib has been hampered by a lack of understanding of its mechanism of action, as it is currently considered a multi-target inhibitor. Rigosertib was first described as an inhibitor of the mitotic master regulator Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). However, in recent years, some studies have shown that rigosertib may also interact with the PI3K/Akt pathway, act as a Ras-Raf binding mimetic (altering the Ras signaling pathway), as a microtubule destabilizing agent, or as an activator of a stress-induced phospho-regulatory circuit that ultimately hyperphosphorylates and inactivates Ras signaling effectors. Understanding the mechanism of action of rigosertib has potential clinical implications worth exploring, as it may help to tailor cancer therapies and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Monfort-Vengut
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM) CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM) CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Another Brick to Confirm the Efficacy of Rigosertib as Anticancer Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021721. [PMID: 36675237 PMCID: PMC9866497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigosertib is a small molecule in preclinical development that, due to its characteristics as a dual PLK1 and PI3K inhibitor, is particularly effective in counteracting the advance of different types of tumors. In this work, we evaluated the efficacy of Rigosertib and the expression of p53 in five different human tumor cell lines in vitro, A549 (lung adenocarcinoma), MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 (breast cancer cells), RPMI 8226 (multiple myeloma), and U87-MG (glioblastoma). We demonstrated that in all cell lines, the effect was dose- and time-dependent, but A549 cells were the most sensible to the treatment while higher concentrations were required for the most resistant cell line U87-MG. Moreover, the highest and lowest p53 levels have been observed, respectively, in A459 and U87-MG cells. The alterations in the cell cycle and in cell-cycle-related proteins were observed in A549 at lower concentrations than U87-MG. In conclusion, with this article we have demonstrated that Rigosertib has different efficacy depending on the cell line considered and that it could be a potential antineoplastic agent against lung cancer in humans.
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Wei B, Zhou Z, Qin J, Yan Z, Guo J, Lei S, Xie Y, Ouyang X, Song R. Electrochemical Oxidative C(sp 3)—H Sulfonylation of Xanthenes with Sodium Sulfinates. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Ma H, Nie C, Chen Y, Li J, Xie Y, Tang Z, Gao Y, Ai S, Mao Y, Sun Q, Lu R. Therapeutic Targeting PLK1 by ON-01910.Na Is Effective in Local Treatment of Retinoblastoma. Oncol Res 2021; 28:745-761. [PMID: 33573708 PMCID: PMC8420894 DOI: 10.3727/096504021x16130322409507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle deregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of many cancers and is often associated with protein kinase aberrations, including the polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). We used retinoblastoma, an intraocular malignancy that lacks targeted therapy, as a disease model and set out to reveal targetability of PLK1 with a small molecular inhibitor ON-01910.Na. First, transcriptomic analysis on patient retinoblastoma tissues suggested that cell cycle progression was deregulated and confirmed that PLK1 pathway was upregulated. Next, antitumor activity of ON-01910.Na was investigated in both cellular and animal levels. Cytotoxicity induced by ON-01910.Na was tumor specific and dose dependent in retinoblastoma cells, while nontumor cells were minimally affected. In three-dimensional culture, ON-01910.Na demonstrated efficient drug penetrability with multilayer cell death. Posttreatment transcriptomic findings revealed that cell cycle arrest and MAPK cascade activation were induced following PLK1 inhibition and eventually resulted in apoptotic cell death. In Balb/c nude mice, a safe threshold of 0.8 nmol intravitreal dosage of ON-01910.Na was established for intraocular safety, which was demonstrated by structural integrity and functional preservation. Furthermore, intraocular and subcutaneous xenograft were significantly reduced with ON-01910.Na treatments. For the first time, we demonstrated targetability of PLK1 in retinoblastoma by efficiently causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our study is supportive that local treatment of ON-01910.Na may be a novel, effective modality benefiting patients with PLK1-aberrant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinmiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanjie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Siming Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Dufies M, Ambrosetti D, Boulakirba S, Calleja A, Savy C, Furstoss N, Zerhouni M, Parola J, Aira-Diaz L, Marchetti S, Orange F, Lacas-Gervais S, Luciano F, Jacquel A, Robert G, Pagès G, Auberger P. ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitors induce caspase 3-mediated Plk1 cleavage and activation in hematopoietic cell lines. Oncotarget 2017. [PMID: 29541386 PMCID: PMC5834281 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) define a highly conserved family of Ser/Thr kinases with crucial roles in the regulation of cell division. Here we show that Plk1 is cleaved by caspase 3, but not by other caspases in different hematopoietic cell lines treated with competitive inhibitors of the ATP-binding pocket of Plk1. Intriguingly, Plk1 was not cleaved in cells treated with Rigosertib, a non-competitive inhibitor of Plk1, suggesting that binding of the inhibitor to the ATP binding pocket of Plk1 triggers a conformational change and unmasks a cryptic caspase 3 cleavage site on the protein. Cleavage occurs after Asp-404 in a DYSD/K sequence and separates the kinase domain from the two PBDs of Plk1. All Plk1 inhibitors triggered G2/M arrest, activation of caspases 2 and 3, polyploidy, multiple nuclei and mitotic catastrophe, albeit at higher concentrations in the case of Rigosertib. Upon BI-2536 treatment, Plk1 cleavage occurred only in the cytosolic fraction and cleaved Plk1 accumulated in this subcellular compartment. Importantly, the cleaved N-Terminal fragment of Plk1 exhibited a higher enzymatic activity than its non-cleaved counterpart and accumulated into the cytoplasm conversely to the full length and the C-Terminal Plk1 fragments that were found essentially into the nucleus. Finally, the DYSD/K cleavage site was highly conserved during evolution from c. elegans to human. In conclusion, we described herein for the first time a specific cleavage of Plk1 by caspase 3 following treatment of cancer cells with ATP-competitive inhibitors of Plk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Dufies
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm U1065, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U 1081, Nice, France
| | - Damien Ambrosetti
- Université Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, Department of Pathology, Nice, France
| | - Sonia Boulakirba
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm U1065, Nice, France.,Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC (2017-2020), Paris, France
| | - Anne Calleja
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm U1065, Nice, France.,Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC (2017-2020), Paris, France
| | - Coline Savy
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm U1065, Nice, France.,Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC (2017-2020), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Julien Parola
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U 1081, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frederic Luciano
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm U1065, Nice, France.,Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC (2017-2020), Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm U1065, Nice, France.,Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC (2017-2020), Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Robert
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm U1065, Nice, France.,Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC (2017-2020), Paris, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR 7284, INSERM U 1081, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Université Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm U1065, Nice, France.,Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC (2017-2020), Paris, France
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