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Zhan Y, Yang Z, Zeng H, Yu J, Chen X, Wu Y. Extracellular vesicle-derived non-coding RNAs in remodeling melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116213. [PMID: 38306847 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal cutaneous malignancies. Despite great advances in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, the survival rate and prognosis of patients with melanoma remain poor. The abundant and sophisticated reciprocal communication network between melanoma cells and non-tumor cells contributes to the high heterogeneity of the melanoma microenvironment and is intimately related to varying treatment responses and clinical courses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures generated by nearly all cell types. EVs contain biologically active molecules, mainly comprising proteins, lipids, and RNAs, and undoubtedly play multifaceted roles in numerous diseases, represented by melanoma. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) mainly encompass long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs and constitute the majority of the human transcriptome. Multiple ncRNAs encapsulated in EVs coordinate various pathophysiological processes in melanoma. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EV-ncRNAs modulate biological behaviors and immunity, and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications in melanoma. Undoubtedly, further insight into EV-ncRNAs and their functions in melanoma will contribute to the clinical treatment of melanoma and the implementation of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihui Yang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Vishwas S, Paul SD, Singh D. An Insight on Skin Cancer About Different Targets With Update on Clinical Trials and Investigational Drugs. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:852-869. [PMID: 37496132 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230726150642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a diverse disease caused by transcriptional changes involving genetic and epigenetic features that influence a huge variety of genes and proteins. Skin cancer is a potentially fatal disease that affects equally men and women globally and is characterized by many molecular changes. Despite the availability of various improved approaches for detecting and treating skin cancer, it continues to be the leading cause of death throughout society. This review highlights a general overview of skin cancer, with an emphasis on epidemiology, types, risk factors, pathological and targeted facets, biomarkers and molecular markers, immunotherapy, and clinical updates of investigational drugs associated with skin cancer. The skin cancer challenges are acknowledged throughout this study, and the potential application of novel biomarkers of skin cancer formation, progression, metastasis, and prognosis is explored. Although the mechanism of skin carcinogenesis is currently poorly understood, multiple articles have shown that genetic and molecular changes are involved. Furthermore, several skin cancer risk factors are now recognized, allowing for efficient skin cancer prevention. There have been considerable improvements in the field of targeted treatment, and future research into additional targets will expand patients' therapeutic choices. In comparison to earlier articles on the same issue, this review focused on molecular and genetic factors and examined various skin cancer-related factors in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Vishwas
- Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai (C.G.) India
- Sanskar City College of Pharmacy, Rajnandgaon, Bhilai (C.G.) India
| | - Swarnali Das Paul
- Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai (C.G.) India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai (C.G.) India
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3
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Mohammadloo A, Asgari Y, Esmaeili-Bandboni A, Mazloomi MA, Ghasemi SF, Ameri S, Miri SR, Hamzelou S, Mahmoudi HR, Veisi-Malekshahi Z. The Potential of Circulating miR-193b, miR-146b-3p and miR-483-3p as Noninvasive Biomarkers in Cutaneous Melanoma Patients. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00893-x. [PMID: 37934389 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a destructive skin disease with few therapeutic options in the developed stage and therefore there is a critical need for reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis. In this context, microRNAs could play an important role as diagnostic biomarkers. Three datasets with accession numbers GSE31568, GSE61741 and GSE20994 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. MATLAB software was used to analyze differentially expressed miRNAs between cutaneous melanoma plasma samples and normal plasma samples (control). Plasma levels of miR-193b, miR-146b-3p and miR-483-3p were evaluated by the RT-PCR method. Furthermore, linear regression followed by receiver operating characteristic analyses was performed to estimate whether selected plasma miRNAs were able to distinguish between cases and controls. Finally, the data were analyzed by unpaired Mann-Whitney U test using Graph pad prism 8 computer software. Specifically, miR-193b and miR-146b-3p were downregulated in the plasma of melanoma patients compared with control groups which were decreased 5 × [Formula: see text]-fold in miR-193b and 58-fold in miR-146b-3p, while miR-483-3p was upregulated 3.5-fold. After receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, miR-193b with the most area under the curve (AUC: 1.00, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.00, p < 0.0001) had the best discriminatory power, and miR-146b-3p had the large area under the curve (AUC: 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.96-1.00, p < 0.0001) and consequently the high discriminatory power. Between these three miRNAs, miR-193b and miR-146b-3p had a high capacity to distinguish between melanoma patients and control groups that are appropriate to be applied in melanoma diagnosis as an early and noninvasive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Mohammadloo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Asgari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aghil Esmaeili-Bandboni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazloomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Ameri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Rouhollah Miri
