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Elias C, Nunes MC, Saadatian-Elahi M. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia caused by S treptococcus pneumoniae in older adults: a narrative review. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:144-153. [PMID: 38323404 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review covers updated perspectives on different aspects of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (pCAP), including the epidemiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, antibiotic treatment, and existing preventive strategies in older adults. RECENT FINDINGS pCAP remains the most prevalent condition among lower respiratory tract infections in the older adults according to Global Burden of Diseases 2019. Older adults can display atypical symptoms such as confusion, general clinical deterioration, new onset of and exacerbation of underlying illness that might trigger clinical suspicion of pCAP. Older adults with pCAP often experience increased disease severity and a higher risk of pulmonary complications compared with younger individuals, owing to age-related changes in immunity and a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Vaccination stands fundamental for prevention, emphasizing the need for effective immunization strategies, specifically tailored for older adults. There is a pressing need to reinforce efforts aimed at boosting pneumococcal vaccination rates. SUMMARY Despite a high morbidity and mortality, the burden of pCAP, in particular hospital admission and occurrence of invasive infections, among the elderly population is not sufficiently documented. This review findings emphasize the substantial burden of pCAP in this vulnerable population, driven by factors such as advancing age and underlying comorbidities. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal strains further complicates treatment decisions and highlights the importance of tailored approaches for managing pCAP in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Elias
- Service d'Hygiène, Epidémiologie, Infectiovigilance et Prévention, Hospices Civils de Lyon
- Équipe Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Eco-évolution des Maladies Infectieuses (PHE ID), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon
| | - Marta C Nunes
- Équipe Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Eco-évolution des Maladies Infectieuses (PHE ID), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon
- Center of Excellence in Respiratory Pathogens (CERP), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mitra Saadatian-Elahi
- Service d'Hygiène, Epidémiologie, Infectiovigilance et Prévention, Hospices Civils de Lyon
- Équipe Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Eco-évolution des Maladies Infectieuses (PHE ID), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon
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Huang L, Bao Y, Yi Q, Yu D, Wang H, Wang H, Liu Z, Zhu C, Meng Q, Chen Y, Wang W, Deng J, Liu G, Zheng Y, Yang Y. Molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of invasive pneumococcal isolates from children in the post-13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in Shenzhen, China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:399-406. [PMID: 38266961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of invasive pneumococcal isolates from children in Shenzhen, China, in the early stage of the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugated vaccine (PCV-13) era from 2018 to 2020. METHODS Invasive pneumococcal strains were isolated from hospitalized children with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) from January 2018 to December 2020. The serotype identification, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on all culture-confirmed strains. RESULTS Sixty-four invasive strains were isolated mainly from blood (70.3%). Prevalent serotypes were 23F (28.1%), 14 (18.8%), 19F (15.6%), 6A/B (14.1%), and 19A (12.5%), with a serotype coverage rate of 96.9% for PCV13. The most common sequence types (STs) were ST876 (17.1%), ST271 (10.9%), and ST320 (7.8%). Half of the strains were grouped in clonal complexes (CCs): CC271 (21.9%), CC876 (20.3%), and CC90 (14.1%). Meningitis isolates showed a higher resistance rate (90.9% and 45.5%) to penicillin and ceftriaxone than the rate (3.8% and 9.4%) of non-meningitis isolates. The resistance rates for penicillin (oral), cefuroxime, and erythromycin were 53.13%, 73.4%, and 96.9%, respectively. The dual ermB and mefA genotype was found in 81.3% of erythromycin-resistant strains. The elevated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of β-lactam antibiotics and dual-genotype macrolide resistance were related mainly to three major serotype-CC combinations: 19F-CC271, 19A-CC271, and 14-CC876. CONCLUSION Invasive pneumococcus with elevated MICs of β-lactams and increased dual ermB and mefA genotype macrolide resistance were alarming. Expanded PCV13 vaccination is expected to reduce the burden of paediatric IPD and to combat antibiotic-resistant pneumococcus in Shenzhen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, PR China; Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Yanmin Bao
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Qiuwei Yi
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Dingle Yu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Heping Wang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Chunqing Zhu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Qing Meng
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Jikui Deng
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, PR China
| | - Yuejie Zheng
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Guangdong, 518000, PR China.
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Infection and Microbiology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, PR China.
