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Brtva P, Irwin G, Farana R. The effect of changes in fundamental skill complexity on upper limb loading and biomechanical characteristics of performance in female gymnastics. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:567-581. [PMID: 33660580 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1876755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims of this study were to investigate if changes in elbow and wrist joints loading and biomechanical characteristics of performance existed as a function of (a) different hand placement and (b) fundamental skills development in female gymnastics. Ten female gymnasts performed 54 successful trials of round-off skills (cartwheel [18], round-off [18], round-off to back handspring [18]), with three different hand positions (parallel, T-shape and reverse). Kinematic and kinetic data were collected for each trial. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyse the injury risk factors. Findings of the current study showed that an increase in RO skill difficulty level significantly influences the mechanical load on the upper extremities. With the increase in mechanical load on the upper extremities during the reverse and parallel hand positions, this study suggests that that T-shape hand position should be used as the primary technique for the young female. Differences in vertical velocity from touchdown to take-off between the three hand positions for the RO and RO-BH suggested that the reverse position was less effective for young female gymnasts. The findings of the current study demonstrated no clear performance benefits between hand position selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Brtva
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Roman Farana
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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2
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Brtva P, Irwin G, Williams GKR, Farana R. Upper limb biomechanics and dynamics of a core skill on floor exercise in female gymnastics. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:27-35. [PMID: 37031454 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2194140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase understanding of the biomechanics and dynamics of the upper limbs during the contact phase of the round-off (RO) performed using three techniques. Twenty female gymnasts performed six successful RO trials in each condition: parallel, T-shape and reverse. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected for each trial. All analyses focused on the contact phase for each hand. Continuous joint profiles examined the dynamics of these tasks as well as the kinetic sequencing. In each case, joint angles, angular velocity, moments and powers at the wrist and elbow joint were reported. Difference between the contact phases of the techniques was examined using a one-way ANOVA SPM. The T-shape technique demonstrated negative power at the wrist during contact; however, the elbow joint compensated with a significantly greater positive power generation during the propulsive phase, suggesting a more effective technique compared to the reduced powers of the reverse and parallel. The order of the peak joint powers during the contact phase, the reverse technique, demonstrated a proximal to distal sequence, in contrast to the distal to proximal for the other techniques. These findings highlight the task-specific coordinative structures during this closed chained action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Brtva
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Roman Farana
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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3
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Barreto J, Henriques R, Cabral S, Pedro B, Peixoto C, Veloso A. Movement Prototypes in a Complex Teamgym Gymnastics Technique on the Vaulting Table and Their Relationship with Judges' Scores. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3240. [PMID: 36991951 PMCID: PMC10054299 DOI: 10.3390/s23063240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A successful high-level gymnastics performance is the result of the coordination and inter-relation of body segments to produce movement prototypes. In this context, the exploration of different movement prototypes, as well as their relations with judges' scores, can aid coaches to design better learning and practice methodologies. Therefore, we investigate if there are different movement prototypes of the technique of the handspring tucked somersault with a half twist (HTB) on a mini trampoline with a vaulting table and its relations with judges' scores. We assessed flexion/extension angles of five joints during fifty trials, using an inertial measurement unit system. All trials were scored by international judges for execution. A multivariate time series cluster analysis was performed to identify movement prototypes and their differential association with judges' scores was statistically assessed. Nine different movement prototypes were identified for the HTB technique, with two of them associated with higher scores. Statistically strong associations were found between scores and movement phases one (i.e., from the last step on the carpet to the initial contact of both feet with the mini trampoline), two (i.e., from the initial contact to the take-off on the mini trampoline) and four (i.e., from the initial contact of both hands with the vaulting table to take-off on the vaulting table) and moderate associations with movement phase six (i.e., from the tucked body position to landing with both feet on the landing mat). Our findings suggest (a) the presence of multiple movement prototypes yielding successful scoring and (b) the moderate-to-strong association of movement variations along phases one, two, four and six with judges' scores. We suggest and provide guidelines for coaches to encourage movement variability that can lead their gymnasts to functionally adapt their performance and succeed when facing different constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barreto
- CIDEFES, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Henriques
