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Chen Y, Cai J, Xia Z, Chen C, Liu Y, Jayasinghe L, Wang X, Zhou X. New Bioactive Polyketides from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO 41411. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:384. [PMID: 39330265 PMCID: PMC11433107 DOI: 10.3390/md22090384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Three new polyketides, including three ester derivatives (1, 3, and 5) and a new natural product, which was a benzoquinone derivative, embelin A (4), together with nine known ones (2 and 6-13), were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO 41411. Their structures were determined by detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. The X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis of 4 was described for the first time. Compound 9 displayed obvious inhibition against PDE4 with an inhibitory ratio of 40.78% at 10 μM. Compound 12 showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an EC50 of 16.21 µg/mL, compared to the positive control (ascorbic acid, EC50, 11.22 µg/mL). Furthermore, compound 4 exhibited cytotoxicity against PC-3 and LNCaP with IC50 values of 18.69 and 31.62 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziwei Xia
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Institute of Traditional Chinese and Zhuang Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Institute of Traditional Chinese and Zhuang Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Lalith Jayasinghe
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 200000, Sri Lanka
| | - Xueni Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Institute of Traditional Chinese and Zhuang Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Qneibi M, Bdir S, Maayeh C, Bdair M, Sandouka D, Basit D, Hallak M. A Comprehensive Review of Essential Oils and Their Pharmacological Activities in Neurological Disorders: Exploring Neuroprotective Potential. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:258-289. [PMID: 37768469 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated essential oils' diverse chemical compositions and pharmacological properties encompassing antinociceptive, anxiolytic-like, and anticonvulsant activities, among other notable effects. The utilization of essential oils, whether inhaled, orally ingested, or applied topically, has commonly been employed as adjunctive therapy for individuals experiencing anxiety, insomnia, convulsions, pain, and cognitive impairment. The utilization of synthetic medications in the treatment of various disorders and symptoms is associated with a wide array of negative consequences. Consequently, numerous research groups across the globe have been prompted to explore the efficacy of natural alternatives such as essential oils. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on the pharmacological properties of essential oils and their derived compounds and the underlying mechanisms responsible for these observed effects. The primary emphasis is on essential oils and their constituents, specifically targeting the nervous system and exhibiting significant potential in treating neurodegenerative disorders. The current state of research in this field is characterized by its preliminary nature, highlighting the necessity for a more comprehensive overlook of the therapeutic advantages of essential oils and their components. Integrating essential oils into conventional therapies can enhance the effectiveness of comprehensive treatment regimens for neurodegenerative diseases, offering a more holistic approach to addressing the multifaceted nature of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qneibi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Sosana Bdir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | - Mohammad Bdair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Dana Sandouka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Diana Basit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mira Hallak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Rambaran N, Naidoo Y, Mohamed F, Chenia HY, Baijnath H. Antibacterial and Anti-Quorum Sensing Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Phytosynthesized Using Embelia ruminata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:168. [PMID: 38256722 PMCID: PMC10821412 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The rise in antibiotic resistance (AR) poses an imminent threat to human health. Nanotechnology, together with mechanisms such as quorum sensing (QS), which relies on communication between bacterial cells, may decrease the selective pressure for AR. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized at room temperature (Rt) and 80 °C using Embelia ruminata leaf, stem-bark, and fruit extracts as antibacterial and anti-QS agents. The phytosynthesized AgNPs solutions were subjected to various characterization assays and assessed for their antibacterial activities. Quantitative QS assays were performed using Chromobacterium subtsugae CV017 and Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472. Synthesized AgNPs were spherical-to-near-spherical in shape, poly-dispersed, and crystalline, with a size range of 21.06-32.15 nm. Fruit AgNPs showed stronger antibacterial activity than AgNPs from other plant organs against selected bacterial strains. In the QS assays, fruit 80 °C AgNPs demonstrated the most significant violacein inhibition in an assay performed using the short-chain acyl homoserine lactone CV017 biosensor, while the leaf and fruit Rt AgNPs demonstrated the most violacein inhibition in an assay performed using the long-chain acyl homoserine lactone ATCC 12472 biosensor. The investigations carried out in this study lay the groundwork for future innovative research into antibacterial and anti-QS strategies using E. ruminata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neervana Rambaran
- Biological Sciences Department, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa; (Y.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- Biological Sciences Department, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa; (Y.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Farzana Mohamed
- Microbiology Department, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa; (F.M.); (H.Y.C.)
| | - Hafizah Y. Chenia
- Microbiology Department, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa; (F.M.); (H.Y.C.)
| | - Himansu Baijnath
- Biological Sciences Department, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa; (Y.N.); (H.B.)