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Johnson CN, Wilde S, Tuomanen E, Rosch JW. Convergent impact of vaccination and antibiotic pressures on pneumococcal populations. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:195-206. [PMID: 38052216 PMCID: PMC10938186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a remarkably adaptable and successful human pathogen, playing dual roles of both asymptomatic carriage in the nasopharynx and invasive disease including pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. Efficacious vaccines and effective antibiotic therapies are critical to mitigating morbidity and mortality. However, clinical interventions can be rapidly circumvented by the pneumococcus by its inherent proclivity for genetic exchange. This leads to an underappreciated interplay between vaccine and antibiotic pressures on pneumococcal populations. Circulating populations have undergone dramatic shifts due to the introduction of capsule-based vaccines of increasing valency imparting strong selective pressures. These alterations in population structure have concurrent consequences on the frequency of antibiotic resistance profiles in the population. This review will discuss the interactions of these two selective forces. Understanding and forecasting the drivers of antibiotic resistance and capsule switching are of critical importance for public health, particularly for such a genetically promiscuous pathogen as S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydney N Johnson
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shyra Wilde
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elaine Tuomanen
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Opavski N, Jovicevic M, Kabic J, Kekic D, Vasiljevic Z, Tosic T, Medic D, Laban S, Ranin L, Gajic I. Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nine-year period in Serbia. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1244366. [PMID: 37670985 PMCID: PMC10475725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1244366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the leading bacterial pathogens that can cause severe invasive diseases. The aim of the study was to characterize invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae obtained during the nine-year period in Serbia before the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into routine vaccination programs by determining: serotype distribution, the prevalence and genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance, and genetic relatedness of the circulating pneumococcal clones. A total of 490 invasive S. pneumoniae isolates were included in this study. The serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and ST of the strains were determined by the Quellung reaction, disk- and gradient-diffusion methods, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), respectively. The most common serotypes in this study were 3, 19F, 14, 6B, 6A, 19A, and 23F. The serotype coverages of PCV10 and PCV13 in children less than 2 years were 71.3 and 86.1%, respectively, while PPV23 coverage in adults was in the range of 85-96%, depending on the age group. Penicillin and ceftriaxone-non-susceptible isolates account for 47.6 and 16.5% of all isolates, respectively. Macrolide non-susceptibility was detected in 40.4% of isolates, while the rate of multidrug- and extensive-drug resistance was 20.0 and 16.9%, respectively. The MLST analysis of 158 pneumococci identified 60 different STs belonging to the 16 Clonal Complexes (CCs) (consisting of 42 STs) and 18 singletons. The most common CC/ST were ST1377, CC320, CC15, CC273, CC156, CC473, CC81, and CC180. Results obtained in this study indicate that the pre-vaccine pneumococcal population in Serbia is characterized by high penicillin and macrolides non-susceptibility, worrisome rates of MDR and XDR, as well as a high degree of genetic diversity. These findings provide a basis for further investigation of the changes in serotypes and genotypes that can be expected after the routine introduction of PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Opavski
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Jovicevic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Kabic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusan Kekic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Vasiljevic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Tosic
- Department of Microbiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Deana Medic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Center for Microbiology, Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Suzana Laban
- Department of Microbiology, University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lazar Ranin
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ina Gajic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lee Y, Kim N, Roh H, Ho DT, Park J, Lee JY, Kim YJ, Kang HY, Lee J, Song JY, Kim A, Kim MS, Cho M, Choi HS, Park CI, Kim DH. Serotype distribution and antibiogram of Streptococcus parauberis isolated from fish in South Korea. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0440022. [PMID: 37555676 PMCID: PMC10581249 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04400-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus parauberis is the dominant etiological agent of streptococcosis, the most devastating bacterial disease in the olive flounder farming industry in South Korea. In this study, the distribution of serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in S. parauberis isolates obtained between 1999 and 2021 was thoroughly investigated to gain insight into the dynamics of their presence and the relationship between serotypes and antimicrobial resistance. Disk diffusion testing of 103 isolates against 10 antimicrobial agents was performed, and epidemiological cut-off values generated through normalized resistance interpretation analysis were used to classify wild-type (WT) and non-wild-type (NWT) populations. