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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Tallent J, Chipchase RF, Andrews WA, Nimphius S. The effects of strength training upon front foot contact ground reaction forces and ball release speed among high-level cricket pace bowlers. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:1193-1209. [PMID: 34255613 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1942540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an eight-week off-season strength training program upon lower-body strength, power, eccentric capacity, front foot contact (FFC) kinetics, and ball release speed (BRS) in pace bowlers were investigated. Ten elite-academy pace bowlers completed the intervention, and pre- and post-testing. Pre- and post-testing included: double (DLDL) and single leg (SLDL) drop landings; isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP); countermovement jump; and pace bowling performance (two-over bowling spell measuring BRS and FFC kinetics). Changes from pre- to post-testing were assessed with paired sample t tests (p≤ 0.01), effects sizes and statistical parametrical mapping. Post-testing revealed a significant decrease in peak normalised vertical force during DLDL and SLDL with large effects and a significant, moderate effect increase in IMTP. There was no significant changes in BRS. Concomitantly, neither discrete scalar (p= 0.15-0.58) nor vector field analysis kinetics during FFC indicated significant changes. No significant alterations in FFC kinetics may explain the lack of improvement in BRS (pre = 31.55 ± 1.44 m/s; post = 31.79 ± 1.33 m/s). This study indicated an eight-week strength training program can improve strength and eccentric capacity in pace bowlers, and these changes when developed in the absence of skills training neither improved nor decreased pace bowling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Callaghan
- Faculty of Sport, Applied Health and Performance Sciences (SAHPS), St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, USA
| | - Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Sport, Applied Health and Performance Sciences (SAHPS), St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Robert F Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Warren A Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Ramasamy Y, Usman J, Sundar V, Towler H, King M. Kinetic and kinematic determinants of shuttlecock speed in the forehand jump smash performed by elite male Malaysian badminton players. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:582-597. [PMID: 33663330 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1877336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Badminton is the fastest racket sport in the world with smash speeds reaching over 111 m/s (400 kph). This study examined the forehand jump smash in badminton using synchronised force plates and full-body motion capture to quantify relationships to shuttlecock speed through correlations. Nineteen elite male Malaysian badminton players were recorded performing forehand jump smashes with the fastest, most accurate jump smash from each player analysed. The fastest smash by each participant was on average 97 m/s with a peak of 105 m/s. A correlational analysis revealed that a faster smash speed was characterised by a more internally rotated shoulder, a less elevated shoulder, and less extended elbow at contact. The positioning of the arm at contact appears to be critical in developing greater shuttlecock smash speeds. Vertical ground reaction force and rate of force development were not correlated with shuttlecock speed, and further investigation is required as to their importance for performance of the jump smash e.g., greater jump height and shuttle angle. It is recommended that players/coaches focus on not over-extending the elbow or excessively elevating the upper arm at contact when trying to maximise smash speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Ramasamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sports Biomechanics Department, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juliana Usman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Viswanath Sundar
- Sports Biomechanics Department, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Harley Towler
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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3
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Ramachandran AK, Singh U, Connor JD, Doma K. Biomechanical and physical determinants of bowling speed in cricket: a novel approach to systematic review and meta-analysis of correlational data. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:347-369. [PMID: 33428558 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1858152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the influence of biomechanical and physical characteristics on ball release speed in cricket using correlation data. Search was conducted across PubMed, Cinhal, Scopus, SportDiscus and Web of Science, with eighteen studies included. The ball release speed had a moderate correlation with overall biomechanical (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) parameters and a strong correlation with physical (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) characteristics. Furthermore, individual biomechanical and physical parameters were also correlated with ball release speed. The run-up speed had a strong correlation (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) and front knee angle at ball release had a moderate correlation (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Poorer correlations were identified for centre of mass velocity at ball release (r = 0.16, p = 0.134), front knee angle at front foot contact (r = 0.26, p = 0.015) 25 and vertical ground reaction force (r = 0.13, p = 0.659). Strong and significant correlation was found for total arm length (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and shoulder strength (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). This review highlights the biomechanical and physical parameters that are major determinants of faster ball release speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Douglas Connor
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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4
