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Effect of Local Warm Compression on Restless Leg Syndrome and Fatigue among Critical Care Nurses: A Parallel Randomized Clinical Trial. Crit Care Res Pract 2022; 2022:7330308. [PMID: 36065427 PMCID: PMC9440832 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7330308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods and Materials This parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted on 120 CCNs in Shahroud by the census sampling method. Inclusion criteria included suffering from restless leg syndrome and having no wound or inflammation over the organ. The participants were assigned into two groups by the use of quadruple blocks. The intervention group received the warm compress for 12 sessions lasting 4 weeks and the control group did not receive an intervention. Data were collected using multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) and the Restless Legs Syndrome Scale and then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-squared test, independent sample t-test, and pair sample t-test). Results The two groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic characteristics. Prior to the intervention, the two groups of warm compression and control did not have a significant difference in terms of mean fatigue and restless leg syndrome scores; however, after the intervention, a significant reduction was observed in the intervention group (p < 0.001). Conclusion According to the results of the current study, the use of warm compression is an effective intervention in alleviating fatigue and restless leg syndrome, so it is recommended to implement this intervention as a nonpharmacological strategy among CCNs. Clinical Trial Registration Number. IRCT20190723044316N1.
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Irfan M, Schenck CH, Howell MJ. NonREM Disorders of Arousal and Related Parasomnias: an Updated Review. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:124-139. [PMID: 33527254 PMCID: PMC8116392 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasomnias are abnormal behaviors and/or experiences emanating from or associated with sleep typically manifesting as motor movements of varying semiology. We discuss mainly nonrapid eye movement sleep and related parasomnias in this article. Sleepwalking (SW), sleep terrors (ST), confusional arousals, and related disorders result from an incomplete dissociation of wakefulness from nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Conditions that provoke repeated cortical arousals, and/or promote sleep inertia, lead to NREM parasomnias by impairing normal arousal mechanisms. Changes in the cyclic alternating pattern, a biomarker of arousal instability in NREM sleep, are noted in sleepwalking disorders. Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is characterized by a disruption of the nocturnal fast with episodes of feeding after arousal from sleep. SRED is often associated with the use of sedative-hypnotic medications, in particular the widely prescribed benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Compelling evidence suggests that nocturnal eating may in some cases be another nonmotor manifestation of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Initial management should focus upon decreasing the potential for sleep-related injury followed by treating comorbid sleep disorders and eliminating incriminating drugs. Sexsomnia is a subtype of disorders of arousal, where sexual behavior emerges from partial arousal from nonREM sleep. Overlap parasomnia disorders consist of abnormal sleep-related behavior both in nonREM and REM sleep. Status dissociatus is referred to as a breakdown of the sleep architecture where an admixture of various sleep state markers is seen without any specific demarcation. Benzodiazepine therapy can be effective in controlling SW, ST, and sexsomnia, but not SRED. Paroxetine has been reported to provide benefit in some cases of ST. Topiramate, pramipexole, and sertraline can be effective in SRED. Pharmacotherapy for other parasomnias continues to be less certain, necessitating further investigation. NREM parasomnias may resolve spontaneously but require a review of priming and predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Irfan
- Department of Neurology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center/ Pulmonary allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Carlos H. Schenck
- Department of Psychiatry, Hennepin Health Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Michael J Howell
- Department of Neurology, Sleep Disorders Center, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN USA
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DBS in restless legs syndrome: a new therapeutic approach? Sleep Med 2020; 76:155-157. [PMID: 33217666 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder characterized by an urge to move legs or arms, with a typical circadian rhythm. RLS can be treated with pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. Nevertheless, in some patients RLS can be refractory to all medical and non-medical treatments. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) has been reported to improve RLS symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with RLS. We describe the case of a patient suffering from refractory idiopathic RLS implanted with bilateral GPi DBS. METHOD The patient underwent DBS targeting the bilateral GPi. Follow up for three years involved clinical evaluation and polysomnography (PSG). RESULTS The patient reported subjective improvement, with reduction in the IRLS score. Furthermore, the polysomnography (PSG) showed an objective improvement of polysomnographic parameters, which remained stable during the follow-up. CONCLUSION DBS for RLS can be a new therapeutic approach for severe RLS, but further studies are needed.