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering were implemented to achieve an understanding on the relationship between serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns. PCR-based serotyping showed that serotype Ia (67.1%) was the most prevalent in South Korea, followed by serotypes Ib/Ic (25.2%) and II (7.7%). The highest proportion of isolates was assigned to NWT against amoxicillin (80.6%), followed by oxytetracycline (77.7%) and erythromycin (48.5%). The time-scale data showed that recently obtained serotypes Ib/Ic and II isolates tended to be categorized as NWT populations resistant to more antibiotics, possibly due to microbial adaptation to antibiotic pressure. ARGs responsible for resistance to oxytetracycline and erythromycin were found only in NWT populations in serotype Ia [tet(S) and erm(B), respectively], and serotype II [tet(M) and mef(J)-msr(I), respectively]. We also found that the mef-msr gene pair in S. parauberis serotype II might be involved in low-level resistance to erythromycin. IMPORTANCE This study presents serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility data along with the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of Streptococcus parauberis, which is an important bacterial fish pathogen worldwide. In particular, almost all oxytetracycline and erythromycin non-wild-type (NWT) populations harbored tet(S) or tet(M), and erm(B) or mef(J)-msr(I), respectively. Interestingly, these ARGs were distributed in a highly serotype-dependent manner, resulting in a clear correlation between the antibiogram and serotype distribution. Moreover, recent isolates belonging to serotypes Ib/Ic and II tended to be more frequently categorized as NWT against antimicrobials, including amoxicillin and cefalexin compared to old isolates, while a dramatic decrease in erythromycin and clindamycin NWT frequencies was observed in recent serotype Ia isolates, which lacked erm(B). These variations might be attributed to shifts in the antibiotics employed in South Korean aquaculture over time. The overall findings would provide important background knowledge for understanding the epidemiology of S. parauberis infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhang Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - HeyongJin Roh
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Diem Tho Ho
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeop Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Young Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Song
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ahran Kim
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Myoung Sug Kim
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Cho
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hye Sung Choi
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, South Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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Puzia W, Gawor J, Gromadka R, Żuchniewicz K, Wróbel-Pawelczyk I, Ronkiewicz P, Gołębiewska A, Hryniewicz W, Sadowy E, Skoczyńska A. Highly Resistant Serotype 19A Streptococcus pneumoniae of the GPSC1/CC320 Clone from Invasive Infections in Poland Prior to Antipneumococcal Vaccination of Children. Infect Dis Ther 2023; 12:2017-2037. [PMID: 37442903 PMCID: PMC10505132 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) into the national immunization programs (NIPs) has significantly reduced the number of pneumococcal infections. However, infections caused by isolates of non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) started spreading shortly thereafter and strains of NVT 19A have become the main cause of invasive pneumococcal disease burden worldwide. The aim of the study was to characterize serotype 19A invasive pneumococci of GPSC1/CC320 circulating in Poland before the introduction of PCV into the Polish NIP in 2017 and to compare them to isolates from other countries where PCVs were implemented much earlier than in Poland. METHODS All the GPSC1/CC320 isolates were analyzed by serotyping, susceptibility testing, and whole genome sequencing followed by analyses of resistome, virulome, and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), including comparative analysis with isolates with publicly accessible genomic sequences (PubMLST). RESULTS During continuous surveillance the NRCBM collected 4237 invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates between 1997 and 2016, including 200 isolates (4.7%) of serotype 19A. The most prevalent among 19A pneumococci were highly resistant representatives of Global Pneumococcal Sequence Cluster 1/Clonal Complex 320, GPSC1/CC320 (n = 97, 48.5%). Isolates of GPSC1/CC320 belonged to three sequence types (STs): ST320 (75.2%) ST4768 (23.7%), and ST15047 (1.0%), which all represented the 19A-III cps subtype and had complete loci for both PI-1 and PI-2 pili types. On the basis of the cgMLST analysis the majority of Polish GPSC1/CC320 isolates formed a group clearly distinct from pneumococci of this clone observed in other countries. CONCLUSION Before introduction of PCV in the Polish NIP we noticed an unexpected increase of serotype 19A in invasive pneumococcal infections, with the most common being representatives of highly drug-resistant GPSC1/CC320 clone, rarely identified in Europe both before and even after PCV introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Puzia
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34 Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Gromadka
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Żuchniewicz
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a Str., 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Wróbel-Pawelczyk
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34 Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Ronkiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34 Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gołębiewska
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34 Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waleria Hryniewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34 Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34 Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Skoczyńska
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34 Str., 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