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4
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Ali A, Emad NA, Sultana N, Ali H, Jahan S, Aqil M, Mujeeb M, Sultana Y. Medicinal potential of embelin and its nanoformulations: An update on the molecular mechanism and various applications. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:1228-1242. [PMID: 39229578 PMCID: PMC11366951 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.77888.16850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Natural herbs have garnered significant research recently as their components target multiple disease signaling pathways, making them highly potential for various disease prevention and treatment. Embelin, a naturally occurring benzoquinone isolated from Embelia ribes, has shown promising biological activities such as antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial. Various mechanisms have been reported, including monitoring genes that synchronize the cell cycle, up-regulating multiple anti-oxidant enzymes, suppressing genes that prevent cell death, influencing transcription factors, and preventing inflammatory biomarkers. However, the hydrophobic nature of embelin leads to poor absorption and limits its therapeutic potential. This review highlights a wide range of nanocarriers used as delivery systems for embelin, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, micelles, nanoemulsion, and metallic nanoparticles. These embelin nanomedicine formulations have been developed in preclinical studies as a possible treatment for many disorders and characterized using various in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Nasr A. Emad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Niha Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Hamad Ali
- Department of Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Samreen Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- Department of Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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Khobarkar P, Gulhane J, Nakanekar A. 'Vidangadi Lauha' for obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients - An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024; 15:100878. [PMID: 38271769 PMCID: PMC10838903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese persons is becoming alarming due to the increasing prevalence of its microvascular and macrovascular complications. Multi-targeted treatment can be considered better than single-targeted treatment because of the multiple pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 'Vidangadi Lauha' (VL) (an Ayurveda formulation) compared with Metformin for obese type II diabetes mellitus. METHODOLOGY This is an open-label randomized controlled clinical study.Participants were divided into two groups. The trial Group received VL 5 gm BID, and the control group received tablet metformin (MT) 500 mg BID for three months. RESULTS VL showed reduction in HbA1c from 8.048(0.95) to 7.14(0.73), (CI, 0.7810 to 1.035; p < 0.0001) while MT showed reduction in HbA1C from 8.3(0.99) to7.18(0.67), (CI, 0.9220 to 1.305; p < 0.0001). VL showed improvement in the Quality of life instrument for the Indian Diabetes questionnaire(QOLID) score from 113.87(11.36) to 136.47(8.703) (CI, -25.68 to -19.52; p < 0.0001) as compared to MT 128.57(7.9) to 102.32(7.9), (CI, 23.19 to 29.39; p < 0.0001) VL showed reduction in bowel symptom questionnaire 30.275(8.077) to 13.2(1.265), (CI, 14.60-19.51; p < 0.0001) as compared to MT from 23.85(7.530) to 38.25(6.332), (CI, -15.99 to -12.80; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Both treatments were equally effective in reducing blood sugar fasting (F), post-meal (PM) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and body mass index (BMI). VL is more effective than MT in reducing Ayurvedic symptoms, waist-hip ratio, cholesterol, quality of life, and bowel symptom questionnaire score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayant Gulhane
- Department of Kayachikitsa Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, India
| | - Amit Nakanekar
- Department of Kayachikitsa Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, India.
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Pasdaran A, Zare M, Hamedi A, Hamedi A. A Review of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Natural Colorants, Dyes, and Pigments: Challenges, and Opportunities for Food, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceutical Application. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300561. [PMID: 37471105 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural pigments are important sources for the screening of bioactive lead compounds. This article reviewed the chemistry and therapeutic potentials of over 570 colored molecules from plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, algae, and marine sources. Moreover, related biological activities, advanced extraction, and identification approaches were reviewed. A variety of biological activities, including cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-microbial, antiviral, and anti-protozoal activities, have been reported for different pigments. Considering their structural backbone, they were classified as naphthoquinones, carotenoids, flavonoids, xanthones, anthocyanins, benzotropolones, alkaloids, terpenoids, isoprenoids, and non-isoprenoids. Alkaloid pigments were mostly isolated from bacteria and marine sources, while flavonoids were mostly found in plants and mushrooms. Colored quinones and xanthones were mostly extracted from plants and fungi, while colored polyketides and terpenoids are often found in marine sources and fungi. Carotenoids are mostly distributed among bacteria, followed by fungi and plants. The pigments isolated from insects have different structures, but among them, carotenoids and quinone/xanthone are the most important. Considering good manufacturing practices, the current permitted natural colorants are: Carotenoids (canthaxanthin, β-carotene, β-apo-8'-carotenal, annatto, astaxanthin) and their sources, lycopene, anthocyanins, betanin, chlorophyllins, spirulina extract, carmine and cochineal extract, henna, riboflavin, pyrogallol, logwood extract, guaiazulene, turmeric, and soy leghemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student research committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Martín-Acosta P, Cuadrado I, González-Cofrade L, Pestano R, Hortelano S, de las Heras B, Estévez-Braun A. Synthesis of Quinoline and Dihydroquinoline Embelin Derivatives as Cardioprotective Agents. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:317-329. [PMID: 36749898 PMCID: PMC9972480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A set of new dihydroquinoline embelin derivatives was obtained from the reaction of the natural benzoquinone embelin (1) with anilines and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of AgOTf. The synthesis of these compounds involves the formation of a Knoevenagel adduct, followed by nucleophilic addition of aniline and subsequent electrocyclic ring closure. The scope of the reaction regarding the aldehydes and anilines was determined. Quinoline derivatives were also obtained from the corresponding dihydroquinolines under oxidation with DDQ. The cardioprotective activity of the synthesized compounds was screened using a doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity model in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Some structure-activity relationships were outlined, and the best activities were achieved with quinoline-embelin derivatives having a 4-nitrophenyl group attached at the pyridine ring. The obtained results indicated that embelin derivatives 4i, 6a, 6d, 6k, and 6m could have potential as cardioprotective agents, as they attenuated a DOX-induced cardiotoxicity effect acting on oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martín-Acosta
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez N° 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Irene Cuadrado
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de
Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura González-Cofrade
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de
Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Pestano
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez N° 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Hortelano
- Unidad
de Terapias Farmacológicas, Área de Genética
Humana, Instituto de Investigación
de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo
Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de las Heras
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de
Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez N° 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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8
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Recent developments in synthetic α-glucosidase inhibitors: A comprehensive review with structural and molecular insight. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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9
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Kaur M, Kaushal R. Spectroscopic investigations, ab-initio DFT calculations, molecular docking and in-vitro assay studies of novel oxovanadium(V)chalcone complexes as potential antidiabetic agents. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Hu CM, Zheng YY, Lin AT, Zhang X, Wu XZ, Lin J, Xu XT, Xiong Z. Design, synthesis and evaluation of indole-based bisacylhydrazone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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You Z, Li Y, Zhang K, Zheng X, Wong VKW, Liu W. Inhibitory effect of plant essential oils on α-glucosidase. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1593-1602. [PMID: 36278134 PMCID: PMC9582169 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, associated with α-glucosidase, has been considered as a chronic metabolic disorder, seriously affecting human health. Thus, searching natural α-glucosidase inhibitors and investigating their inhibition mechanism are urgently important. In this study, sixty-two essential oils (EOs), derived from aromatic plants, were found to exert different inhibition on α-glucosidase. The further study revealed that the most potent EOs against α-glucosidase were chuan-xiong, fructus cnidii, sacha inchi, aloe, ganoderma lucidum spore and ginger with IC50 values of 3.02, 2.88, 7.37, 5.06, 5.32 and 7.40 μg/mL. Moreover, the inhibitory mechanism and kinetics studies found that chuan-xiong and sacha inchi were reversible and mixed-type inhibitors. Fructus cnidii, aloe, ganoderma lucidum spore and ginger were reversible and uncompetitive-type inhibitors. It is suggested that EOs, being of natural origin, would be promising anti-α-glucosidase agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin You
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China
| | - Yonglian Li
- School of Eco-Environment Technology, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, 510300 China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China
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Embelin and Its Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Potential Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091131. [PMID: 36145352 PMCID: PMC9505931 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embelin is a naturally occurring benzoquinone that inhibits the growth of cancer cells, making it a potent anticancer drug. However, the low water solubility of embelin restricts its clinical applicability. This review provides a concise summary and in-depth analysis of the published literature on the design and synthesis of embelin derivatives possessing increased aqueous solubility and superior therapeutic efficacy. In addition, the potential of drug delivery systems to improve the anticancer capabilities of embelin and its derivatives is discussed.
