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Borrelli S, Martire MS, Stölting A, Vanden Bulcke C, Pedrini E, Guisset F, Bugli C, Yildiz H, Pothen L, Elands S, Martinelli V, Smith B, Jacobson S, Du Pasquier RA, Van Pesch V, Filippi M, Reich DS, Absinta M, Maggi P. Central Vein Sign, Cortical Lesions, and Paramagnetic Rim Lesions for the Diagnostic and Prognostic Workup of Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200253. [PMID: 38788180 PMCID: PMC11129678 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) can be challenging in clinical practice because MS presentation can be atypical and mimicked by other diseases. We evaluated the diagnostic performance, alone or in combination, of the central vein sign (CVS), paramagnetic rim lesion (PRL), and cortical lesion (CL), as well as their association with clinical outcomes. METHODS In this multicenter observational study, we first conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the CVS (proportion of CVS-positive lesions or simplified determination of CVS in 3/6 lesions-Select3*/Select6*), PRL, and CL in MS and non-MS cases on 3T-MRI brain images, including 3D T2-FLAIR, T2*-echo-planar imaging magnitude and phase, double inversion recovery, and magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo image sequences. Then, we longitudinally analyzed the progression independent of relapse and MRI activity (PIRA) in MS cases over the 2 years after study entry. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to test diagnostic performance and regression models to predict diagnosis and clinical outcomes. RESULTS The presence of ≥41% CVS-positive lesions/≥1 CL/≥1 PRL (optimal cutoffs) had 96%/90%/93% specificity, 97%/84%/60% sensitivity, and 0.99/0.90/0.77 area under the curve (AUC), respectively, to distinguish MS (n = 185) from non-MS (n = 100) cases. The Select3*/Select6* algorithms showed 93%/95% specificity, 97%/89% sensitivity, and 0.95/0.92 AUC. The combination of CVS, CL, and PRL improved the diagnostic performance, especially when Select3*/Select6* were used (93%/94% specificity, 98%/96% sensitivity, 0.99/0.98 AUC; p = 0.002/p < 0.001). In MS cases (n = 185), both CL and PRL were associated with higher MS disability and severity. Longitudinal analysis (n = 61) showed that MS cases with >4 PRL at baseline were more likely to experience PIRA at 2-year follow-up (odds ratio 17.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.1-138.5; p = 0.008), whereas no association was observed between other baseline MRI measures and PIRA, including the number of CL. DISCUSSION The combination of CVS, CL, and PRL can improve MS differential diagnosis. CL and PRL also correlated with clinical measures of poor prognosis, with PRL being a predictor of disability accrual independent of clinical/MRI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Borrelli
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maria Sofia Martire
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anna Stölting
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Colin Vanden Bulcke
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edoardo Pedrini
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - François Guisset
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Céline Bugli
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Halil Yildiz
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lucie Pothen
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sophie Elands
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vittorio Martinelli
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bryan Smith
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven Jacobson
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Renaud A Du Pasquier
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vincent Van Pesch
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel S Reich
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Martina Absinta
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pietro Maggi
- From the Neuroinflammation Imaging Lab (NIL) (S.B., A.S., C.V.B., F.G., P.M.), Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain; Department of Neurology (S.B., S.E.), Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles; Department of Neurology (S.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit (M.S.M., V.M., M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; ICTEAM Institute (C.V.B.), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.P., M.F., M.A.); Translational Neuropathology Unit (E.P., M.A.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Plateforme technologique de Support en Méthodologie et Calcul Statistique (C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (H.Y., L.P.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Section of Infections of the Nervous System (B.S.); Viral Immunology Section (S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Neurology Service (R.A.D.P., P.M.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (V.V.P., P.M.), Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.F.), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Translational Neuroradiology Section (D.S.R.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National In-stitutes of Health (NIH); and Department of Neurology (M.A.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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11
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Cagol A, Benkert P, Melie-Garcia L, Schaedelin SA, Leber S, Tsagkas C, Barakovic M, Galbusera R, Lu PJ, Weigel M, Ruberte E, Radue EW, Yaldizli Ö, Oechtering J, Lorscheider J, D'Souza M, Fischer-Barnicol B, Müller S, Achtnichts L, Vehoff J, Disanto G, Findling O, Chan A, Salmen A, Pot C, Bridel C, Zecca C, Derfuss T, Lieb JM, Remonda L, Wagner F, Vargas MI, Du Pasquier RA, Lalive PH, Pravatà E, Weber J, Cattin PC, Absinta M, Gobbi C, Leppert D, Kappos L, Kuhle J, Granziera C. Association of Spinal Cord Atrophy and Brain Paramagnetic Rim Lesions With Progression Independent of Relapse Activity in People With MS. Neurology 2024; 102:e207768. [PMID: 38165377 PMCID: PMC10834139 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) is a crucial determinant of overall disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Accelerated brain atrophy has been shown in patients experiencing PIRA. In this study, we assessed the relation between PIRA and neurodegenerative processes reflected by (1) longitudinal spinal cord atrophy