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Carta F. Non-sulfonamide bacterial CA inhibitors. Enzymes 2024; 55:193-212. [PMID: 39222991 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Non-sulfonamide chemical moieties able to inhibit the bacterial (b) expressed Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) constitute an important alternative to the prototypic modulators discussed in Chapter 6, as give access to large and variegate chemical classes, also of the natural origin. This contribution reports the main classes of compounds profiled in vitro on the bCAs and thus may be worth developing for the validation process of this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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2
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Capasso C, Supuran CT. Bacterial ι-CAs. Enzymes 2024; 55:121-142. [PMID: 39222989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has identified a novel class of carbonic anhydrases (CAs), designated ι-CA, predominantly found in marine diatoms, eukaryotic algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, and archaea genomes. This class has garnered attention owing to its unique biochemical properties and evolutionary significance. Through bioinformatic analyses, LCIP63, a protein initially annotated with an unknown function, was identified as a potential ι-CA in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Subsequent biochemical characterization revealed that LCIP63 has CA activity and its preference for manganese ions over zinc, indicative of evolutionary adaptation to marine environments. Further exploration of bacterial ι-CAs, exemplified by Burkholderia territorii ι-CA (BteCAι), demonstrated catalytic efficiency and sensitivity to sulfonamide and inorganic anion inhibitors, the classical CA inhibitors (CAIs). The classification of ι-CAs into two variant types based on their sequences, distinguished by the COG4875 and COG4337 domains, marks a significant advancement in our understanding of these enzymes. Structural analyses of COG4337 ι-CAs from eukaryotic microalgae and cyanobacteria thereafter revealed a distinctive structural arrangement and a novel catalytic mechanism involving specific residues facilitating CO2 hydration in the absence of metal ion cofactors, deviating from canonical CA behavior. These findings underscore the biochemical diversity within the ι-CA class and highlight its potential as a target for novel antimicrobial agents. Overall, the elucidation of ι-CA properties and mechanisms advances our knowledge of carbon metabolism in diverse organisms and underscores the complexity of CA evolution and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, italy
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3
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Capasso C, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase and bacterial metabolism: a chance for antibacterial drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:465-474. [PMID: 38506448 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2332663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) play a pivotal role in the regulation of carbon dioxide , bicarbonate, and hydrogen ions within bacterial cells, ensuring pH homeostasis and facilitating energy production. We conducted a systematic literature search (PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) to examine the intricate interplay between CAs and bacterial metabolism, revealing the potential of CA inhibitors (CAIs) as innovative therapeutic agents against pathogenic bacteria. AREA COVERED Inhibition of bacterial CAs was explored in various pathogens, emphasizing the CA roles in microbial virulence, survival, and adaptability. Escherichia coli, a valid and convenient model microorganism, was recently used to investigate the effects of acetazolamide (AAZ) on the bacterial life cycle. Furthermore, the effectiveness of CAIs against pathogenic bacteria has been further substantiated for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) and antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. EXPERT OPINION CAIs target bacterial metabolic pathways, offering alternatives to conventional therapies. They hold promise against drug-resistant microorganisms such as VRE and N. gonorrhoeae strains. CAIs offer promising avenues for addressing antibiotic resistance and underscore their potential as novel antibacterial agents. Recognizing the central role of CAs in bacterial growth and pathogenicity will pave the way for innovative infection control and treatment strategies possibly also for other antibiotic resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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4
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Giovannuzzi S, Nikitjuka A, Pereira Resende BR, Smietana M, Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Winum JY. Boron-containing carbonic anhydrases inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106976. [PMID: 38000350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the medicinal chemistry of boron-based compounds has been extensively explored, designing valuable small molecule drugs to tackle diseases and conditions, such as cancer, infections, inflammatory and neurological disorders. Notably, boron has proven to also be a valuable element for the development of inhibitors of the metalloenzymes carbonic anhydrases (CAs), a class of drug targets with significant potential in medicinal chemistry. Incorporating boron into carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) can modulate the ligand ability to recognize the target and/or influence selectivity towards different CA isoforms, using the tail approach and boron-based tails. The electron-deficient nature of boron and its associated properties have also led to the discovery of novel zinc-binding CAIs, such as boronic acids and the benzoxaboroles, capable of inhibiting the CAs upon a Lewis acid-base mechanism of action. The present manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art of boron-based CAIs. As research in the applications of boron compounds in medicinal chemistry continues, it is anticipated that new boron-based CAIs will soon expand the current array of such compounds. However, further research is imperative to fully unlock the potential of boron-based CAIs and to advance them towards clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Nikitjuka