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Hamzelou
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mahmoudi
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi-Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Su J, Zheng W, Pan Y. Proximity ligation initiated DNAzyme-powered catalytic hairpin assembly for sensitive and accurate microRNA analysis. Anal Biochem 2023; 680:115299. [PMID: 37633354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in regulating diverse physiological processes, and are regarded as novel diagnostic biomarkers. However, the sensitive and reliable miRNA detection remains a huge challenge. Herein, we propose a proximity ligated initiated magnesium ion (Mg2+)-dependent DNAzyme-powered signal cascade for sensitive, accurate and reliable detection of miRNAs. Three signal amplification processes are involved in this approach, including the target miRNA recycle, DNAzyme powered substrate cleavage, and catalytic hairpin reaction (CHA). Based on this, the approach shows a low limit of detection of 523 aM and a wide detection range of 7 orders of magnitudes, which is comparable or superior to most of the former miRNA detection methods. In addition, the approach also possesses a high selectivity to target miRNA, suggesting a potential promising future of the approach for rapid detection of miRNAs in the application of developing novel tools for skin cancer diagnosis, and recovery evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaguang Su
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Yanbin Pan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Nanning People's Hospital, Nanning, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530031, China.
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5
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De Martino E, Gandin I, Azzalini E, Massone C, Pizzichetta MA, Giulioni E, Javor S, Pinzani C, Conforti C, Zalaudek I, Bonin S. A group of three miRNAs can act as candidate circulating biomarkers in liquid biopsies from melanoma patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1180799. [PMID: 37387784 PMCID: PMC10301821 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1180799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staging of melanoma and follow up after melanoma diagnosis aims at predicting risk and detecting progression or recurrence at early stage, respectively in order to timely start and/or change treatment. Tumor thickness according to Breslow, status of the sentinel node and value of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are well-established prognostic markers for metastatic risk, but reliable biomarkers identifying early recurrence or candidates who may benefit best from medical treatment are still warranted. Liquid biopsy has emerged to be a suitable method for identifying biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic response prediction, and patient follow-up. Liquid biopsy is a blood-based non-invasive procedure that allows analyzing circulating analytes, including extracellular vesicles. Methods In this study we have explored the use of 7 miRNAs, namely hsa-miR-149-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-200c-3p, hsa-miR-134-5p, hsa-miR-144-3p and hsa-miR-221-3p in plasma exosomes to discriminate melanoma patients from controls without melanoma in a cohort of 92 individuals. Results and discussion Our results showed that three out seven miRNAs, namely hsa-miR-200c-3p, hsa-miR-144-3p and hsa-miR-221-3p were differentially expressed in plasma-derived exosomes from melanoma patients and controls. Furthermore, the expression of the three miRNAs may be a promising ancillary tool as a melanoma biomarker, even for discriminating between nevi and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora De Martino
- Dermatology and Venerology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eros Azzalini
- Dermatology and Venerology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cesare Massone
- Dermatology Unit and Scientific Directorate, Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Pizzichetta
- Dermatology and Venerology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Oncologic Dermatology Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Erika Giulioni
- Dermatology Unit, AS FO Azienda sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Sanja Javor
- Dermatology Unit, Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | - Caterina Pinzani
- Oncologic Dermatology Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Claudio Conforti
- Dermatology and Venerology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Dermatology and Venerology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, ASU GI Azienda sanitaria universitaria integrata Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Bonin
- Dermatology and Venerology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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6