- INESC-ID, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Cabral
- Laboratório de Biomecânica e Morfologia Funcional, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Bruno Pedro
- Laboratório de Biomecânica e Morfologia Funcional, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
| | - César Peixoto
- Laboratório de Perícia no Desporto, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
| | - António Veloso
- Laboratório de Biomecânica e Morfologia Funcional, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
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4
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Farana R, Williams G, Fujihara T, Wyatt HE, Naundorf F, Irwin G. Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:161-185. [PMID: 34962219 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sport of gymnastics is undergoing a global examination of its culture and the relationship between the gymnast, coach and environment is a central focus. The aim of this review is to explore biomechanics and motor control research in skill development and technique selection in artistic gymnastics with a focus on the underlying concepts and scientific principles that allow performance enhancement, skill development and injury risk reduction. The current review examines peer reviewed papers from 2000 onwards, with a focus on contemporary approaches in the field of gymnastics research, and highlights several key directions for future gymnastics research. Based on our review and the integration of the models of Newell (1986) and Irwin et al. (2005), we recommend that future gymnastics research should embrace at the very least a multidisciplinary approach and aim for an interdisciplinary paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farana
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Fujihara
- Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - H E Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Naundorf
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Irwin
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Campbell RA, Bradshaw EJ, Ball N, Hunter A, Spratford W. The use of inertial measurement units to quantify forearm loading and symmetry during gymnastics vault training sessions. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:204-221. [PMID: 36065960 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2117642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The upper limbs are important in gymnastics vaulting, as the success of the flight phase is dependent on a quick and forceful push-off from the vault. This places the upper limbs under stress, which has been associated with pain and injury. This study aimed to quantify forearm segmental loading and symmetry when performing foundation to advanced-level vaulting skills during training. Twelve advanced-level artistic gymnasts (female, n = 6; male, n = 6) wore bilaterally forearm-mounted inertial measurement units while completing their vaulting sessions. The peak resultant acceleration for the leading and non-leading forearms during contact were calculated. Female gymnasts performed variations of Yurchenko vaults, while male gymnasts performed Handspring and Tsukahara vaults. Descriptive statistics (median and inter-quartile range), symmetry index scores, and total session impact load (measure of cumulative loading) were calculated between the lead and non-lead forearms. High asymmetrical loading was identified for some Yurchenko, Handspring, and Tsukahara vaults, with large variations identified between gymnasts. Some gymnasts experienced greater loading at their lead forearm, while others experienced greater loading at their non-lead forearm. Results indicate that limb loading patterns in advanced gymnastics are highly individualised, indicating that individual analysis is needed to identify gymnasts (or limbs) at an increased risk for overuse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon A Campbell
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Bradshaw
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nick Ball
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Straker R, Exell TA, Farana R, Hamill J, Irwin G. Biomechanical responses to landing strategies of female artistic gymnasts. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1678-1685. [PMID: 34570691 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1976842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS An increase in the range of motion at the knee and hip may support the recommendation of the men's landing style.Gymnasts appear to utilise individual landing strategies to complete the landing objective, supporting the use of a single-subject design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Straker
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy A Exell
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Roman Farana
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Horri Z, Lenjannejadian S, Boroujeni MR, Farazin A. Kinematics of take-off phase in successful and unsuccessful performances of gymnastic somersault: an experimental study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Maldonado G, Bailly F, Souères P, Watier B. Inverse dynamics study of the parkour kong-vault during take-off. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1714932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Maldonado
- Institution nationale des invalides, CERAH, Créteil, France. Arts et métiers Paris Tech, Paris, France
- LAAS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - F. Bailly
- LAAS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - P. Souères
- LAAS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - B. Watier
- LAAS, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Schärer C, Lehmann T, Naundorf F, Taube W, Hübner K. The faster, the better? Relationships between run-up speed, the degree of difficulty (D-score), height and length of flight on vault in artistic gymnastics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213310. [PMID: 30845256 PMCID: PMC6405201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
