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Udhaya Kumar S, Thirumal Kumar D, Mandal PD, Sankar S, Haldar R, Kamaraj B, Walter CEJ, Siva R, George Priya Doss C, Zayed H. Comprehensive in silico screening and molecular dynamics studies of missense mutations in Sjogren-Larsson syndrome associated with the ALDH3A2 gene. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:349-377. [PMID: 32085885 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an autoimmune disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. To date, 80 missense mutations have been identified in association with the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 3 Family Member A2 (ALDH3A2) gene causing SLS. Disruption of the function of ALDH3A2 leads to excessive accumulation of fat in the cells, which interferes with the normal function of protective membranes or materials that are necessary for the body to function normally. We retrieved 54 missense mutations in the ALDH3A2 from the OMIM, UniProt, dbSNP, and HGMD databases that are known to cause SLS. These mutations were examined with various in silico stability tools, which predicted that the mutations p.S308N and p.R423H that are located at the protein-protein interaction domains are the most destabilizing. Furthermore, to determine the atomistic-level differences within the protein-protein interactions owing to mutations, we performed macromolecular simulation (MMS) using GROMACS to validate the motion patterns and dynamic behavior of the biological system. We found that both mutations (p.S380N and p.R423H) had significant effects on the protein-protein interaction and disrupted the dimeric interactions. The computational pipeline provided in this study helps to elucidate the potential structural and functional differences between the ALDH3A2 native and mutant homodimeric proteins, and will pave the way for drug discovery against specific targets in the SLS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Udhaya Kumar
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pinky D Mandal
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srivarshini Sankar
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rishin Haldar
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balu Kamaraj
- Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charles Emmanuel Jebaraj Walter
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - R Siva
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Fouzdar-Jain S, Suh DW, Rizzo WB. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome: a complex metabolic disease with a distinctive ocular phenotype. Ophthalmic Genet 2019; 40:298-308. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2019.1660379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Fouzdar-Jain
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Children’s Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Donny W Suh
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Children’s Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - William B Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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McLean CJ, Marles-Wright J, Custodio R, Lowther J, Kennedy AJ, Pollock J, Clarke DJ, Brown AR, Campopiano DJ. Characterization of homologous sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase isoforms in the bacterial pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:137-150. [PMID: 27784725 PMCID: PMC5234717 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are ubiquitous elements in eukaryotic membranes and are also found in some bacterial and viral species. As well as playing an integral structural role, SLs also act as potent signaling molecules involved in numerous cellular pathways and have been linked to many human diseases. A central SL signaling molecule is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), whose breakdown is catalyzed by S1P lyase (S1PL), a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of S1P to (2E)-hexadecenal (2E-HEX) and phosphoethanolamine. Here, we show that the pathogenic bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243, encodes two homologous proteins (S1PL2021 and S1PL2025) that display moderate sequence identity to known eukaryotic and prokaryotic S1PLs. Using an established MS-based methodology, we show that recombinant S1PL2021 is catalytically active. We also used recombinant human fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase to develop a spectrophotometric enzyme-coupled assay to detect 2E-HEX formation and measure the kinetic constants of the two B. pseudomallei S1PL isoforms. Furthermore, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the PLP-bound form of S1PL2021 at 2.1 Å resolution revealing that the enzyme displays a conserved structural fold and active site architecture comparable with known S1PLs. The combined data suggest that B. pseudomallei has the potential to degrade host SLs in a S1PL-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J McLean
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Marles-Wright
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Custodio
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Lowther
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Kennedy
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Pollock
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Clarke
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J Campopiano
- EastChem School of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Classification of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Gene Superfamily. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164798. [PMID: 27755582 PMCID: PMC5068750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) is a protein superfamily that catalyzes the oxidation of aldehyde molecules into their corresponding non-toxic carboxylic acids, and responding to different environmental stresses, offering promising genetic approaches for improving plant adaptation. The aim of the current study is the functional analysis for systematic identification of S. lycopersicum ALDH gene superfamily. We performed genome-based ALDH genes identification and functional classification, phylogenetic relationship, structure and catalytic domains analysis, and microarray based gene expression. Twenty nine unique tomato ALDH sequences encoding 11 ALDH families were identified, including a unique member of the family 19 ALDH. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 13 groups, with a conserved relationship among ALDH families. Functional structure analysis of ALDH2 showed a catalytic mechanism involving Cys-Glu couple. However, the analysis of ALDH3 showed no functional gene duplication or potential neo-functionalities. Gene expression analysis reveals that particular ALDH genes might respond to wounding stress increasing the expression as ALDH2B7. Overall, this study reveals the complexity of S. lycopersicum ALDH gene superfamily and offers new insights into the structure-functional features and evolution of ALDH gene families in vascular plants. The functional characterization of ALDHs is valuable and promoting molecular breeding in tomato for the improvement of stress tolerance and signaling.
