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Makino M, Nakayama K, Ando Y, Tauchi K. Kinematic Contribution to Javelin Velocity at Different Run-Up Velocities in Male Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:43-52. [PMID: 38053957 PMCID: PMC10694720 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/168143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In javelin training, many athletes improve their throwing technique by throwing from a slower run-up velocity than in competitions. However, whether the acquisition of javelin velocity in throwing from a slower run-up velocity is the same as in full run-up throwing is unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in the contribution of each movement to the javelin velocity caused by changes in the run-up velocity within an individual. Twelve collegiate male javelin throwers were included in this study. Athletes performed two types of throws: one-cross throwing (Cross) and full run-up throwing (Run). The coordinates of reflective markers attached to the thrower's body and the javelin were recorded using an optical motion capture system. The percentage contribution of each joint movement to the javelin velocity was calculated and compared between Cross and Run. Cross had a lower contribution of trunk forward lean to forward and upward javelin velocities compared to Run. On the other hand, Cross had a higher contribution of trunk counter-clockwise rotation to forward and upward javelin velocities than Run. These results suggest that as the velocity of run-up changes within an individual, the acquisition of javelin velocity also changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Makino
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakayama
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuka Ando
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Tauchi
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
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Hayashi R, Yoshida T, Kariyama Y. Comparison of Joint-Level Kinetics During Single-Leg and Double-Leg Weightlifting Derivatives. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:1017-1022. [PMID: 36730990 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hayashi, R, Yoshida, T, and Kariyama, Y. Comparison of joint-level kinetics during single- and double-leg weightlifting derivatives. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-Humans have different 3-dimensional biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremities during locomotion with one and both legs. These biomechanical characteristics may also be observed in the weightlifting derivatives. This study aimed to compare the 3-dimensional joint kinetics of the lower extremities during the single-leg hang power clean (SHPC) and double-leg hang power clean (DHPC). Ten male track and field athletes performed the SHPC and DHPC using external loads of 30, 60, and 90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). The 1RMs in SHPC and DHPC were measured separately, and the external loads at 30, 60, and 90% of the 1RM used were determined based on the different 1RMs in SHPC and DHPC. We calculated the joint moment and joint power of the SHPC and DHPC using a motion capture system and force platforms. The hip abduction moment and power of the SHPC were significantly greater than those of the DHPC under all external loads (p < 0.05). In addition, ankle joint moment at all external loads and joint power at 90% of 1RM was greater for SHPC than for DHPC (p < 0.05). Furthermore, although hip (extension-flexion) and ankle joint kinetics in SHPC and DHPC showed similar load dependence, hip abduction axis kinetics was not load dependent. These results suggest that the hip (abduction-adduction) and ankle joint kinetics in SHPC are greater than in DHPC, but hip (abduction-abduction) kinetics in SHPC is not load independent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; and
| | - Yasushi Kariyama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kofu, Japan
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3
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Okudaira M, Willwacher S, Kawama R, Ota K, Tanigawa S. Sprinting kinematics and inter-limb coordination patterns at varying slope inclinations. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2444-2453. [PMID: 34261421 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1939949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Uphill training is applied to induce specific overload on the musculoskeletal system to improve sprinting mechanics. This study aimed to identify unique kinematic features of uphill sprinting at different slopes and to suggest practical implications based on comparisons we early stance phase. At take-off, steeper slopes induced significantly more extended joint angles and higher ROMs during the late stance phase. Compared with moderate slopes, more anti-phase coordination patterns were detected at steeper slopes. Thus, uphill sprinting at steeper slopes shares essential kinematic features with the early acceleration phase of level sprinting. Moderate inclinations induce biomechanical adaptations similar to those in the late acceleration phase of level sprinting. Hence, the specific transfer of uphill sprinting to acceleration depends on the slope inclinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Okudaira
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Raki Kawama
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ota
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Tanigawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Watkins CM, Gill ND, Maunder E, Downes P, Young JD, McGuigan MR, Storey AG. The Effect of Low-Volume Preseason Plyometric Training on Force-Velocity Profiles in Semiprofessional Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:604-615. [PMID: 33395182 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Watkins, CM, Gill, ND, Maunder, E, Downes, P, Young, JD, McGuigan, MR, and Storey, AG. The effect of low-volume preseason plyometric training on force-velocity profiles in semiprofessional rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 604-615, 2021-Rugby union is a physically demanding and complex team sport requiring athletes across all positions to express speed and acceleration. Plyometrics can effectively improve speed profiles by enhancing both force- and velocity-(FV) characteristics; however, the optimal dose and exercise direction for trained athletes is still relatively unknown. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of a low-dose, directionally specific plyometric training program for improving speed profiles in semiprofessional rugby players. Players were randomly allocated to one of 2 plyometric training groups that performed low-volume (40-60 ground contacts per session) plyometrics twice weekly, or a control group that did not participate in any plyometric training. The 2 training groups underwent reverse back-to-back three-week vertically and horizontally focused plyometric training programs, with a 12-day washout. Body composition, aerobic capacity, and sprint performance (10-, 20-, 30-m split time, horizontal FV profile) were measured. During the intervention, HV-1 (horizontal/vertical training group 1) improved sprint performance (n = 12; ∆30 m = -0.020 seconds; p = 0.038), VH-2 (vertical/horizontal training group 2) maintained sprint performance (n = 8; ∆30 m = +0.049 seconds; p = 0.377), and the control group progressively declined in sprint performance (n = 12; ∆30 m = +0.071; p = 0.019). In addition, vertical plyometrics may preferentially benefit secondary acceleration (∆10-20 m split time: -0.01 seconds; p = 0.03) and many force-oriented FV profile characteristics. Correlational analyses (r2 = -0.568 to 0.515) showed sprint improvements were hindered in athletes with lower initial aerobic fitness, suggesting accumulated fatigue may have limited the magnitude of adaptation. Therefore, including low-volume plyometric training may be beneficial for improving sprint profiles or attenuating decrements realized during periods of high-volume sport-specific training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Watkins
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Rugby Union, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas D Gill
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; and
| | - Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - James D Young
- Auckland Rugby Union, Auckland, New Zealand.,Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; and
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Adam G Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jarvis DN, Kulig K. What goes up must come down: Consequences of jump strategy modification on dance leap take-off biomechanics. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1836-1843. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1756710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Jarvis
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Kornelia Kulig
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sado N, Yoshioka S, Fukashiro S. Three-dimensional kinetic function of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during block start. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230145. [PMID: 32163481 PMCID: PMC7067397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on joint kinetics during track and field block starts have been limited to lower-limb sagittal kinetics; however, we hypothesised that lumbopelvic extensors, lateral flexors, and hip abductors also act as substantial energy generators. The present study aimed to examine the three-dimensional lumbo-pelvic-hip kinetics to better understand the generation of mechanical energy during a block start. 3D kinematic and force data during block starts of 10 m maximal sprinting in 12 male sprinters (personal best in a 100 m sprint, 10.78 ± 0.19 s [range, 10.43–11.01 s]) were captured using a motion capture system and force platform. The three-dimensional lumbo-pelvic-hip kinetics were calculated. The peak lumbosacral extension torque (3.64 ± 0.39 Nm/kg) was significantly larger than any other lower-limb and lumbosacral torques (<3.0 Nm/kg). It was suggested that large lumbopelvic extension torques are needed during the block start to anchor the pelvis by cancelling out both hip extension torques acting on the pelvis, leading to hip extensor-induced thigh sagittal rotations rather than pelvic posterior tilt. During the double-stance phase, the lumbosacral extensors generated mechanical energy (0.35 ± 0.16 J/kg, 14 ± 4% of the sum of lumbosacral and lower-limb net joint work). During the single-stance phase, the sum of the net mechanical work by lumbosacral lateral flexors and front hip abductors was 0.35 ± 0.14 J/kg, which comprised 9 ± 3% of the sum of the net joint work. The results lead to the speculation of the importance of strengthening not only the leg extensors, but also the lumbopelvic extensors, lateral flexors, and hip abductors for block starts. Further training studies to verify this speculation will improve training strategies for the track and field block start performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Sado
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Senshi Fukashiro
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Core Stability and Symmetry of Youth Female Volleyball Players: A Pilot Study on Anthropometric and Physiological Correlates. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the variation in core stability and symmetry of youth female volleyball players by age, and its relationship with anthropometric characteristics, the 30 s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), and the 30 s Bosco test. Female volleyball players (n = 24, age 13.9 ± 1.9 years, mean ± standard deviation) performed a series of anthropometric, core stability tests (isometric muscle endurance of torso flexors, extensors, and right and left lateral bridge), WAnT (peak power, mean power, Pmean, and fatigue index, FI) and Bosco test (Pmean). Flexors-to-extensors ratio and right-to-left lateral bridge ratio were also calculated. Participants were grouped into younger (n = 12, 12.3 ± 1.2 years) or older than 14 years (n = 12, 15.4 ± 1.0 years), and into normal (flexors-to-extensors ratio < 1; n = 17) or abnormal flexors-to-extensors ratio (≥1; n = 7). The older age group was heavier (+11.3 kg, mean difference; 95% CI, 2.0, 20.6) and with higher body mass index (+2.8 kg m−2; 95% CI, 0.4, 5.1) than the younger age group. The group with abnormal flexors/extensors had larger flexors muscle endurance (+77.4 s; 95% CI, 41.8, 113.0) and higher flexors/extensors ratio (+0.85; 95% CI, 0.61, 1.10) than the normal group. Body fat percentage (BF) correlated moderately-to-largely with flexors (r = −0.44, p = 0.033), extensors (r = −0.51, p = 0.011), and left lateral bridge (r = −0.45, p = 0.027); WAnT Pmean moderately-to-largely with right (r = 0.46, p = 0.027) and left lateral bridge (r = 0.55, p = 0.006); FI moderately-to-largely with right (r = −0.45, p = 0.031) and left lateral bridge (r = −0.67, p < 0.001), and right/left ratio (r = 0.42, p = 0.046); Bosco Pmean correlated moderately-to-largely with right (r = 0.48, p = 0.020) and left lateral bridge (r = 0.67, p = 0.001). A stepwise regression analysis indicated FI and BF as the most frequent predictors of core stability. The findings of the present study suggested that increased core stability was related to decreased BF and increased anaerobic capacity. A potential misbalance between torso flexors and extensors might be attributed to bidirectional variations (either high or low scores) of flexors muscle endurance rather than decreased extensors muscle endurance.