On vault in artistic gymnastics, a high run-up speed is thought to be important when performing difficult vaults. To test this assumption in a large cohort of elite athletes, we calculated the correlations between the run-up speed, scores, height and length of flight for handspring-, Tsukahara- and Yurchenko-style vaults and compared the performances of male and female elite and junior athletes (n = 407) during the 2016 European Championships. In females, run-up speed correlated significantly with the difficulty (D-) score and height of flight for all vaulting styles (r ≤ 0.80). In males, run-up speed correlated significantly with the D-score, height and length of flight of Tsukahara (r ≤ 0.69) and Yurchenko vaults only (r ≤ 0.65). Males reached 8–9% higher run-up speeds performing handspring and Tsukahara vaults than did females, but similar run-up speeds performing Yurchenko vaults. Elite females achieved higher run-up speeds than junior females performing Yurchenko vaults. Elite males displayed higher run-up speeds than junior males performing handspring and Tsukahara vaults. We conclude that, in females, more difficult vaults require higher run-up speeds than vaults with lower D-scores and thus, within the measured range of speeds, the faster the run-up, the better, regardless of vaulting style. Males, on the other hand, may not need to exhaust their sprinting capacity, even for the most difficult vaults. Finally, the knowledge of the required run-up speed for each vault helps coaches to estimate each athlete’s potential and/or to focus the training on developing the required physical qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schärer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), Department of Elite Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland
- University of Fribourg, Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Science, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Institute of Applied Training Science Leipzig (IAT), Department Strength and Technique, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Falk Naundorf
- Institute of Applied Training Science Leipzig (IAT), Department Strength and Technique, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- University of Fribourg, Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Science, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Hübner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), Department of Elite Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland
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Kochanowicz A, Kochanowicz K, Niespodziúski B, Mieszkowski J, Aschenbrenner P, Bielec G, Szark-Eckardt M. Maximal Power of the Lower Limbs of Youth Gymnasts and Biomechanical Indicators of the Forward Handspring Vault Versus the Sports Result. J Hum Kinet 2016; 53:33-40. [PMID: 28149408 PMCID: PMC5260574 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to define the relationship between maximal power of lower limbs, the biomechanics of the forward handspring vault and the score received during a gymnastics competition. The research involved 42 gymnasts aged 9-11 years competing in the Poland’s Junior Championships. The study consisted of three stages: first -estimating the level of indicators of maximal power of lower limbs tested on a force plate during the countermovement jump; second - estimating the level of biomechanical indicators of the front handspring vault. For both mentioned groups of indicators and the score received by gymnasts during the vault, linear correlation analyses were made. The last stage consisted of conducting multiple regression analysis in order to predict the performance level of the front handspring vault. Results showed a positive correlation (0.401, p < 0.05) of lower limbs’ maximal power (1400 ± 502 W) with the judges’ score for the front handstand vault (13.38 ± 1.02 points). However, the highest significant (p < 0.001) correlation with the judges’ score was revealed in the angle of the hip joint in the second phase of the flight (196.00 ± 16.64°) and the contact time of hands with the vault surface (0.264 ± 0.118 s), where correlation coefficients were: -0.671 and -0.634, respectively. In conclusion, the angles of the hip joint in the second phase of the flight and when the hands touched the vault surface proved to be the most important indicators for the received score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Kochanowicz
- Department of Theory of Sport and Human Motorics, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Jan Mieszkowski
- Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University. Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Aschenbrenner
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bielec
- Department of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
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Farana R, Uchytil J, Zahradník D, Jandačka D. The "Akopian" vault performed by elite male gymnasts: Which biomechanical variables are related to a judge's score? ACTA GYMNICA 2015. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2015.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Farana R, Uchytil J, Zahradník D, Jandačka D. Kinematic analysis of "Lou Yun" vaults performed by top level male gymnasts: Relationship between kinematic variables and judges' score. ACTA GYMNICA 2013. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2013.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Farana R, Vaverka F. The effect of biomechanical variables on the assessment of vaulting in top-level artistic female gymnasts in world cup competitions. ACTA GYMNICA 2012. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2012.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Gittoes MJ, Irwin G, Mullineaux DR, Kerwin DG. Whole-body and multi-joint kinematic control strategy variability during backward rotating dismounts from beam. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:1051-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.576690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bradshaw E, Hume P, Calton M, Aisbett B. Reliability and variability of day-to-day vault training measures in artistic gymnastics. Sports Biomech 2010; 9:79-97. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2010.488298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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