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Epifano DJ, Ryan S, Clarke AC, Huynh M, Anderson H, Middleton KJ. Comparing tibial accelerations between delivery and follow-through foot strikes in cricket pace bowling. Sports Biomech 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36266941 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2136582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot strikes of the pace-bowling delivery stride produce large ground reaction forces, which may be linked to injury, yet the biomechanics of the follow-through are unknown. This study assessed tibial accelerations across the delivery and follow-through foot strikes in pace bowlers and evaluated relationships between these measures and five common pace-bowling intensity metrics. Fifteen sub-elite male pace bowlers performed deliveries at warm-up, match, and maximal intensities. Tibial accelerations were measured using tibial-mounted inertial measurement units and recorded at back- and front-foot initial and re-contacts. A trunk-worn global navigation satellite system unit measured PlayerLoad™, run-up speed, and distance. Ball speed and perceived exertion measures were also recorded. A linear mixed model showed statistical significance of prescribed intensities (p < .001) and foot strike for tibial acceleration (p < .001). Tibial accelerations showed positive increases with changes in prescribed intensity (p < .05). The greatest magnitude of tibial acceleration was found at back foot re-contact (mean ± SD; 1139 ± 319 m/s2). Repeated-measures correlations of tibial acceleration between foot contacts were weak (r = 0.2-0.4). The greatest magnitude of tibial acceleration reported at back foot re-contact may have implications for injury incidence, representing an important avenue for future pace bowling research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Epifano
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel Ryan
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthea C Clarke
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minh Huynh
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harvey Anderson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Kane J Middleton
- Applied Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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The Physical Differences Between Faster and Slower Elite Male and Female Pace Bowlers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:879-885. [PMID: 35259727 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the differences between selected physical attributes and ball release speed in slower and faster male and female elite pace bowlers. METHODS Twelve physical attributes and ball release speed were retrospectively analyzed from 63 male and 31 female elite pace bowlers over the course of 5 seasons. Pace bowlers were categorized as either fast (>122.9 km/h, males and >97.8 km/h, females) or slow (<122.9 km/h, males and <97.8 km/h, females) for each sex. Differences in physical attributes between slower and faster bowling groups were compared using Cohen d effect sizes. RESULTS Faster pace bowlers displayed differences in isometric midthigh-pull peak force (d = 0.25, males and d = 0.68, females) and relative peak force (d = 0.62, males and d = 0.77, females). Faster male pace bowlers displayed differences in relative (d = 0.61) and absolute (d = 0.39) countermovement jump heights. Faster female pace bowlers displayed differences in 1-repetition-maximum bench-pull strength (d = 0.45) and run-of-3 performance (relative average, d = 1.22; relative best, d = 1.12; average, d = 0.49; and best, d = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Anaerobic dominant physical attributes appear to be important in both male and female pace bowlers. The contribution of these physical attributes to ball release speed appears to differ slightly between males and females. Lower-body strength (males and females), lower-body power (males), relative anaerobic capacities (females), and upper-body strength (females) appear to distinguish between slower and faster elite pace bowlers.
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6
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Senington B, Lee RY, Williams JM. Validity and reliability of innovative field measurements of tibial accelerations and spinal kinematics during cricket fast bowling. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1475-1484. [PMID: 34173966 PMCID: PMC8313468 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of inertial sensors in fast bowling analysis may offer a cheaper and portable alternative to current methodologies. However, no previous studies have assessed the validity and reliability of such methods. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of collecting tibial accelerations and spinal kinematics using inertial sensors during in vivo fast bowling. Thirty-five elite male fast bowlers volunteered for this study. An accelerometer attached to the skin over the tibia was used to determine impacts and inertial sensors over the S1, L1 and T1 spinous processes used to derive the relative kinematics. These measurements were compared to optoelectronic and force plate data for validity analysis. Most acceleration and kinematics variables measured report significant correlations > 0.8 with the corresponding gold standard measurement, with intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.7. Low standard error of measurement and consequently small minimum detectable change (MDC) values were also observed. This study demonstrates that inertial sensors are as valid and reliable as current methods of fast bowling analysis and may provide some advantages over traditional methods. The novel metrics and methods described in this study may aid coaches and practitioners in the design and monitoring of fast bowling technique. ![]()
Graphical abstract illustrating the synopsis of the findings from this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Senington
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7WG UK
| | - Raymond Y. Lee
- Faculty of Technology, Portsmouth University, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jonathan Mark Williams
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth Gateway Building, St Paul’s Lane, Bournemouth, BH8 8GP Dorset UK
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7