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13
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Wei J, Zhao C, Ji G, Dong M, Lu R, Huang B, Bao G, Hu F. Two novel enantiomers from metarhizium flavoviride and their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Sharma V, Gautam DNS, Radu AF, Behl T, Bungau SG, Vesa CM. Reviewing the Traditional/Modern Uses, Phytochemistry, Essential Oils/Extracts and Pharmacology of Embelia ribes Burm. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1359. [PMID: 35883850 PMCID: PMC9311956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Embelia ribes Burm. (E. ribes, Myrsinaceae), also known as Vidanga in Ayurveda, has been shown to have significant therapeutic benefits on several disorders, and its main chemical bioactive constituent, embelin, has the therapeutic potential to be converted into innovative drugs, which is why it has recently received considerable interest. In the present work, we provide a higher level of comprehension, awareness, and extensive knowledge of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological characteristics of E. ribes throughout the last several decades (February 1965 to June 2021), emphasizing the importance of the study of essential oils extracted from E. ribes, which show a major potential for exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scifinder, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were used to conduct a thorough literature search. RESULTS E. ribes is high in essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and phenolics, all of which have medicinal benefits. The essential oils/extracts and isolated chemical constituents exhibited antioxidant activity, wound healing, antidiabetic, central nervous system (CNS)-related disease, antiviral, antiobesity, cardioprotective, antifungal, antibacterial, and antifertility activity, among other promising pharmacological effects. CONCLUSION The translation between traditional applications and modern medicine may make E. ribes a promising target for the implementation of innovative medication. To investigate the efficacy and safety profile of E. ribes, further high-quality preclinical studies using advanced methodologies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Dev Nath Singh Gautam
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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15
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Deng XY, Ke JJ, Zheng YY, Li DL, Zhang K, Zheng X, Wu JY, Xiong Z, Wu PP, Xu XT. Synthesis and bioactivities evaluation of oleanolic acid oxime ester derivatives as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:451-461. [PMID: 35012401 PMCID: PMC8757604 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2018682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Different oleanolic acid (OA) oxime ester derivatives (3a-3t) were designed and synthesised to develop inhibitors against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. All the synthesised OA derivatives were evaluated against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. Among them, compound 3a showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 of 0.35 µM, which was ∼1900 times stronger than that of acarbose, meanwhile compound 3f exhibited the highest α-amylase inhibitory with an IC50 of 3.80 µM that was ∼26 times higher than that of acarbose. The inhibition kinetic studies showed that the inhibitory mechanism of compounds 3a and 3f were reversible and mixed types towards α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. Molecular docking studies analysed the interaction between compound and two enzymes, respectively. Furthermore, cytotoxicity evaluation assay demonstrated a high level of safety profile of compounds 3a and 3f against 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells.Highlights Oleanolic acid oxime ester derivatives (3a–3t) were synthesised and screened against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Compound 3a showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory with IC50 of 0.35 µM. Compound 3f presented the highest α-amylase inhibitory with IC50 of 3.80 µM. Kinetic studies and in silico studies analysed the binding between compounds and α-glucosidase or α-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yang Deng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Ke
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Li Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jing-Ying Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Xiong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Pan-Pan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Tao Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, P.R. China
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16
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Synthesis of indole derivatives as diabetics II inhibitors and enzymatic kinetics study of α-glucosidase and α-amylase along with their in-silico study. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:301-318. [PMID: 34481854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated a series of indole-based compounds for their inhibitory study against pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase activity. Inhibitors of carbohydrate degrading enzymes appear to have an essential role as antidiabetic drugs. All analogous exhibited good to moderate α-amylase (IC50 = 3.80 to 47.50 μM), and α-glucosidase inhibitory interactions (IC50 = 3.10-52.20 μM) in comparison with standard acarbose (IC50 = 12.28 μM and 11.29 μM). The analogues 4, 11, 12, 15, 14 and 17 had good activity potential both for enzymes inhibitory interactions. Structure activity relationships were deliberated to propose the influence of substituents on the inhibitory potential of analogues. Docking studies revealed the interaction of more potential analogues and enzyme active site. Further, we studied their kinetic study of most active compounds showed that compounds 15, 14, 12, 17 and 11 are competitive for α-amylase and non- competitive for α-glucosidase.
