Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel 5-(hydroxamic acid)methyl oxazolidinone derivatives as 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors

Oxazolidinones as versatile scaffolds in medicinal chemistry

Oxazolidinone is a five-member heterocyclic ring with several biological applications in medicinal chemistry. Among the three possible isomers, 2-oxazolidinone is the most investigated in drug discovery. Linezolid was pioneered as the first approved drug containing an oxazolidinone ring as the pharmacophore group. Numerous analogues have been developed since its arrival on the market in 2000. Some have succeeded in reaching the advanced stages of clinical studies. However, most oxazolidinone derivatives reported in recent decades have not reached the initial stages of drug development, despite their promising pharmacological applications in a variety of therapeutic areas, including antibacterial, antituberculosis, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neurologic, and metabolic diseases, among other areas. Therefore, this review article aims to compile the efforts of medicinal chemists who have explored this scaffold over the past decades and highlight the potential of the class for medicinal chemistry.

Pleiotropic effects of antibiotics on T cell metabolism and T cell-mediated immunity

T cells orchestrate adaptive and innate immune responses against pathogens and transformed cells. However, T cells are also the main adaptive effector cells that mediate allergic and autoimmune reactions. Within the last few years, it has become abundantly clear that activation, differentiation, effector function, and environmental adaptation of T cells is closely linked to their energy metabolism. Beyond the provision of energy equivalents, metabolic pathways in T cells generate building blocks required for clonal expansion. Furthermore, metabolic intermediates directly serve as a source for epigenetic gene regulation by histone and DNA modification mechanisms. To date, several antibiotics were demonstrated to modulate the metabolism of T cells especially by altering mitochondrial function. Here, we set out to systematically review current evidence about how beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, nitroimidazoles, and amphenicols alter the metabolism and effector functions of CD4+ T helper cell populations and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Based on this evidence, we have developed an overview on how the use of these antibiotics may be beneficial or detrimental in T cell-mediated physiological and pathogenic immune responses, such as allergic and autoimmune diseases, by altering the metabolism of different T cell populations.

Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating Assay Method for a Novel Oxazolidinone (PH-192) with Anticonvulsant Activity by Using UHPLC-QToF-MS

The treatment of seizure disorders with currently available pharmacotherapeutic agents is not optimal due to the failure of some patients to respond, coupled with occurrences of side effects. There is therefore a need for research into the development of new chemical entities as potential anticonvulsant agents, which are different structurally from the existing class of drugs. We recently identified a novel triazolyl-oxazolidinone derivative, PH-192, as a potential anticonvulsant agent. PH-192 demonstrated protection comparable to phenytoin against both chemically- and electrically-induced seizures in rodents with little or no central nervous system side effects. However, PH-192 did not exhibit protection beyond 30 min; therefore, we decide to investigate a stability-indicating assay of PH-192 in plasma and other solutions. A reliable and validated analytical method was developed to investigate the stability of PH-192 for 90 min in human plasma, acidic, basic, and oxidative conditions, using a Waters Acquity ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system with a quaternary Solvent Manager (H-Class). A simple extraction method indicated that PH-192 was stable in human plasma after 90 min at 37 °C, with more than 90% successfully recovered. Moreover, stress stability studies were performed, and degradants were identified using LC-QToF-MS under acidic, basic, and oxidative simulated conditions.

Small molecule compounds with good anti-inflammatory activity reported in the literature from 01/2009 to 05/2021: a review

Inflammation and disease are closely related. Inflammation can induce various diseases, and diseases can promote inflammatory response, and two possibly induces each other in a bidirectional loop. Inflammation is usually treated using synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs which are associated with several adverse effects hence are not safe for long-term use. Therefore, there is need for anti-inflammatory drugs which are not only effective but also safe. Several researchers have devoted to the research and development of effective anti-inflammatory drugs with little or no side effects. In this review, we studied some small molecules with reported anti-inflammatory activities and hence potential sources of anti-inflammatory agents. The information was retrieved from relevant studies published between January 2019 and May, 2021 for review. This review study was aimed to provide relevant information towards the design and development of effective and safe anti-inflammation agents.