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Seman-Kamarulzaman AF, Mohamed-Hussein ZA, Ng CL, Hassan M. Novel NAD+-Farnesal Dehydrogenase from Polygonum minus Leaves. Purification and Characterization of Enzyme in Juvenile Hormone III Biosynthetic Pathway in Plant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161707. [PMID: 27560927 PMCID: PMC4999093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile Hormone III is of great concern due to negative effects on major developmental and reproductive maturation in insect pests. Thus, the elucidation of enzymes involved JH III biosynthetic pathway has become increasing important in recent years. One of the enzymes in the JH III biosynthetic pathway that remains to be isolated and characterized is farnesal dehydrogenase, an enzyme responsible to catalyze the oxidation of farnesal into farnesoic acid. A novel NAD+-farnesal dehydrogenase of Polygonum minus was purified (315-fold) to apparent homogeneity in five chromatographic steps. The purification procedures included Gigacap S-Toyopearl 650M, Gigacap Q-Toyopearl 650M, and AF-Blue Toyopearl 650ML, followed by TSK Gel G3000SW chromatographies. The enzyme, with isoelectric point of 6.6 is a monomeric enzyme with a molecular mass of 70 kDa. The enzyme was relatively active at 40°C, but was rapidly inactivated above 45°C. The optimal temperature and pH of the enzyme were found to be 35°C and 9.5, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited by sulfhydryl agent, chelating agent, and metal ion. The enzyme was highly specific for farnesal and NAD+. Other terpene aldehydes such as trans- cinnamaldehyde, citral and α- methyl cinnamaldehyde were also oxidized but in lower activity. The Km values for farnesal, citral, trans- cinnamaldehyde, α- methyl cinnamaldehyde and NAD+ were 0.13, 0.69, 0.86, 1.28 and 0.31 mM, respectively. The putative P. minus farnesal dehydrogenase that’s highly specific towards farnesal but not to aliphatic aldehydes substrates suggested that the enzyme is significantly different from other aldehyde dehydrogenases that have been reported. The MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS spectrometry further identified two peptides that share similarity to those of previously reported aldehyde dehydrogenases. In conclusion, the P. minus farnesal dehydrogenase may represent a novel plant farnesal dehydrogenase that exhibits distinctive substrate specificity towards farnesal. Thus, it was suggested that this novel enzyme may be functioning specifically to oxidize farnesal in the later steps of JH III pathway. This report provides a basic understanding for recombinant production of this particular enzyme. Other strategies such as adding His-tag to the protein makes easy the purification of the protein which is completely different to the native protein. Complete sequence, structure and functional analysis of the enzyme will be important for developing insect-resistant crop plants by deployment of transgenic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Keller MA, Zander U, Fuchs JE, Kreutz C, Watschinger K, Mueller T, Golderer G, Liedl KR, Ralser M, Kräutler B, Werner ER, Marquez JA. A gatekeeper helix determines the substrate specificity of Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4439. [PMID: 25047030 PMCID: PMC4109017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene coding for membrane-bound fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) lead to toxic accumulation of lipid species and development of the Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome (SLS), a rare disorder characterized by skin defects and mental retardation. Here, we present the crystallographic structure of human FALDH, the first model of a membrane-associated aldehyde dehydrogenase. The dimeric FALDH displays a previously unrecognized element in its C-terminal region, a 'gatekeeper' helix, which extends over the adjacent subunit, controlling the access to the substrate cavity and helping orientate both substrate cavities towards the membrane surface for efficient substrate transit between membranes and catalytic site. Activity assays demonstrate that the gatekeeper helix is important for directing the substrate specificity of FALDH towards long-chain fatty aldehydes. The gatekeeper feature is conserved across membrane-associated aldehyde dehydrogenases. Finally, we provide insight into the previously elusive molecular basis of SLS-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A. Keller
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Ulrich Zander
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Golderer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ernst R. Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jose A. Marquez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, University of Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Rizzo WB. Fatty aldehyde and fatty alcohol metabolism: review and importance for epidermal structure and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:377-89. [PMID: 24036493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Normal fatty aldehyde and alcohol metabolism is essential for epidermal differentiation and function. Long-chain aldehydes are produced by catabolism of several lipids including fatty alcohols, sphingolipids, ether glycerolipids, isoprenoid alcohols and certain aliphatic lipids that undergo α- or ω-oxidation. The fatty aldehyde generated by these pathways is chiefly metabolized to fatty acid by fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH, alternately known as ALDH3A2), which also functions to oxidize fatty alcohols as a component of the fatty alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase (FAO) enzyme complex. Genetic deficiency of FALDH/FAO in patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) results in accumulation of fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols and related lipids (ether glycerolipids, wax esters) in cultured keratinocytes. These biochemical changes are associated with abnormalities in formation of lamellar bodies in the stratum granulosum and impaired delivery of their precursor membranes to the stratum corneum (SC). The defective extracellular SC membranes are responsible for a leaky epidermal water barrier and ichthyosis. Although lamellar bodies appear to be the pathogenic target for abnormal fatty aldehyde/alcohol metabolism in SLS, the precise biochemical mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Nevertheless, studies in SLS highlight the critical importance of FALDH and normal fatty aldehyde/alcohol metabolism for epidermal function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5456, USA.