and (2) brain paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs). Besides, the same relationship was investigated in progressive MS (PMS). Last, we explored the value of cross-sectional brain and spinal cord volumetric measurements in predicting PIRA. METHODS From an ongoing multicentric cohort study, we selected patients with MS with (1) availability of a susceptibility-based MRI scan and (2) regular clinical and conventional MRI follow-up in the 4 years before the susceptibility-based MRI. Comparisons in spinal cord atrophy rates (explored with linear mixed-effect models) and PRL count (explored with negative binomial regression models) were performed between: (1) relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and PMS phenotypes and (2) patients experiencing PIRA and patients without confirmed disability accumulation (CDA) during follow-up (both considering the entire cohort and the subgroup of patients with RRMS). Associations between baseline MRI volumetric measurements and time to PIRA were explored with multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS In total, 445 patients with MS (64.9% female; mean [SD] age at baseline 45.0 [11.4] years; 11.2% with PMS) were enrolled. Compared with patients with RRMS, those with PMS had accelerated cervical cord atrophy (mean difference in annual percentage volume change [MD-APC] -1.41; p = 0.004) and higher PRL load (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.93; p = 0.005). Increased spinal cord atrophy (MD-APC -1.39; p = 0.0008) and PRL burden (IRR 1.95; p = 0.0008) were measured in patients with PIRA compared with patients without CDA; such differences were also confirmed when restricting the analysis to patients with RRMS. Baseline volumetric measurements of the cervical cord, whole brain, and cerebral cortex significantly predicted time to PIRA (all p ≤ 0.002). DISCUSSION Our results show that PIRA is associated with both increased spinal cord atrophy and PRL burden, and this association is evident also in patients with RRMS. These findings further point to the need to develop targeted treatment strategies for PIRA to prevent irreversible neuroaxonal loss and optimize long-term outcomes of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cagol
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Pascal Benkert
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lester Melie-Garcia
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine A Schaedelin
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Selina Leber
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Charidimos Tsagkas
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Muhamed Barakovic
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Galbusera
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Po-Jui Lu
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthias Weigel
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Esther Ruberte
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ernst-Wilhelm Radue
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Özgür Yaldizli
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Johanna Oechtering
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes Lorscheider
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcus D'Souza
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Bettina Fischer-Barnicol
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanie Müller
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lutz Achtnichts
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Jochen Vehoff
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Disanto
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Findling
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew Chan
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anke Salmen
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline Pot
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Claire Bridel
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zecca
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Johanna M Lieb
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Remonda
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Wagner
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Isabel Vargas
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Renaud A Du Pasquier
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pravatà
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes Weber
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe C Cattin
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Absinta
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Gobbi
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - David Leppert
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Kuhle
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Granziera
- From Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., S.L., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R., E.-W.R., Ö.Y., L.K., C. Granziera), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) (A. Cagol, L.M.-G., C.T., M.B., R.G., P.-J.L., M.W., E.R.,O.Y., J.O., J.L., M.D.S., B.F.-B., T.D., D.L., L.K., J.K., C. Granziera), Department of Clinical Research (P.B., S.A.S.), Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology (M.W.), and Division of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (J.M.L.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Neuroradiology Section (C.T), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD; Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Group (qbig), Department of Biomedical Engineering (E.R., P.C.C.), University Basel; Departments of Neurology (S.M., J.V.) and Radiology (J.W.), Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen; Departments of Neurology (L.A., O.F.) and Radiology (L.R.), Cantonal Hospital Aarau; Departments of Neurology (G.D., C.Z., C.G.) and Neuroradiology (E.P.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano; Departments of Neurology, Inselspital (A. Chan, A.S.), and Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital (F.W.) Bern University Hospital and University of Bern; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.P., R.A.D.P.), and Radiology (R.A.D.P.) Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology (C.B., P.H.L.), and Radiology (M.I.V.) Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.); Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Hospital, Milan, Italy
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