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Sonar SA, Watanabe M, Nikolich JŽ. Disorganization of secondary lymphoid organs and dyscoordination of chemokine secretion as key contributors to immune aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101835. [PMID: 37651849 PMCID: PMC10840697 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by progressive loss of organ and tissue function, and the immune system is no exception to that inevitable principle. Of all the age-related changes in the body, reduction of the size of, and naïve T (Tn) cell output from, the thymus occurs earliest, being prominent already before or by the time of puberty. Therefore, to preserve immunity against new infections, over much of their lives, vertebrates dominantly rely on peripheral maintenance of the Tn cell pool in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). However, SLO structure and function subsequently also deteriorate with aging. Several recent studies have made a convincing case that this deterioration is of major importance to the erosion of protective immunity in the last third of life. Specifically, the SLO were found to accumulate multiple degenerative changes with aging. Importantly, the results from adoptive transfer and parabiosis studies teach us that the old microenvironment is the limiting factor for protective immunity in old mice. In this review, we discuss the extent, mechanisms, and potential role of stromal cell aging in the age-related alteration of T cell homeostatic maintenance and immune function decline. We use that discussion to frame the potential strategies to correct the SLO stromal aging defects - in the context of other immune rejuvenation approaches, - to improve functional immune responses and protective immunity in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Ashok Sonar
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janko Ž Nikolich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; the Aegis Consortium for Pandemic-free Future, University of Arizona Health Sciences, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Day S, Kaur C, Cheeseman HM, de Groot E, McFarlane LR, Tanaka M, Coelho S, Cole T, Lemm NM, Lim A, Sanders RW, Asquith B, Shattock RJ, Pollock KM. Comparison of blood and lymph node cells after intramuscular injection with HIV envelope immunogens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:991509. [PMID: 36275655 PMCID: PMC9579690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Harnessing CD4+ T cell help in the lymph nodes through rational antigen design could enhance formation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) during experimental HIV immunization. This process has remained hidden due to difficulty with direct study, with clinical studies instead focusing on responses in the blood as a proxy for the secondary lymphoid tissue. Methods To address this, lymph node cells (LNC) were collected using ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of axillary lymph nodes from 11 HIV negative participants in an experimental HIV immunogen study (European AIDS Vaccine Initiative EAVI2020_01 study, NCT04046978). Cells from lymph node and blood (PBMC), were collected after intramuscular injection with HIV Env Mosaic immunogens based on HIV Envelope glycoprotein and combined with a liposomal toll-like receptor-4 adjuvant; monophosphoryl lipid A. Simultaneously sampled cells from both blood and lymph node in the same donors were compared for phenotype, function, and antigen-specificity. Results Unsupervised cluster analysis revealed tissue-specific differences in abundance, distribution, and functional response of LNC compared with PBMC. Monocytes were virtually absent from LNC, which were significantly enriched for CD4+ T cells compared with CD8+ T cells. T follicular helper cells with germinal center features were enriched in LNC, which contained specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets including CD4+ T cells that responded after a single injection with HIV Env Mosaic immunogens combined with adjuvant. Tissue-specific differences in response to an MHC-II dependent superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, indicated divergence in antigen presentation function between blood and lymph node. Conclusions LNC are phenotypically and functionally distinct from PBMC, suggesting that whole blood is only a limited proxy of the T cell lymphatic response to immunization. HIV-specific CD4+ T cells in the lymph node are rapidly inducible upon experimental injection with HIV immunogens. Monitoring evolution of CD4+ T cell memory in LNC with repeated experimental HIV immunization could indicate the strategies most likely to be successful in inducing HIV-specific bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Day
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charandeep Kaur
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M. Cheeseman
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily de Groot
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon R. McFarlane
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maniola Tanaka
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Coelho
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Cole
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nana-Marie Lemm
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Lim
- Department of Breast Radiology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Dept Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M. Pollock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
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