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Wells D, Alderson J, Camomilla V, Donnelly C, Elliott B, Cereatti A. Elbow joint kinematics during cricket bowling using magneto-inertial sensors: A feasibility study. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:515-524. [PMID: 30175947 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1512845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic and inertial measurement units (MIMUs) may provide an accessible, three-dimensional, in-field alternative to laboratory-restricted marker-based motion capture. Existing upper limb MIMU models have predominantly been validated with low-velocity motion and their suitability for use with sport-based movements remains relatively untested. We propose a MIMU system approach to enable the estimation of anatomically meaningful and participant-specific elbow kinematics with considerations for use with cricket bowling. A novel standardised elbow reference posture of 90 degrees flexion and 0 deg pronation, and functional definition of elbow joint axes of rotation calibrated the MIMU method model before it was validated across three experiments: (1) simple elbow rotations with a mechanical linkage; (2) low-velocity elbow rotations in human participants; and (3) low-medium velocity sport-based movements in human participants. The proposed MIMU method demonstrated high elbow kinematic measurement agreement when compared with a criterion measure across all three conditions. However, during experiment 3, sensor components neared their measurement capacity and the MIMU method elbow flexion measurement variability increased. We conclude that the proposed MIMU method can estimate anatomically referenced, participant-specific joint angles, however, the hardware specifications of currently available systems may limit application in high-velocity/acceleration situations, preventing the measurement of cricket bowling in-field for now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny Wells
- a The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia.,b Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline Alderson
- a The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- c Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Roma , Italy.,d Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Roma , Italy
| | - Cyril Donnelly
- a The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Bruce Elliott
- a The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Andrea Cereatti
- d Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Roma , Italy.,e POLCOMING Department, Information Engineering Unit , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy.,f Department of Electronics and Telecommunications , Politecnico di Torino , Torino , Italy
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Colyer SL, Evans M, Cosker DP, Salo AIT. A Review of the Evolution of Vision-Based Motion Analysis and the Integration of Advanced Computer Vision Methods Towards Developing a Markerless System. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:24. [PMID: 29869300 PMCID: PMC5986692 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of human movement within sports biomechanics and rehabilitation settings has made considerable progress over recent decades. However, developing a motion analysis system that collects accurate kinematic data in a timely, unobtrusive and externally valid manner remains an open challenge. MAIN BODY This narrative review considers the evolution of methods for extracting kinematic information from images, observing how technology has progressed from laborious manual approaches to optoelectronic marker-based systems. The motion analysis systems which are currently most widely used in sports biomechanics and rehabilitation do not allow kinematic data to be collected automatically without the attachment of markers, controlled conditions and/or extensive processing times. These limitations can obstruct the routine use of motion capture in normal training or rehabilitation environments, and there is a clear desire for the development of automatic markerless systems. Such technology is emerging, often driven by the needs of the entertainment industry, and utilising many of the latest trends in computer vision and machine learning. However, the accuracy and practicality of these systems has yet to be fully scrutinised, meaning such markerless systems are not currently in widespread use within biomechanics. CONCLUSIONS This review aims to introduce the key state-of-the-art in markerless motion capture research from computer vision that is likely to have a future impact in biomechanics, while considering the challenges with accuracy and robustness that are yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi L. Colyer
- CAMERA—Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Murray Evans
- CAMERA—Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Darren P. Cosker
- CAMERA—Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Aki I. T. Salo
- CAMERA—Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