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Kiely N, Pickering Rodriguez L, Watsford M, Reddin T, Hardy S, Duffield R. The influence of technique and physical capacity on ball release speed in cricket fast-bowling. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2361-2369. [PMID: 34096462 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1933349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationships between physical capacity, bowling technique and ball speed in 20 fast-bowlers. Technique factors correlated with ball speed were; bowling action duration (r = -0.639, p = 0.002), run-up velocity (r = 0.616, p = 0.004), back foot contact (BFC) time (r = -0.608, p = 0.004), front foot contact (FFC)-ball release (BR) duration (r = -0.602, p = 0.005), delivery stride phase acceleration (r = -0.582, p = 0.007), delivery stride duration (r = -0.547, p = 0.012), time of peak horizontal braking force (r = -0.538, p=0.014), peak pelvis COM velocity (BFC-BR) (r = 0.469, p = 0.037) and peak vertical GRF time (r = -0.461, p = 0.041). Physical capacities were; 10-30 m split (r = -0.554, p = 0.011), 30 m sprint (r = -0.482, p = 0.031) and IMTP (r = 0.471, p = 0.036). Stepwise regression showed bowling action duration and 10-30 m split explained 54% (p = 0.001) of ball speed variation. Ball speed was associated with faster run-ups, shorter BFC times and abrupt FFC GRF application. Coaches should also consider sprint speed and lower-body strength as important modifiable factors for fast-bowlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Kiely
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Reddin
- Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Hardy
- Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Callaghan SJ, Govus AD, Lockie RG, Middleton KJ, Nimphius S. Not as simple as it seems: Front foot contact kinetics, muscle function and ball release speed in cricket pace bowlers. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1807-1815. [PMID: 33687302 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1898192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between front foot contact (FFC) ground reaction forces (GRF) during the delivery stride, lower-limb strength, eccentric dexterity and power, and ball release speed (BRS) among pace bowlers. Thirteen high-level male pace bowlers performed double and single leg drop landings; isometric mid-thigh pull; countermovement jump; and pace bowling (two-over bowling spell measuring BRS and FFC GRF). The relationship between assessed variables and BRS was determined via frequentist and Bayesian multiple linear regression. The model including peak braking force was the most probable given the data (Bayes Factor=1.713) but provided only weak evidence in comparison to the null model. The results of frequentist and Bayesian modelling were comparable with peak braking force explaining 23.3% of the variance in BRS (F(1, 11)=4.64, P=0.054). Results indicate pace bowlers with greater peak braking GRF during FFC generally elicit higher BRS. However, the weak relationship between peak braking force and BRS, and the lack of a linear relationship between BRS and other variables, highlights the complexities and inter-individual variability inherent to pace bowling at a high-level. A more individual-focused analysis revealed varied strategies within pace bowlers to deliver the outcome (e.g., BRS) and should be considered in future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel John Callaghan
- Faculty of Sport, Applied Health and Performance Sciences (SAHPS), St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Andrew David Govus
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert George Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Kane Jytte Middleton
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Hernández-Belmonte A, Sánchez-Pay A. Concurrent validity, inter-unit reliability and biological variability of a low-cost pocket radar for ball velocity measurement in soccer and tennis. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:1312-1319. [PMID: 33377436 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1868090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the (i) concurrent validity, (ii) inter-unit reliability, and (iii) biological variability of a low-cost device called Pocket radar. Eleven men recreational soccer players performed 6 kicks to a soccer ball, whereas 13 men recreational tennis players conducted 10 shots to a tennis ball. All executions were simultaneously measured by two Pocket units and the Stalker radar (reference criterion). The within-subject variation among the executions was used for the biological variability analysis. The level of agreement and magnitude of errors included the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), bias, and the smallest detectable change (SDC). A good agreement (ICC ≥ 0.98, r ≥ 0.98) and very low magnitude of error (SDC ≤ 7.70 km·h-1, bias ≤ 3.19 km·h-1) were found between both Pocket units and the Stalker, in soccer and tennis. Inter-unit analysis found limited technical errors (SDC ≤ 5.49 km·h-1, bias ≤ -0.93 km·h-1) and nearly perfect agreement (ICC = 0.99, r ≥ 0.98) in both sessions. These technical errors were lower than the variations due to the biological variability, in soccer (SDC = 2.47 km·h-1 vs. SDC ≥ 8.6 km·h-1) and tennis (SDC = 5.49 km·h-1 vs. SDC ≥ 21.95 km·h-1). These findings suggest the Pocket radar as a valid and highly sensitive tool for BV measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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10