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Bruna Rafaela Pereira Resende
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Supuran CT. A simple yet multifaceted 90 years old, evergreen enzyme: Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibition and activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129411. [PMID: 37507055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) research over the last three decades are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors/ activators by the tail approach and their applications in the management of obesity, hypoxic tumors, neurological conditions, and as antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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6
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Nocentini A, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Novel Antibacterials in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance: Where Are We Now? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010142. [PMID: 36671343 PMCID: PMC9854953 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotic treatment developed by bacteria in humans and animals occurs when the microorganisms resist treatment with clinically approved antibiotics. Actions must be implemented to stop the further development of antibiotic resistance and the subsequent emergence of superbugs. Medication repurposing/repositioning is one strategy that can help find new antibiotics, as it speeds up drug development phases. Among them, the Zn2+ ion binders, such as sulfonamides and their bioisosteres, are considered the most promising compounds to obtain novel antibacterials, thus avoiding antibiotic resistance. Sulfonamides and their bioisosteres have drug-like properties well-known for decades and are suitable lead compounds for developing new pharmacological agent families for inhibiting carbonic anhydrases (CAs). CAs are a superfamily of metalloenzymes catalyzing the reversible reaction of CO2 hydration to HCO3- and H+, being present in most bacteria in multiple genetic families (α-, β-, γ- and ι-classes). These enzymes, acting as CO2 transducers, are promising drug targets because their activity influences microbe proliferation, biosynthetic pathways, and pathogen persistence in the host. In their natural or slightly modified scaffolds, sulfonamides/sulfamates/sulamides inhibit CAs in vitro and in vivo, in mouse models infected with antibiotic-resistant strains, confirming thus their role in contrasting bacterial antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (C.T.S.)
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7
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An W, Holly KJ, Nocentini A, Imhoff RD, Hewitt CS, Abutaleb NS, Cao X, Seleem MN, Supuran CT, Flaherty DP. Structure-activity relationship studies for inhibitors for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and human carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1838-1844. [PMID: 35758212 PMCID: PMC9246096 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2092729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), consisting of pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium, is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). We recently repurposed the FDA-approved human carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor acetazolamide (AZM) against VRE agent with the likely mechanism of action for the molecules being inhibition of one, or both, of the bacterial CA isoforms expressed in VRE. To elucidate how inhibitor binding to the enzymes relates to MIC, we further characterised the inhibition constants (Ki) against the E. faecium α-CA (Efα-CA) and γ-CA (Efγ-CA), as well as against human CA I (hCAI) and human CA II (hCAII) to assess selectivity. We have also utilised homology modelling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to gain a better understanding of the potential interactions the molecules are making with the targets. In this paper, we elaborate on the SAR for the AZM analogs as it pertains to MIC and Ki for each CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei An
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Katrina J Holly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ryan D Imhoff
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xufeng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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8
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De Luca V, Carginale V, Supuran CT, Capasso C. The gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli as a model for testing the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on bacterial growth. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2092-2098. [PMID: 35899716 PMCID: PMC9341340 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases, catalysing the reversible CO2 hydration reaction, contribute in all living organisms to the maintenance of stable metabolic functions depending on intracellular concentrations of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and protons. Recent studies have examined how CAs affect bacterial lifecycle, considering these enzymes druggable targets due to interference with their activities by using inhibitors or activators. Here, we propose Escherichia coli cells as a model for testing the effect of acetazolamide (AZA), a potent CA inhibitor, on bacterial survival by evaluating E. coli growth through its glucose consumption. AZA, at concentrations higher than 31.2 µg/mL, was able to impair E. coli growth and glucose uptake. AZA is a good inhibitor of the two recombinant E. coli CAs, the β-CA CynT2, and the γ-CA EcoCAγ, with KIs of 227 and 248 nM, respectively. This study provides a proof-of-concept, low-cost method for identifying effective CA inhibitors capable of impairing bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Luca