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Spratford W, Elliott B, Portus M, Brown N, Alderson J. Illegal bowling actions contribute to performance in cricket finger-spin bowlers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1691-1699. [PMID: 29415324 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With advances in technology, scientists are now able to more accurately measure elbow displacement changes during the cricket bowling action. This has led to the realization that the majority of bowlers undergo some degree of elbow extension during the forward swing phase of bowling. Consequently, the International Cricket Council were obliged to revise the once zero tolerance for elbow extension threshold to a 15° range. However, it is still not understood if bowling with >15° of elbow extension aids performance or alters other kinematic movements. The purpose of this study was to compare performance and technique measures between legal and illegal finger-spin bowlers. Data were collected from 48 pathway and elite bowlers using a 22-camera motion analysis system. Results indicated that the ball velocity and revolutions at ball release of pathway bowlers with illegal actions showed no significant difference and were similar to elite legal bowlers. Technique differences were also identified, with illegal bowlers being more front-on, forcing a reliance on increased elbow flexion and supination to impart effective ball kinematics at ball release. The performance benefit of greater ball velocity and revolutions is obtained when finger-spin bowlers deliver the ball with more than the allowable 15° of elbow extension, thus reinforcing the validity of the current bowling laws. To counteract bowling with an illegal action, it is recommended that a more side-on technique at back foot impact and rotating the trunk through to the point of ball release will assist bowlers in reducing undesirable elbow extension levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bruce Elliott
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marc Portus
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicholas Brown
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Alderson
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland, New Zealand
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Wells D, Alderson J, Dunne J, Elliott B, Donnelly C. Prescribing joint co-ordinates during model preparation to improve inverse kinematic estimates of elbow joint angles. J Biomech 2017; 51:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Forrest M, Hecimovich M, Dempsey A. Lumbopelvic muscle activation patterns in adolescent fast bowlers. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16:677-84. [PMID: 26840913 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1135985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent fast bowlers are prone to sustaining lumbar injuries. Numerous components have been identified as contributing factors; however, there is limited empirical evidence outlining how the muscles of the lumbopelvic region, which play a vital role in stabilising the spine, function during the bowling action and the influence of such activation on injuries in the fast bowler. METHODS Surface electromyography was utilised to measure the function of the lumbar erector spinae, lumbar multifidus, gluteus medius and gluteus maximus muscles bilaterally during the fast bowling action in a group of 35 cricket fast bowlers aged 12-16 years. RESULTS Two prominent periods of activation occurred in each of the muscles examined. The period of greatest mean activation in the erector spinae and multifidus occurred near back foot contact (BFC) and within the post-ball-release (BR) phase. The period of greatest mean activation for the gluteus medius and gluteus maximus occurred during phases of ipsilateral foot contact. DISCUSSION The greatest periods of muscle activation in the paraspinal and gluteal muscles occurred at times where vertical forces were high such as BFC, and in the phases near BR where substantial shear forces are present. CONCLUSION The posterior muscles within the lumbopelvic region appear to play a prominent role during the bowling action, specifically when compressive and shear forces are high. Further research is required to substantiate these findings and establish the role of the lumbopelvic muscles in the aetiology of lumbar injury in the cricket fast bowler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Forrest
- a School of Psychology and Exercise Science , Murdoch University , Murdoch , WA 6150 , Australia
| | - Mark Hecimovich
- b Division of Athletic Training, School of Health, Physical Education and Leisure Studies, College of Education , University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls , IA , USA
| | - Alasdair Dempsey
- a School of Psychology and Exercise Science , Murdoch University , Murdoch , WA 6150 , Australia
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Abstract
This study investigates how elbow hyperextension affects ball release speed in fast bowling. A two-segment planar computer simulation model comprising an upper arm and forearm + hand was customised to an elite fast bowler. A constant torque was applied at the shoulder and elbow hyperextension was represented using a damped linear torsional spring at the elbow. The magnitude of the constant shoulder torque and the torsional spring parameters were determined by concurrently matching three performances. Close agreement was found between the simulations and the performances with an average difference of 3.8%. The simulation model with these parameter values was then evaluated using one additional performance. Optimising ball speed by varying the torsional spring parameters found that elbow hyperextension increased ball release speed. Perturbing the elbow torsional spring stiffness indicated that the increase in ball release speed was governed by the magnitude of peak elbow hyperextension and the amount that the elbow recoils back towards a straight arm after reaching peak elbow hyperextension. This finding provides a clear understanding that a bowler who hyperextends at the elbow and recoils optimally will have an increase in ball speed compared to a similar bowler who cannot hyperextend. A fast bowler with 20° of elbow hyperextension and an optimal level of recoil will have increased ball speeds of around 5% over a bowler without hyperextension.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Felton