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Senington B, Lee RY, Williams JM. Biomechanical risk factors of lower back pain in cricket fast bowlers using inertial measurement units: a prospective and retrospective investigation. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000818. [PMID: 32843992 PMCID: PMC7430332 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate spinal kinematics, tibial and sacral impacts during fast bowling, among bowlers with a history of low back pain (LBP) (retrospective) and bowlers who developed LBP in the follow-up season (prospective). Methods 35 elite male fast bowlers; senior (n=14; age=24.1±4.3 years; height=1.89±0.05 m; weight=89.2±4.6 kg) and junior (n=21; age=16.9±0.7; height=1.81±0.05; weight=73.0±9.2 kg) were recruited from professional county cricket clubs. LBP history was gathered by questionnaire and development of LBP was monitored for the follow-up season. Spinal kinematics, tibial and sacral impacts were captured using inertial measurement units placed over S1, L1, T1 and anteromedial tibia. Bonferroni corrected pairwise comparisons and effect sizes were calculated to investigate differences in retrospective and prospective LBP groups. Results Approximately 38% of juniors (n=8) and 57% of seniors (n=8) reported a history of LBP. No differences were evident in spinal kinematics or impacts between those with LBP history and those without for seniors and juniors. Large effect sizes suggest greater rotation during wind-up (d=1.3) and faster time-to-peak tibial impacts (d=1.5) in those with no history of LBP. One junior (5%) and four (29%) seniors developed LBP. No differences were evident in spinal kinematics or impacts between those who developed LBP and those who did not for seniors. In seniors, those who developed LBP had lower tibial impacts (d=1.3) and greater lumbar extension (d=1.9) during delivery. Conclusion Retrospective analysis displayed non-significant differences in kinematics and impacts. It is unclear if these are adaptive or impairments. Prospective analysis demonstrated large effect sizes for lumbar extension during bowling suggesting a target for future coaching interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Senington
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Raymond Y Lee
- Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jonathan M Williams
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
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11
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Webster TM, Comfort P, Jones PA. Relationship Between Physical Fitness and the Physical Demands of 50-Over Cricket in Fast Bowlers. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:e66-e72. [PMID: 32304517 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Webster, TM, Comfort, P, and Jones, PA. Relationship between physical fitness and the physical demands of 50-over cricket in fast bowlers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Professional cricket is constantly evolving and resulting in increased physiological demand placed on players. Fast bowlers experience the greatest physical demand during match-play; despite this, research has overlooked the importance of specific physical attributes to optimizing physical match performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between 50-Over physical match performance and tests of physical qualities in fast bowlers. Fifteen professional male fast bowlers (age = 23.8 ± 4.0 years; height = 183.4 ± 6.7 cm; body mass = 82.9 ± 9.2 kg) participated in the study. Subjects completed the following physical fitness tests; sum of skinfolds, countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Global positioning system data were collected during 6 professional 50-Over fixtures. Moderate correlations were established between CMJ height to total distance covered (r = 0.585; p = 0.022), sprinting distance (ρ = 0.554; p = 0.032), and maximal velocity (r = 0.567; p = 0.027); 20-m sprint time to total distance covered (ρ = -0.519; p = 0.047) and PlayerLoad (ρ = -0.561; p = 0.03); and Yo-Yo distance to total match distance (r = 0.520; p = 0.047) and sprinting distance (ρ = 0.524; p = 0.045). These findings demonstrate the predictive importance of prolonged intermittent running ability, jump, and sprint performance to match running performance of elite fast bowlers in 1-day cricket. Strength and conditioning coaches should use such information to design training to ensure fast bowlers are adequately conditioned to meet the demands of match running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Webster
- Lancashire County Cricket Club, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.,Directorate of Sport Exercise and Physiotherapy, School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Sport Exercise and Physiotherapy, School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Jones
- Directorate of Sport Exercise and Physiotherapy, School of Health & Society, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Feros SA, Young WB, O'Brien BJ. Relationship Between Selected Physical Qualities, Bowling Kinematics, and Pace Bowling Skill in Club-Standard Cricketers. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2812-2825. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Andrews WA, Yu W, Chipchase RF, Nimphius S. The Effects of an Eight over Cricket Bowling Spell upon Pace Bowling Biomechanics and Performance within Different Delivery Lengths. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E200. [PMID: 31480269 PMCID: PMC6783939 DOI: 10.3390/sports7090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pace bowlers must often perform extended bowling spells with maximal ball release speed (BRS) while targeting different delivery lengths when playing a multi-day match. This study investigated the effect of an eight over spell upon pace bowling biomechanics and performance at different delivery lengths. Nine male bowlers (age = 18.8 ± 1.7 years) completed an eight over spell, while targeting different lengths (short: 7-10 m, good: 4-7 m, full: 0-4 m from the batter's stumps, respectively) in a randomized order. Trunk, knee and shoulder kinematics and ground reaction forces at front foot contact (FFC), as well as run-up velocity and BRS were measured. Paired sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.01), Hedges' g effect sizes, and statistical parametrical mapping were used to assess differences between mean variables from the first and last three overs. No significant differences (p = 0.05-0.98) were found in any discrete or continuous variables, with the magnitude of difference being trivial-to-medium (g = 0.00-0.73) across all variables. Results suggest pace bowlers sustain BRS through a single eight over spell while tolerating the repeatedly high whole-body biomechanical loads as suggested by maintaining the kinematics or technique at the assessed joints during FFC. Practically, the findings are advantageous for bowling performance and support current bowling load monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Callaghan
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Warren A Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Walter Yu
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Robert F Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia.