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carginale
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Aspatwar A, Barker H, Aisala H, Zueva K, Kuuslahti M, Tolvanen M, Primmer CR, Lumme J, Bonardi A, Tripathi A, Parkkila S, Supuran CT. Cloning, purification, kinetic and anion inhibition studies of a recombinant β-carbonic anhydrase from the Atlantic salmon parasite platyhelminth Gyrodactylus salaris. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1577-1586. [PMID: 35637617 PMCID: PMC9176631 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A β-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned from the genome of the Monogenean platyhelminth Gyrodactylus salaris, a parasite of Atlantic salmon. The new enzyme, GsaCAβ has a significant catalytic activity for the physiological reaction, CO2 + H2O ⇋ HCO3− + H+ with a kcat of 1.1 × 105 s−1 and a kcat/Km of 7.58 × 106 M−1 × s−1. This activity was inhibited by acetazolamide (KI of 0.46 µM), a sulphonamide in clinical use, as well as by selected inorganic anions and small molecules. Most tested anions inhibited GsaCAβ at millimolar concentrations, but sulfamide (KI of 81 µM), N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (KI of 67 µM) and sulphamic acid (KI of 6.2 µM) showed a rather efficient inhibitory action. There are currently very few non-toxic agents effective in combating this parasite. GsaCAβ is subsequently proposed as a new drug target for which effective inhibitors can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heidi Aisala
- Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ksenia Zueva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marianne Kuuslahti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Martti Tolvanen
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Lumme
- Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Amit Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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10
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Giovannuzzi S, Hewitt CS, Nocentini A, Capasso C, Costantino G, Flaherty DP, Supuran CT. Inhibition studies of bacterial α-carbonic anhydrases with phenols. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:666-671. [PMID: 35139743 PMCID: PMC8843131 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2038592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-class carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the bacterial pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NgCAα) and Vibrio cholerae (VchCAα) were investigated for their inhibition by a panel of phenols and phenolic acids. Mono-, di- and tri-substituted phenols incorporating additional hydroxyl/hydroxymethyl, amino, acetamido, carboxyl, halogeno and carboxyethenyl moieties were included in the study. The best NgCAα inhibitrs were phenol, 3-aminophenol, 4-hydroxy-benzylalcohol, 3-amino-4-chlorophenol and paracetamol, with KI values of 0.6–1.7 µM. The most effective VchCAα inhibitrs were phenol, 3-amino-4-chlorophenol and 4-hydroxy-benzyl-alcohol, with KI values of 0.7–1.2 µM. Small changes in the phenol scaffold led to drastic effects on the bacterial CA inhibitory activity. This class of underinvestigated bacterial CA inhibitors may thus lead to effective compounds for fighting drug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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11
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Giovannuzzi S, Hewitt CS, Nocentini A, Capasso C, Flaherty DP, Supuran CT. Coumarins effectively inhibit bacterial α-carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:333-338. [PMID: 34979838 PMCID: PMC8741243 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2012174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are known to act as prodrug inhibitors of mammalian α-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) but they were not yet investigated for the inhibition of bacterial α-CAs. Here we demonstrate that such enzymes from the bacterial pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NgCAα) and Vibrio cholerae (VchCAα) are inhibited by a panel of simple coumarins incorporating hydroxyl, amino, ketone or carboxylic acid ester moieties in various positions of the ring system. The nature and the position of the substituents in the coumarin ring were the factors which strongly influenced inhibitory efficacy. NgCAα was inhibited with KIs in the range of 28.6-469.5 µM, whereas VchCAα with KIs in the range of 39.8-438.7 µM. The two human (h)CA isoforms included for comparison reason in the study, hCA I and II, were less prone to inhibition by these compounds, with KIs of 137-948.9 µM for hCA I and of 296.5-961.2 µM for hCA II, respectively. These findings are relevant for discovering coumarin bacterial CA inhibitors with selectivity for the bacterial over human isoform, with potential applications as novel antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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12