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Abd-Allah GM, Ismail A, El-Mahdy HA, Elsakka EG, El-Husseiny AA, Abdelmaksoud NM, Salman A, Elkhawaga SY, Doghish AS. miRNAs as potential game-changers in melanoma: A comprehensive review. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 244:154424. [PMID: 36989843 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the sixth most frequent malignancy. It represents 1.7% of all cancer cases worldwide. Many risk factors are associated with melanoma including ultraviolet radiation skin phenotype, Pigmented Nevi, Pesticides, and genetic and epigenetic factors. Of the main epigenetic factors affecting melanoma are microribonucleic acids (miRNAs). They are short nucleic acid chains that have the potential to prevent the expression of a number of target genes. They could target a number of genes related to melanoma initiation, stemness, angiogenesis, apoptosis, proliferation, and potential resistance to treatment. Additionally, they can control several melanoma signaling pathways, including P53, WNT/-catenin, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, TGF- β, and EGFR. MiRNAs also play a role in the resistance of melanoma to essential treatment regimens. The stability and abundance of miRNAs might be important factors enhancing the use of miRNAs as markers of prognosis, diagnosis, stemness, survival, and metastasis in melanoma patients.
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7
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Teh R, Azimi A, Pupo GM, Ali M, Mann GJ, Fernández-Peñas P. Genomic and proteomic findings in early melanoma and opportunities for early diagnosis. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:104-116. [PMID: 36373875 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overdiagnosis of early melanoma is a significant problem. Due to subtle unique and overlapping clinical and histological criteria between pigmented lesions and the risk of mortality from melanoma, some benign pigmented lesions are diagnosed as melanoma. Although histopathology is the gold standard to diagnose melanoma, there is a demand to find alternatives that are more accurate and cost-effective. In the current "omics" era, there is gaining interest in biomarkers to help diagnose melanoma early and to further understand the mechanisms driving tumor progression. Genomic investigations have attempted to differentiate malignant melanoma from benign pigmented lesions. However, genetic biomarkers of early melanoma diagnosis have not yet proven their value in the clinical setting. Protein biomarkers may be more promising since they directly influence tissue phenotype, a result of by-products of genomic mutations, posttranslational modifications and environmental factors. Uncovering relevant protein biomarkers could increase confidence in their use as diagnostic signatures. Currently, proteomic investigations of melanoma progression from pigmented lesions are limited. Studies have previously characterised the melanoma proteome from cultured cell lines and clinical samples such as serum and tissue. This has been useful in understanding how melanoma progresses into metastasis and development of resistance to adjuvant therapies. Currently, most studies focus on metastatic melanoma to find potential drug therapy targets, prognostic factors and markers of resistance. This paper reviews recent advancements in the genomics and proteomic fields and reports potential avenues, which could help identify and differentiate melanoma from benign pigmented lesions and prevent the progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Teh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ali Azimi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gulietta M Pupo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marina Ali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Pablo Fernández-Peñas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Alia Moosavian S, Hashemi M, Etemad L, Daneshmand S, Salmasi Z. Melanoma-derived exosomes: Versatile extracellular vesicles for diagnosis, metastasis, immune modulation, and treatment of melanoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Huang N, Lee KJ, Stark MS. Current Trends in Circulating Biomarkers for Melanoma Detection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:873728. [PMID: 35492361 PMCID: PMC9038522 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.873728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas have increased in global incidence and are the leading cause of skin cancer deaths. Whilst the majority of early-stage, non-metastatic melanomas can be cured with surgical excision alone, ~5% of patients with early melanomas will experience recurrence following a variable disease-free interval and progression to metastatic melanoma and ultimately death. This is likely because of primary tumor heterogeneity and progressive clonal divergency resulting in the growth of more aggressive tumor populations. Liquid biomarkers have the advantage of real-time, non-invasive longitudinal monitoring of tumor burden and heterogeneity over tissue markers. Currently, the only serological marker used in the staging and monitoring of melanoma is serum lactate dehydrogenase, which is not sufficiently specific or sensitive, and is not used routinely in all centers. An ideal melanoma biomarker would be used to identify patients who are at high-risk of primary melanoma, screen for relapse, detect early-stage melanoma, provide treatment outcomes to personalize systemic treatment, follow tumor heterogeneity, provide prognostic data before, during and after treatment, and monitor response to treatment. This review provides a summary of the current research in this field with a specific focus on circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, microRNA, and extracellular vesicles which may serve to suit these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mitchell S. Stark