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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14
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Senington B, Lee RY, Williams JM. Ground reaction force, spinal kinematics and their relationship to lower back pain and injury in cricket fast bowling: A review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2018; 31:671-683. [PMID: 29562485 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-170851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fast bowlers display a high risk of lower back injury and pain. Studies report factors that may increase this risk, however exact mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To provide a contemporary analysis of literature, up to April 2016, regarding fast bowling, spinal kinematics, ground reaction force (GRF), lower back pain (LBP) and pathology. METHOD Key terms including biomechanics, bowling, spine and injury were searched within MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscuss, Science Citation Index, OAIster, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, Science Direct and Scopus. Following application of inclusion criteria, 56 studies (reduced from 140) were appraised for quality and pooled for further analysis. RESULTS Twelve times greater risk of lumbar injury was reported in bowlers displaying excessive shoulder counter-rotation (SCR), however SCR is a surrogate measure which may not describe actual spinal movement. Little is known about LBP specifically. Weighted averages of 5.8 ± 1.3 times body weight (BW) vertically and 3.2 ± 1.1 BW horizontally were calculated for peak GRF during fast bowling. No quantitative synthesis of kinematic data was possible due to heterogeneity of reported results. CONCLUSIONS Fast bowling is highly injurious especially with excessive SCR. Studies adopted similar methodologies, constrained to laboratory settings. Future studies should focus on methods to determine biomechanics during live play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Senington
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.,School of Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Raymond Y Lee
- Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Portland Building, Portsmouth, UK
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15
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van der Kruk E, van der Helm F, Veeger H, Schwab A. Power in sports: A literature review on the application, assumptions, and terminology of mechanical power in sport research. J Biomech 2018; 79:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Lees MJ, Beggs CB, Barlow MJ, Rutherford ZH, Bansil K, Gannon L, Hind K. Bone Density and Cross-sectional Geometry of the Proximal Femur Are Bilaterally Elevated in Elite Cricket Fast Bowlers. J Clin Densitom 2018; 21:399-405. [PMID: 28693882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton of a cricket fast bowler is exposed to a unique combination of gravitational and torsional loading in the form of substantial ground reaction forces delivered through the front landing foot, and anterior-posterior shear forces mediated by regional muscle contractions across the lumbo-pelvic region. The objectives of this study were to compare the hip structural characteristics of elite fast bowlers with recreationally active age-matched controls, and to examine unilateral bone properties in fast bowlers. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the proximal femur was performed in 26 elite male fast bowlers and 26 normally active controls. Hip structural analysis (GE Lunar; enCORE version 15.0) determined areal bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur, and cross-sectional area, section modulus (Z), cross-sectional moment of inertia, and femoral strength index at the narrow region of the femoral neck. Mean femoral neck and trochanter BMD were greater in fast bowlers than in controls (p <0.001). All bone geometry properties, except for cross-sectional moment of inertia, were superior in fast bowlers (p <0.05) following adjustment for height and lean mass. There were no asymmetries in BMD or bone geometry when considering leg dominance of the fast bowlers (p > 0.05). Elite fast bowlers have superior bone characteristics of the proximal femur, with results inferring enhanced resistance to axial compression (cross-sectional area), and bending (Z) forces, and enhanced strength to withstand a fall impact as indicated by their higher femoral strength index. No asymmetries in hip bone properties were identified, suggesting that both torsional and gravitational loading offer significant osteogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lees
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Bone and Body Composition Research Group, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Clive B Beggs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Bone and Body Composition Research Group, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Matthew J Barlow
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Bone and Body Composition Research Group, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Zoe H Rutherford
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Bone and Body Composition Research Group, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Kunwar Bansil
- Yorkshire County Cricket Club, Headingley Cricket Ground, Leeds, UK
| | - Lisa Gannon
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Bone and Body Composition Research Group, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Karen Hind
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Bone and Body Composition Research Group, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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17
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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Andrews WA, Chipchase RF, Nimphius S. The relationship between inertial measurement unit-derived ‘force signatures’ and ground reaction forces during cricket pace bowling. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:307-321. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1465581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Callaghan
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, London, UK
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert G. Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Warren A. Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert F. Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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