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Petreni A, Osman SM, Alasmary FA, Almutairi TM, Nocentini A, Supuran CT. Binding site comparison for coumarin inhibitors and amine/amino acid activators of human carbonic anhydrases. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113875. [PMID: 34634741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The first structural analysis comparing the binding mode to the target carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) of two opposite classes of modulators is presented here: coumarin derivatives act as prodrug CA inhibitors (CAIs), being hydrolyzed by the enzyme esterase activity to 2-hydroxycinnamic acids that occlude the active site entrance; CA activators (CAAs) belonging of the amine and amino acid types, enhance the CA activity by increasing the efficiency of the rate-determining proton shuttling step in the CA catalytic cycle. Analysis of the crystallographic data available for the human CA isoform II in adduct with two coumarin CAIs and some CAAs showed that both types of CA modulators bind in the same region of the enzyme active site, basically interacting with superimposable amino acid residues, that are Trp5, Asn62, His64, Asn67, Gln92, Thr200. A plethora of water molecules also participate in the adducts formation. This structural analysis showed that presence of certain chemical groups in the compound structure is mandatory to produce an activating rather than inhibitory action, such as multiple nitrogen- and oxygen-based moieties capable of shuttling protons or forming extended H-bond networks nearby the proton shuttle residue. This constitutes the only known example among all enzymes of an identical binding site for inhibitors and activators, which, in addition, possess significant pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Petreni
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Sameh M Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah A Alasmary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani M Almutairi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
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13
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Giovannuzzi S, Abutaleb NS, Hewitt CS, Carta F, Nocentini A, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP, Supuran CT. Dithiocarbamates effectively inhibit the α-carbonic anhydrase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:1-8. [PMID: 34894954 PMCID: PMC8667944 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1988945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, inorganic anions and sulphonamides, two of the main classes of zinc-binding carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), were investigated for inhibition of the α-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, NgCA. As an extension to our previous studies, we report that dithiocarbamates (DTCs) derived from primary or secondary amines constitute a class of efficient inhibitors of NgCA. KIs ranging between 83.7 and 827 nM were measured for a series of 31 DTCs that incorporated various aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic scaffolds. A subset of DTCs were selected for antimicrobial testing against N. gonorrhoeae, and three molecules displayed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values less than or equal to 8 µg/mL. As NgCA was recently validated as an antibacterial drug target, the DTCs may lead to development of novel antigonococcal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovannuzzi
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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14
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Abutaleb NS, Elhassanny AEM, Nocentini A, Hewitt CS, Elkashif A, Cooper BR, Supuran CT, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP. Repurposing FDA-approved sulphonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:51-61. [PMID: 34894972 PMCID: PMC8667909 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1991336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a high-priority pathogen of concern due to the growing prevalence of resistance development against approved antibiotics. Herein, we report the anti-gonococcal activity of ethoxzolamide, the FDA-approved human carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Ethoxzolamide displayed an MIC50, against a panel of N. gonorrhoeae isolates, of 0.125 µg/mL, 16-fold more potent than acetazolamide, although both molecules exhibited almost similar potency against the gonococcal carbonic anhydrase enzyme (NgCA) in vitro. Acetazolamide displayed an inhibition constant (Ki) versus NgCA of 74 nM, while Ethoxzolamide’s Ki was estimated to 94 nM. Therefore, the increased anti-gonococcal potency of ethoxzolamide was attributed to its increased permeability in N. gonorrhoeae as compared to that of acetazolamide. Both drugs demonstrated bacteriostatic activity against N. gonorrhoeae, exhibited post-antibiotic effects up to 10 hours, and resistance was not observed against both. Taken together, these results indicate that acetazolamide and ethoxzolamide warrant further investigation for translation into effective anti-N. gonorrhoeae agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI, USA
| | - Ahmed E M Elhassanny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bruce R Cooper
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI, USA.,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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15
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QM and QM/MM study on inhibition mechanism of polyphenolic compounds as non-classical inhibitors of α-human carbonic anhydrase (II). Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Capasso C. An overview on the recently discovered iota-carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1988-1995. [PMID: 34482770 PMCID: PMC8425729 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1972995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) have been studied for decades and have been classified as a superfamily of enzymes which includes, up to date, eight gene families or classes indicated with the Greek letters α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, ι. This versatile enzyme superfamily is involved in multiple physiological processes, catalysing a fundamental reaction for all living organisms, the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and a proton. Recently, the ι-CA (LCIP63) from the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and a bacterial ι-CA (BteCAι) identified in the genome of Burkholderia territorii were characterised. The recombinant BteCAι was observed to act as an excellent catalyst for the physiologic reaction. Very recently, the discovery of a novel ι-CAs (COG4337) in the eukaryotic microalga Bigelowiella natans and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120 has brought to light an unexpected feature for this ancient superfamily: this ι-CAs was catalytically active without a metal ion cofactor, unlike the previous reported ι-CAs as well as all known CAs investigated so far. This review reports recent investigations on ι-CAs obtained in these last three years, highlighting their peculiar features, and hypothesising that possibly this new CA family shows catalytic activity without the need of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Napoli, Italy