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Promising Blood-Based Biomarkers for Melanoma: Recent Progress of Liquid Biopsy and Its Future Perspectives. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:562-577. [PMID: 35298769 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Because the recent success of novel therapeutic approaches has dramatically changed the clinical management of melanoma, less invasive and repeatable monitoring tools that can predict the disease status, drug resistance, and the development of side effects are increasingly needed. As liquid biopsy has enabled us to diagnose and monitor disease status less invasively, substantial attention has been directed toward this technique, which is gaining importance as a diagnostic and/or prognostic tool. It is evident that microRNA, cell-free DNA, and circulating tumor cells obtained via liquid biopsy are promising diagnostic and prognostic tools for melanoma, and they also have utility for monitoring the disease status and predicting drug effects. Although current challenges exist for each biomarker, such as poor sensitivity and/or specificity and technical problems, recent technical advances have increasingly improved these aspects. For example, next-generation sequencing technology for detecting microRNAs or cell-free DNA enabled high-throughput analysis and provided significantly higher sensitivity. In particular, cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing for quantifying cell-free DNA is a promising method for high-throughput analysis that provides real-time comprehensive data for patients at various disease stages. For wide clinical implementation, it is necessary to increase the sensitivity for the markers and standardize the assay procedures to make them reproducible, valid, and inexpensive; however, the broad clinical application of liquid biopsy could occur quickly. This review focuses on the significance of liquid biopsy, particularly related to the use of blood samples from patients with melanoma, and discusses its future perspectives.
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11
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Talib WH, Mahmod AI, Kamal A, Rashid HM, Alashqar AMD, Khater S, Jamal D, Waly M. Ketogenic Diet in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Opportunities. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:558-589. [PMID: 34287243 PMCID: PMC8928964 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer is still one of the most significant global challenges facing public health, the world still lacks complementary approaches that would significantly enhance the efficacy of standard anticancer therapies. One of the essential strategies during cancer treatment is following a healthy diet program. The ketogenic diet (KD) has recently emerged as a metabolic therapy in cancer treatment, targeting cancer cell metabolism rather than a conventional dietary approach. The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and very-low-carbohydrate with adequate amounts of protein, has shown antitumor effects by reducing energy supplies to cells. This low energy supply inhibits tumor growth, explaining the ketogenic diet's therapeutic mechanisms in cancer treatment. This review highlights the crucial mechanisms that explain the ketogenic diet's potential antitumor effects, which probably produces an unfavorable metabolic environment for cancer cells and can be used as a promising adjuvant in cancer therapy. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid background for researchers and physicians to design new combination therapies based on KD and conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Ayah Kamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Hasan M. Rashid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Aya M. D. Alashqar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Samar Khater
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Duaa Jamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Mostafa Waly
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 34-123, Oman;
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12
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MicroRNA-21-Enriched Exosomes as Epigenetic Regulators in Melanomagenesis and Melanoma Progression: The Impact of Western Lifestyle Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082111. [PMID: 32751207 PMCID: PMC7464294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mutation-induced activation of RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling associated with intermittent or chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation cannot exclusively explain the excessive increase of malignant melanoma (MM) incidence since the 1950s. Malignant conversion of a melanocyte to an MM cell and metastatic MM is associated with a steady increase in microRNA-21 (miR-21). At the epigenetic level, miR-21 inhibits key tumor suppressors of the RAS-BRAF signaling pathway enhancing proliferation and MM progression. Increased MM cell levels of miR-21 either result from endogenous upregulation of melanocytic miR-21 expression or by uptake of miR-21-enriched exogenous exosomes. Based on epidemiological data and translational evidence, this review provides deeper insights into environmentally and metabolically induced exosomal miR-21 trafficking beyond UV-irradiation in melanomagenesis and MM progression. Sources of miR-21-enriched exosomes include UV-irradiated keratinocytes, adipocyte-derived exosomes in obesity, airway epithelium-derived exosomes generated by smoking and pollution, diet-related exosomes and inflammation-induced exosomes, which may synergistically increase the exosomal miR-21 burden of the melanocyte, the transformed MM cell and its tumor environment. Several therapeutic agents that suppress MM cell growth and proliferation attenuate miR-21 expression. These include miR-21 antagonists, metformin, kinase inhibitors, beta-blockers, vitamin D, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, which may represent new options for the prevention and treatment of MM.