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Rivera-Perez C, Nouzova M, Clifton ME, Garcia EM, LeBlanc E, Noriega FG. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 converts farnesal into farnesoic acid in the corpora allata of mosquitoes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:675-82. [PMID: 23639754 PMCID: PMC3713117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The juvenile hormones (JHs) play a central role in insect reproduction, development and behavior. Interrupting JH biosynthesis has long been considered a promising strategy for the development of target-specific insecticides. Using a combination of RNAi, in vivo and in vitro studies we characterized the last unknown biosynthetic enzyme of the JH pathway, a fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (AaALDH3) that oxidizes farnesal into farnesoic acid (FA) in the corpora allata (CA) of mosquitoes. The AaALDH3 is structurally and functionally a NAD(+)-dependent class 3 ALDH showing tissue- and developmental-stage-specific splice variants. Members of the ALDH3 family play critical roles in the development of cancer and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome in humans, but have not been studies in groups other than mammals. Using a newly developed assay utilizing fluorescent tags, we demonstrated that AaALDH3 activity, as well as the concentrations of farnesol, farnesal and FA were different in CA of sugar and blood-fed females. In CA of blood-fed females the low catalytic activity of AaALDH3 limited the flux of precursors and caused a remarkable increase in the pool of farnesal with a decrease in FA and JH synthesis. The accumulation of the potentially toxic farnesal stimulated the activity of a reductase that converted farnesal back into farnesol, resulting in farnesol leaking out of the CA. Our studies indicated AaALDH3 plays a key role in the regulation of JH synthesis in blood-fed females and mosquitoes seem to have developed a "trade-off" system to balance the key role of farnesal as a JH precursor with its potential toxicity.
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Ashibe B, Motojima K. Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase is up-regulated by polyunsaturated fatty acid via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and suppresses polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. FEBS J 2009; 276:6956-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Watschinger K, Keller MA, Hermetter A, Golderer G, Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER. Glyceryl ether monooxygenase resembles aromatic amino acid hydroxylases in metal ion and tetrahydrobiopterin dependence. Biol Chem 2009; 390:3-10. [PMID: 19007315 PMCID: PMC2847825 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glyceryl ether monooxygenase is a tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent membrane-bound enzyme which catalyses the cleavage of lipid ethers into glycerol and the corresponding aldehyde. Despite many different characterisation and purification attempts, so far no gene and primary sequence have been assigned to this enzyme. The seven other tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent enzymes can be divided in the family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases - comprising phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and the two tryptophan hydroxylases - and into the three nitric oxide synthases. We tested the influences of different metal ions and metal ion chelators on glyceryl ether monooxygenase, phenylalanine hydroxylase and nitric oxide synthase activity to elucidate the relationship of glyceryl ether monooxygenase to these two families. 1,10-Phenanthroline, an inhibitor of non-heme iron-dependent enzymes, was able to potently block glyceryl ether monooxygenase as well as phenylalanine hydroxylase, but had no effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase. Two tetrahydrobiopterin analogues, N(5)-methyltetrahydrobiopterin and 4-aminotetrahydrobiopterin, had a similar impact on glyceryl ether monooxygenase activity, as has already been shown for phenylalanine hydroxylase. These observations point to a close analogy of the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in glyceryl ether monooxygenase and in aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and suggest that glyceryl ether monooxygenase may require a non-heme iron for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Watschinger
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Preglstr. 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus A. Keller
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Preglstr. 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Albin Hermetter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 2/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Golderer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Preglstr. 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Werner-Felmayer
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Preglstr. 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ernst R. Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Preglstr. 3/VI, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lloyd MD, Darley DJ, Wierzbicki AS, Threadgill MD. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase--an 'obscure' metabolic enzyme takes centre stage. FEBS J 2008; 275:1089-102. [PMID: 18279392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain lipids are important components of the human diet and are used as drug molecules, e.g. ibuprofen. Owing to the presence of methyl groups on their carbon chains, they cannot be metabolized in mitochondria, and instead are processed and degraded in peroxisomes. Several different oxidative degradation pathways for these lipids are known, including alpha-oxidation, beta-oxidation, and omega-oxidation. Dietary branched-chain lipids (especially phytanic acid) have attracted much attention in recent years, due to their link with prostate, breast, colon and other cancers as well as their role in neurological disease. A central role in all the metabolic pathways is played by alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), which regulates metabolism of these lipids and drugs. AMACR catalyses the chiral inversion of a diverse number of 2-methyl acids (as their CoA esters), and regulates the entry of branched-chain lipids into the peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathways. This review brings together advances in the different disciplines, and considers new research in both the metabolism of branched-chain lipids and their role in cancer, with particular emphasis on the crucial role played by AMACR. These recent advances enable new preventative and treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lloyd
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.
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