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Adam HJ, Karlowsky JA, Baxter MR, Schellenberg J, Golden AR, Martin I, Demczuk W, Mulvey MR, Zhanel GG. Analysis of MDR in the predominant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Canada: the SAVE study, 2011-2020. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:i17-i25. [PMID: 37130586 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the levels of MDR in the predominant serotypes of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Canada over a 10 year period. METHODS All isolates were serotyped and had antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed, in accordance with CLSI guidelines (M07-11 Ed., 2018). Complete susceptibility profiles were available for 13 712 isolates. MDR was defined as resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents (penicillin MIC ≥2 mg/L defined as resistant). Serotypes were determined by Quellung reaction. RESULTS In total, 14 138 invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae were tested in the SAVE study (S. pneumoniae Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility: Assessment for Vaccine Efficacy in Canada), a collaboration between the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance and Public Health Agency of Canada-National Microbiology Laboratory. The rate of MDR S. pneumoniae in SAVE was 6.6% (902/13 712). Annual rates of MDR S. pneumoniae decreased between 2011 and 2015 (8.5% to 5.7%) and increased between 2016 and 2020 (3.9% to 9.4%). Serotypes 19A and 15A were the most common serotypes demonstrating MDR (25.4% and 23.5% of the MDR isolates, respectively); however, the serotype diversity index increased from 0.7 in 2011 to 0.9 in 2020 with a statistically significant linear increasing trend (P < 0.001). In 2020, MDR isolates were frequently serotypes 4 and 12F in addition to serotypes 15A and 19A. In 2020, 27.3%, 45.5%, 50.5%, 65.7% and 68.7% of invasive MDR S. pneumoniae were serotypes included in the PCV10, PCV13, PCV15, PCV20 and PPSV23 vaccines, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although current vaccine coverage of MDR S. pneumoniae in Canada is high, the increasing diversity of serotypes observed among the MDR isolates highlights the ability of S. pneumoniae to rapidly evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Adam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Clinical Microbiology, Shared Health, MS673-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Melanie R Baxter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - John Schellenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Alyssa R Golden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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Validation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0032522. [PMID: 35699436 PMCID: PMC9297836 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00325-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (IR Biotyper; Bruker) allows highly discriminatory fingerprinting of closely related bacterial strains. In this study, FT-IR spectroscopy-based capsular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae was validated as a rapid, cost-effective, and medium-throughput alternative to the classical phenotypic techniques. A training set of 233 strains was defined, comprising 34 different serotypes and including all 24 vaccine types (VTs) and 10 non-vaccine types (NVTs). The acquired spectra were used to (i) create a dendrogram where strains clustered together according to their serotypes and (ii) train an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict unknown pneumococcal serotypes. During validation using 153 additional strains, we reached 98.0% accuracy for determining serotypes represented in the training set. Next, the performance of the IR Biotyper was assessed using 124 strains representing 59 non-training set serotypes. In this setting, 42 of 59 serotypes (71.1%) could be accurately categorized as being non-training set serotypes. Furthermore, it was observed that comparability of spectra was affected by the source of the Columbia medium used to grow the pneumococci and that this complicated the robustness and standardization potential of FT-IR spectroscopy. A rigorous laboratory workflow in combination with specific ANN models that account for environmental noise parameters can be applied to overcome this issue in the near future. The IR Biotyper has the potential to be used as a fast, cost-effective, and accurate phenotypic serotyping tool for S. pneumoniae.
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Comparative genomics of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae CC320/271 serotype 19F/19A before the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine in India. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3265-3276. [PMID: 33876375 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multi drug resistant clone CC320 serotype19F/19A and their capsular (cps) antigenic variants due to selective pressures such as vaccine had been reported worldwide. Hence, it is important to identify the prevalent clones, sequence types and cps variants of serotype 19F/19A in India, where PCV13 has been recently introduced. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for all (n = 21) invasive S. pneumoniae isolates of serotype 19A (n = 5) and 19F (n = 16) collected between the years 2012 and 2018 from children less than 5 years. The genome characterization by whole genome sequencing for the Sequence types (STs) 320 and 271(n = 7) were performed and compared with another six Indian WGSs of similar STs available from the GPS platform. The predominant STs in the serotype 19F/19A study isolates were of CC320: ST 320, 236 and 271, associated with PMEN clone Taiwan19F-14. The WGSs of CC320 study isolates showed high genomic similarity to the Taiwan19F-14 clone, and the penicillin binding protein (PBP) amino acid sequence similarity was 100% for PBP1A, 93% for PBP 2B and 2X. Whilst PBP comparison with other global MDR ST320 strains revealed that the ST320 clones in India are of low-level penicillin resistance. The presence of a few ST320/19A/19F invasive isolates with high similarity to the Taiwan clone suggests slow and gradual expansion of Taiwan19F-14 associated CC320 clones in India. Since serotype 19F/19A is covered by PCV13 vaccine, the expansion of 19F/19A cones with non-PCV13 vaccine serotype in India should be monitored.
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