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13
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Guglielmi L, Nardella M, Musa C, Cifola I, Porru M, Cardinali B, Iannetti I, Di Pietro C, Bolasco G, Palmieri V, Vilardo L, Panini N, Bonaventura F, Papi M, Scavizzi F, Raspa M, Leonetti C, Falcone G, Felsani A, D’Agnano I. Circulating miRNAs in Small Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by a Human Melanoma Xenograft in Mouse Brains. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061635. [PMID: 32575666 PMCID: PMC7352810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of liquid biomarkers remains a major challenge to improve the diagnosis of melanoma patients with brain metastases. Circulating miRNAs packaged into tumor-secreted small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) contribute to tumor progression. To investigate the release of tumor-secreted miRNAs by brain metastasis, we developed a xenograft model where human metastatic melanoma cells were injected intracranially in nude mice. The comprehensive profiles of both free miRNAs and those packaged in sEVs secreted by the melanoma cells in the plasma demonstrated that most (80%) of the sEV-associated miRNAs were also present in serum EVs from a cohort of metastatic melanomas, included in a publicly available dataset. Remarkably, among them, we found three miRNAs (miR-224-5p, miR-130a-3p and miR-21-5p) in sEVs showing a trend of upregulation during melanoma progression. Our model is proven to be valuable for identifying miRNAs in EVs that are unequivocally secreted by melanoma cells in the brain and could be associated to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Guglielmi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy; (L.G.); (I.C.); (L.V.)
| | - Marta Nardella
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carla Musa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 00015 Monterotond, Italy; (C.M.); (B.C.); (I.I.); (C.D.P.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (M.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Ingrid Cifola
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy; (L.G.); (I.C.); (L.V.)
| | - Manuela Porru
- UOSD SAFU–IRCCS-Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Beatrice Cardinali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 00015 Monterotond, Italy; (C.M.); (B.C.); (I.I.); (C.D.P.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (M.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Ilaria Iannetti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 00015 Monterotond, Italy; (C.M.); (B.C.); (I.I.); (C.D.P.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (M.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Chiara Di Pietro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 00015 Monterotond, Italy; (C.M.); (B.C.); (I.I.); (C.D.P.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (M.R.); (G.F.)
| | | | - Valentina Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.P.)
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vilardo
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy; (L.G.); (I.C.); (L.V.)
| | - Nicolò Panini
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Bonaventura
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 00015 Monterotond, Italy; (C.M.); (B.C.); (I.I.); (C.D.P.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (M.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (M.P.)
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 00015 Monterotond, Italy; (C.M.); (B.C.); (I.I.); (C.D.P.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (M.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 00015 Monterotond, Italy; (C.M.); (B.C.); (I.I.); (C.D.P.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (M.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- UOSD SAFU–IRCCS-Regina Elena Cancer Institute, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Germana Falcone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, 00015 Monterotond, Italy; (C.M.); (B.C.); (I.I.); (C.D.P.); (F.B.); (F.S.); (M.R.); (G.F.)
| | | | - Igea D’Agnano
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy; (L.G.); (I.C.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence:
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