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Leicestershire , UK
| | - M A King
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Leicestershire , UK
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Spratford W, Portus M, Wixted A, Leadbetter R, James DA. Peak outward acceleration and ball release in cricket. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:754-60. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.962577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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AHAMED NIZAMUDDIN, SUNDARAJ KENNETH, AHMAD BADLISHAH, RAHMAN MATIUR, ALI MDASRAF, ISLAM MDANAMUL. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE UPPER LIMB MUSCLES OF CRICKET BOWLERS: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM STUDIES OF OVERHEAD-THROWING ATHLETES. J MECH MED BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519414300051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to review the existing literature on electromyographic (EMG) analysis of the upper limb muscles of present overhead-throwing (OT) athletes during throwing and of cricket bowlers (CBs) during cricket bowling (CB) and, (ii) to discuss the importance of and generate recommendations for the EMG assessment of the muscle activity of CBs with respect to previous studies of OT athletes. A literature search of the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar electronic databases was performed to identify relevant articles published up to December 2012. This search was performed to evaluate the following areas, (i) what are the upper limb muscles that should be evaluated during OT sports and cricket bowling? (ii) what types of EMG methodologies have been used? (iii) what are the anthropometric, performance and physical functional variables that are usually selected? and (iv) what recommendations can be made for the assessment of the muscle activity of CBs? The search identifies 32 publications on OT athletes and 4 on CBs. The results note the following conclusions: (i) there are relatively few CB-related papers that utilize EMG, particularly for the assessment of muscle activity and coordination, (ii) a total of 22 upper limb muscles were investigated using EMG (from both criteria), (iii) surface electrodes are used more frequently than needle electrodes, (iv) most of the article normalized and analyzed the EMG amplitudes than the frequency, and the data was more often analyzed through a descriptive statistical analysis and (v) the majority of the studies analyzed the right limb of physically normal (uninjured) male's both the amateur and professional athletes that were 20 to 29 years of age. Finally, the published evidence on CBs is inadequate to validate a sound recommendation for the assessment of the muscles of CBs using EMG. However, the studies on OT athletes do provide guidelines that can be used to analyze CBs. The overall conclusion of this review show that, further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of EMG for the assessment of the upper limb muscle of CBs to ultimately identify and prevent injury which is still a matter of discussion in the sports medicine community.
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Affiliation(s)
- NIZAM UDDIN AHAMED
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - KENNETH SUNDARAJ
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - BADLISHAH AHMAD
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - MATIUR RAHMAN
- College of Computer Science and Information System, Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - MD. ASRAF ALI
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - MD. ANAMUL ISLAM
- AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
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Eftaxiopoulou T, Gupte CM, Dear JP, Bull AMJ. The effect of digitisation of the humeral epicondyles on quantifying elbow kinematics during cricket bowling. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1722-30. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.803582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wixted A, Portus M, Spratford W, James D. Detection of throwing in cricket using wearable sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19346182.2012.725409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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King MA, Yeadon MAURICER. Quantifying Elbow Extension and Elbow Hyperextension in Cricket Bowling: A case study of Jenny Gunn. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:937-47. [PMID: 22548307 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.682082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Portus MR, Farrow D. Enhancing cricket batting skill: implications for biomechanics and skill acquisition research and practice. Sports Biomech 2011; 10:294-305. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2011.629674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Jones C, Wilson C. Defining advantage and athletic performance: The case of Oscar Pistorius. Eur J Sport Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17461390802635483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ferdinands RE, Kersting UG. An evaluation of biomechanical measures of bowling action legality in cricket. Sports Biomech 2007; 6:315-33. [DOI: 10.1080/14763140701489884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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