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Memon MD, Faiz S, Zaveri MP, Perry JC, Schuetz TM, Cancarevic I. Unraveling the Mysteries of Restless Leg Syndrome. Cureus 2020; 12:e10951. [PMID: 33083159 PMCID: PMC7567326 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Restless leg syndrome (RLS) or Willis-Ekbom disease (WED) is an under-diagnosed, chronic, and progressive primary sensory-motor disorder. It is characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable and sometimes painful sensations, with a diurnal variation. RLS can lead to severe sleep disturbances, a usual cause of consultation. The pathophysiology is known partially, and it is believed that there is an association between the different variants of genetic mutations combined with dopaminergic and brain iron dysregulation, which plays an important role. The data used for this study were extracted from the articles found in the PubMed database that discuss different gene variants, pathophysiology, and various methods of treatment. They also highlight the role of iron in the pathogenesis of RLS as it is required for the synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase, which is the rate-limiting step for dopamine synthesis. This review article provides a clinically useful overview of RLS in terms of pathophysiological findings, its genetic associations, and therapeutic options by using the currently available literature. Because RLS presents with vague symptoms and shares similarities with many other diseases, it might be overlooked by many physicians resulting in underdiagnosis and under-treatment. While these discoveries provide a breakthrough in understanding the details of RLS, further studies are recommended as these studies are limited to animal models and provide a limited representation of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad D Memon
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sadaf Faiz
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mitul P Zaveri
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jamal C Perry
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Tayná M Schuetz
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ivan Cancarevic
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Xiang J, Li H, Xiong J, Hua F, Huang S, Jiang Y, Qiang H, Xie F, Wang M. Acupuncture and related techniques for restless legs syndrome: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22205. [PMID: 32991412 PMCID: PMC7523821 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensory disorder of the nervous system, which often affects the sleep quality of patients. Acupuncture and related techniques are increasingly used to treat neurological diseases, but their efficacy and safety for RLS are yet to be established. The purpose of this study is to summarize the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture and related techniques for RLS. METHODS We will conduct a comprehensive data retrieval, and the electronic databases will include PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, WangFang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, from establishment to October 2020. We will also manually search unpublished studies and references, and contact lead authors. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of acupuncture and related techniques for RLS will be included. The outcomes of interest include: The total effective rate and International Restless Leg Syndrome rating scale (IRLS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), adverse events, quality of life. To assess the methodological quality, we will use the Cochrane risk assessment tool. RevMan 5.3.5 software will be used to conduct data synthesis. The evidence quality of each outcome will be appraised according to Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. CONCLUSION This study will provide a high-quality evidence to evaluate the efficacy and adverse reactions of acupuncture and related techniques for RLS. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020157957.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Honglian Li
- Haiyang People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Haiyang
| | - Jun Xiong
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Fanghui Hua
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | | | - Yunfeng Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | | | - Fan Xie
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Park A, Ambrogi K, Hade EM. Randomized pilot trial for the efficacy of the MMF07 foot massager and heat therapy for restless legs syndrome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230951. [PMID: 32240228 PMCID: PMC7117678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor condition with a wide range of severity. Symptoms negatively affect sleep and quality of life. Pharmacologic options are not universally effective and side effects are common. Objective data regarding non-pharmacologic treatment is limited. The study objective was to evaluate the efficacy of the MMF07 foot massager and heat therapy on the severity of RLS symptoms. Methods In this pilot randomized controlled trial, twenty-eight patients with diagnosed, bothersome RLS were randomized to four treatment arms: no active intervention (n = 7), foot massager (n = 8), heat therapy (n = 6), and foot massager plus heat therapy (n = 7). Participants completed the RLS Severity Scale, RLS Quality of Life questionnaire, and the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep scale at the baseline visit and at the 4-week follow up visit. Results Four weeks post randomization, participants in the massager group had significant improvement in the RLS severity score (average difference: -9.0, 95% CI: -16.3, -1.7, p = 0.017) and sleep scale (average difference: -22.0, 95% CI: -36.5, -7.5, p = 0.005) compared to the no intervention group. The heat alone group had a significant improvement in the sleep scale compared to the no-intervention group (average difference: -17.4, 95% CI: -32.5, -2.3, p = 0.026). Quality of life improved in the massage only group compared to control (average difference 25.3, 95% CI: -2.4, 53.0, p = 0.072). Conclusions Results suggest that the MMF07 foot massage device and heat therapy may be feasible and effective treatment options to improve RSL symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Park
- Department of Neurology, Madden Center for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katherine Ambrogi
- Department of Neurology, Madden Center for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Erinn M Hade
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Why Are Women Prone to Restless Legs Syndrome? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010368. [PMID: 31935805 PMCID: PMC6981604 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Restless legs syndrome is a relatively common neurologic disorder considerably more prevalent in women than in men. It is characterized by an inactivity-induced, mostly nocturnal, uncomfortable sensation in the legs and an urge to move them to make the disagreeable sensation disappear. Some known genes contribute to this disorder and the same genes contribute to an overlapping condition—periodic leg movements that occur during sleep and result in insomnia. Dopamine and glutamate transmission in the central nervous system are involved in the pathophysiology, and an iron deficiency has been shown in region-specific areas of the brain. A review of the literature shows that pregnant women are at particular risk and that increased parity is a predisposing factor. Paradoxically, menopause increases the prevalence and severity of symptoms. This implies a complex role for reproductive hormones. It suggests that changes rather than absolute levels of estrogen may be responsible for the initiation of symptoms. Both iron (at relatively low levels in women) and estrogen (at relatively high oscillating levels in women) influence dopamine and glutamate transmission, which may help to explain women’s vulnerability to this condition. The syndrome is comorbid with several disorders (such as migraine, depression, and anxiety) to which women are particularly prone. This implies that the comorbid condition or its treatment, or both, contribute to the much higher prevalence in women than in men of restless legs syndrome.
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Sauerbier A, Sivakumar C, Klingelhoefer L, Martinez-Martin P, Perkins L, Inniss R, Rizos A, Trivedi D, Leta V, Wan YM, Parry M, van Wamelen D, Reichmann H, Chaudhuri KR. Restless legs syndrome - the under-recognised non-motor burden: a questionnaire-based cohort study. Postgrad Med 2019; 131:473-478. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1658506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sauerbier
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Chaamanti Sivakumar
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Pablo Martinez-Martin
- National Center of Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lauren Perkins
- Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Broomfield Hospital, UK
| | - Rona Inniss
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Rizos
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Dhaval Trivedi
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Valentina Leta
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Yi Min Wan
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Miriam Parry
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel van Wamelen
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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de Biase S, Pellitteri G, Gigli GL, Valente M. Advancing synthetic therapies for the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1971-1980. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1654997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano de Biase
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gaia Pellitteri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
- DMIF, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Valente
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine Medical School, Udine, Italy
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