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17
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Hewitt CS, Abutaleb NS, Elhassanny AEM, Nocentini A, Cao X, Amos DP, Youse MS, Holly KJ, Marapaka A, An W, Kaur J, Krabill AD, Elkashif A, Elgammal Y, Graboski AL, Supuran CT, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Acetazolamide-Based Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors with Activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1969-1984. [PMID: 33765392 PMCID: PMC8317129 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an urgent threat to public health in the United States and around the world. Many of the current classes of antibiotics to treat N. gonorrhoeae infection are quickly becoming obsolete due to increased rates of resistance. Thus, there is a critical need for alternative antimicrobial targets and new chemical entities. Our team has repurposed the FDA-approved carbonic anhydrase inhibitor scaffold of acetazolamide to target N. gonorrhoeae and the bacteria's essential carbonic anhydrase, NgCA. This study established both structure-activity and structure-property relationships that contribute to both antimicrobial activity and NgCA activity. This ultimately led to molecules 20 and 23, which displayed minimum inhibitory concentration values as low as 0.25 μg/mL equating to an 8- to 16-fold improvement in antigonococcal activity compared to acetazolamide. These analogues were determined to be bacteriostatic against the pathogen and likely on-target against NgCA. Additionally, they did not exhibit any detrimental effects in cellular toxicity assays against both a human endocervical (End1/E6E7) cell line or colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) at concentrations up to 128 μg/mL. Taken together, this study presents a class of antigonococcal agents with the potential to be advanced for further evaluation in N. gonorrhoeae infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nader S. Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ahmed E. M. Elhassanny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Xufeng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Devon P. Amos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Molly S. Youse
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Katrina J. Holly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anil Marapaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Weiwei An
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Aaron D. Krabill
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yehia Elgammal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amanda L. Graboski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Daniel P. Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, 207 South Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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18
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Urbanski LJ, Vullo D, Parkkila S, Supuran CT. An anion and small molecule inhibition study of the β-carbonic anhydrase from Staphylococcus aureus. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1088-1092. [PMID: 34056990 PMCID: PMC8168783 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1931863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria resistant to most antibiotics, including the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent a serious medical problem. The search for new antiinfectives, possessing a diverse mechanism of action compared to the clinically used antibiotics, has become an attractive research field. S. aureus DNA encodes a β-class carbonic anhydrase, SauBCA. It is a druggable target that can be inhibited by certain aromatic and heterocyclic sulphonamides. Here we investigated inorganic anions and some other small molecules for their inhibition of SauBCA. The halides, nitrite, nitrate, bicarbonate, carbonate, bisulphite, sulphate, stannate, and N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate were submillimolar SauBCA inhibitors with KIs in the range of 0.26 − 0.91 mM. The most effective inhibitors were sulfamide, sulfamate, phenylboronic acid, and phenylarsonic acid with KIs of 7 − 43 µM. Several interesting inhibitors detected here may be considered lead compounds for the development of even more effective derivatives, which should be investigated for their bacteriostatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Urbanski
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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19