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17
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Shaheen A, Ashiq U, Jamal RA, Khan KM, Gul S, Yousuf S, Ali ST. Design and Synthesis of Fluoroquinolone Derivatives as Potent α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors: In Vitro Inhibitory Screening with In Silico Docking Studies. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aasia Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Uzma Ashiq
- Department of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Rifat Ara Jamal
- Department of Chemistry University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC) Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Gul
- Department of Chemistry Federal Urdu University of Art, Science and Technology Karachi Pakistan
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Syed Tahir Ali
- Department of Chemistry Federal Urdu University of Art, Science and Technology Karachi Pakistan
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18
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Wu P, He H, Ma H, Tu B, Li J, Guo S, Chen S, Cao N, Zheng W, Tang X, Li D, Xu X, Zheng X, Sheng Z, David Hong W, Zhang K. Oleanolic acid indole derivatives as novel α-glucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and mechanistic analysis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104580. [PMID: 33418317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research efforts have been directed to the development of oleanolic acid (OA) based α-glucosidase inhibitors and various OA derivatives showed improved anti-α-glucosidase activity. However, the inhibitory effects of indole infused OA derivatives on α-glucosidase is unknown. Herein, we synthesized a series of indole-OA (2a-2o) and -OA methyl ester (3a-3 l) derivatives with various electron withdrawing groups inducted to indole benzene ring and evaluated their anti-α-glucosidase activity. Indole OA derivatives (2a-2o) exhibited superior α-glucosidase inhibitory effects as compared to OA methyl ester derivatives (3a-3l) and OA (with IC50 values of 4.02 μM-5.30 μM v.s. over 10 μM and 5.52 µM, respectively). In addition, mechanistic studies using biochemical (kinetic assay), biophysical (circular dichroism), and computational (docking) methods revealed that OA-indole derivatives (2a and 2f) are mixed type of α-glucosidase inhibitors and their inhibitory effects were attributed to their capacity of forming the ligand-enzyme complex with α-glucosidase enzyme. Findings from this study support that OA indole derivatives are promising α-glucosidase inhibitors as a potential management of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Hao He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China; Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Hang Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Borong Tu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Jiahao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Shengzhu Guo
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Silin Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Nana Cao
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Wende Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Xuetao Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Xi Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China
| | - Zhaojun Sheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China.
| | - Weiqian David Hong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529040, PR China.
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Visentin C, Musso L, Broggini L, Bonato F, Russo R, Moriconi C, Bolognesi M, Miranda E, Dallavalle S, Passarella D, Ricagno S. Embelin as Lead Compound for New Neuroserpin Polymerization Inhibitors. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10070111. [PMID: 32664592 PMCID: PMC7400170 DOI: 10.3390/life10070111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB) is a severe and lethal neurodegenerative disease. Upon specific point mutations in the SERPINI1gene-coding for the human protein neuroserpin (NS) the resulting pathologic NS variants polymerize and accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum of neurons in the central nervous system. To date, embelin (EMB) is the only known inhibitor of NS polymerization in vitro. This molecule is capable of preventing NS polymerization and dissolving preformed polymers. Here, we show that lowering EMB concentration results in increasing size of NS oligomers in vitro. Moreover, we observe that in cells expressing NS, the polymerization of G392E NS is reduced, but this effect is mediated by an increased proteasomal degradation rather than polymerization impairment. For these reasons we designed a systematic chemical evolution of the EMB scaffold aimed to improve its anti-polymerization properties. The effect of EMB analogs against NS polymerization was assessed in vitro. None of the EMB analogs displayed an anti-polymerization activity better than the one reported for EMB, indicating that the EMB–NS interaction surface is very specific and highly optimized. Thus, our results indicate that EMB is, to date, still the best candidate for developing a treatment against NS polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Visentin
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (L.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Loana Musso
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Luca Broggini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (L.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesca Bonato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Rosaria Russo
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy;
| | - Claudia Moriconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (L.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Elena Miranda
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.M.)
- Istituto Pasteur—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Stefano Ricagno
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (L.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-4914
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20
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Antioxidant Properties of Embelin in Cell Culture. Electrochemistry and Theoretical Mechanism of Scavenging. Potential Scavenging of Superoxide Radical through the Cell Membrane. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050382. [PMID: 32380755 PMCID: PMC7278612 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embelin, a plant natural product found in Lysimachia punctata (Primulaceae), and Embelia ribes Burm (Myrsinaceae) fruit, possesses interesting biological and pharmacological properties. It is a unique chemical species as it includes both quinone and hydroquinone functional groups plus a long hydrophobic tail. By using hydrodynamic voltammetry, which generates the superoxide radical in situ, we show an unusual scavenging capability by embelin. Embelin as a scavenger of superoxide is stronger than the common food additive antioxidant 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-20 methylphenol, (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT). In fact, embelin is even able to completely abolish the superoxide radical in the voltaic cell. Computational results indicate that two different types of embelin scavenging actions may be involved, initially through π–π interaction and followed by proton capture in the cell. A related mechanism describes embelin’s ability to circumvent superoxide leaking by transforming the anion radical into molecular oxygen. In order to confirm its antioxidant properties, its biological activity was tested in a study carried out in THP-1 human leukemic monocytes and BV-2 mice microglia. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, proliferation curves and antioxidant activity by the use of a fluorescent probe showed good antioxidant properties at 24 h. This suggests that embelin’s long alkyl C10 tail may be useful for cell membrane insertion which stimulates the antioxidant defense system, and cytoprotection in microglia. In conclusion, embelin could be an interesting pharmacological tool able to decrease the damage associated with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
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