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Nocentini A, Hewitt CS, Mastrolorenzo MD, Flaherty DP, Supuran CT. Anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrases from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1061-1066. [PMID: 34030562 PMCID: PMC8158254 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1929202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes for an α-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), NgCA, which was investigated for its inhibition with a series of inorganic and organic anions. Perchlorate and hexafluorophosphate did not significantly inhibit NgCA CO2 hydrase activity, whereas the halides, azide, bicarbonate, carbonate, stannate, perosmate, diphosphate, divanadate, perruthenate, and trifluoromethanesulfonate showed inhibition constants in the range of 1.3–9.6 mM. Anions/small molecules such as cyanate, thiocyanate, nitrite, nitrate, bisulphite, sulphate, hydrogensulfide, phenylboronic acid, phenylarsonic acid, selenate, tellurate, tetraborate, perrhenate, peroxydisulfate, selenocyanate, iminodisulfonate, and fluorosulfonate showed KIs in the range of 0.15–1.0 mM. The most effective inhibitors detected in this study were sulfamide, sulfamate, trithiocarbonate and N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate, which had KIs in the range of 5.1–88 µM. These last compounds incorporating the CS2- zinc-binding group may be used as leads for developing even more effective NgCA inhibitors in addition to the aromatic/heterocyclic sulphonamides, as this enzyme was recently validated as an antibacterial drug target for obtaining novel antigonococcal agents
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Margaret D Mastrolorenzo
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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20
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Emerging role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1233-1249. [PMID: 34013961 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was clinically exploited for decades, as most modern diuretics were obtained considering as lead molecule acetazolamide, the prototypical CA inhibitor (CAI). The discovery and characterization of multiple human CA (hCA) isoforms, 15 of which being known today, led to new applications of their inhibitors. They include widely clinically used antiglaucoma, antiepileptic and antiobesity agents, antitumor drugs in clinical development, as well as drugs for the management of acute mountain sickness and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Emerging roles of several CA isoforms in areas not generally connected to these enzymes were recently documented, such as in neuropathic pain, cerebral ischemia, rheumatoid arthritis, oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease. Proof-of-concept studies thus emerged by using isoform-selective inhibitors, which may lead to new clinical applications in such areas. Relevant preclinical models are available for these pathologies due to the availability of isoform-selective CAIs for all human isoforms, belonging to novel classes of compounds, such as coumarins, sulfocoumarins, dithiocarbamates, benzoxaboroles, apart the classical sulfonamide inhibitors. The inhibition of CAs from pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoans or nematodes started recently to be considered for obtaining anti-infectives with a new mechanism of action.
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21
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Hirakawa Y, Senda M, Fukuda K, Yu HY, Ishida M, Taira M, Kinbara K, Senda T. Characterization of a novel type of carbonic anhydrase that acts without metal cofactors. BMC Biol 2021; 19:105. [PMID: 34006275 PMCID: PMC8132391 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are universal metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). They are involved in various biological processes, including pH control, respiration, and photosynthesis. To date, eight evolutionarily unrelated classes of CA families (α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι) have been identified. All are characterized by an active site accommodating the binding of a metal cofactor, which is assumed to play a central role in catalysis. This feature is thought to be the result of convergent evolution. Results Here, we report that a previously uncharacterized protein group, named “COG4337,” constitutes metal-independent CAs from the newly discovered ι-class. Genes coding for COG4337 proteins are found in various bacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotic algae. Biochemical assays demonstrated that recombinant COG4337 proteins from a cyanobacterium (Anabaena sp. PCC7120) and a chlorarachniophyte alga (Bigelowiella natans) accelerated CO2 hydration. Unexpectedly, these proteins exhibited their activity under metal-free conditions. Based on X-ray crystallography and point mutation analysis, we identified a metal-free active site within the cone-shaped α+β barrel structure. Furthermore, subcellular localization experiments revealed that COG4337 proteins are targeted into plastids and mitochondria of B. natans, implicating their involvement in CO2 metabolism in these organelles. Conclusions COG4337 proteins shared a short sequence motif and overall structure with ι-class CAs, whereas they were characterized by metal independence, unlike any known CAs. Therefore, COG4337 proteins could be treated as a variant type of ι-class CAs. Our findings suggested that this novel type of ι-CAs can function even in metal-poor environments (e.g., the open ocean) without competition with other metalloproteins for trace metals. Considering the widespread prevalence of ι-CAs across microalgae, this class of CAs may play a role in the global carbon cycle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01039-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hirakawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Miki Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kodai Fukuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hong Yang Yu
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.,School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishida
- Applied Research Laboratory, Radiation Science Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Masafumi Taira
- Support Center for Accelerator Science and Technology, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kinbara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan. .,School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan. .,Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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