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Okudaira M, Willwacher S, Kuki S, Yamada K, Yoshida T, Tanigawa S. Three-dimensional CoM energetics, pelvis and lower limbs joint kinematics of uphill treadmill running at high speed. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:518-527. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1710923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Okudaira
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Seita Kuki
- Faculty of Human Science, Osaka University of Economics, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaito Yamada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Tanigawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Biomechanical Characteristics of Single Leg Jump in Collegiate Basketball Players Based on Approach Technique. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app10010309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our study investigated the characteristics of the biomechanics of lower extremities during running single leg jump (RSJ) in collegiate basketball players. Twelve division III male basketball players voluntarily participated in this study. They performed three trials of the running single leg jump with two approach speeds (fast and preferred) randomly. The kinematic data were collected by motion analysis system (200 Hz), and kinetic data were collected using the AMTI force platform (1000 Hz), and electromyography (EMG) data were recorded by the Delsys surface Electromyography (EMG) system (2000 Hz). Kinematic, kinetic and EMG signal were synchronized using EvaRT 4.6. Peak Ground reaction force, eccentric loading rate (ELR), gastrocnemius (GA) of pre-activation phase, and tibialis anterior (TA) of push-off phase were found significantly larger in the fast approach speed (p < 0.05). RSJ improves muscle activation level and stretch reflex. Higher activation of TA and GA during RSJ may have the benefit of decreasing risk of injury and jump training. Thus, it is helpful in muscle stretch adaptation.
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Gheidi N, Kernozek TW. The effects of both jump/land phases and direction on Achilles tendon loading. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1684-1690. [PMID: 31694362 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes in jumping and running sports have a high incidence of Achilles tendon (AT) injuries. We compared AT loading during jumping and landing phases in anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions. METHODS Sixteen males (age: 21.6±1.8 years, height: 178.4±6.4 cm, weight: 76.4±11.2 kg) performed single leg AP and ML jump-landings during both propulsive (jump) and braking (land) phases. Inverse dynamics and static optimization were used to determine muscle forces. AT cross sectional area was measured with ultrasound. AT force was divided by cross sectional area to determine stress while strain was determined from previous data. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (α=0.05) compared several variables (vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), ankle and knee angle, ankle joint muscle moment arm, external ankle moment arm, AT tendon force, stress, and strain) between movements (jump-landings) and directions (AP/ML). RESULTS AT loading was higher during jump than land in the ML compared to AP direction. VGRF was higher during land versus jump with no direction effect (AP/ML). An interaction showed a higher VGRF during the AP land and ML jump. The ankle joint moment arm was lower in jump and AP direction at peak tendon stress. External ankle moment arm at peak tendon stress was higher in jump and ML direction with an interaction. A larger external ankle moment arm occurred in ML but the change was less in the jump. CONCLUSIONS Higher tendon loading occurred during the jump and ML direction. This may provide insight into both injuries and rehabilitation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Gheidi
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA - .,Department of Health Professions, La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA -
| | - Thomas W Kernozek
- Department of Health Professions, La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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Kariyama Y. Effect of Jump Direction on Joint Kinetics of Take-Off Legs in Double-Leg Rebound Jumps. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7080183. [PMID: 31357445 PMCID: PMC6722790 DOI: 10.3390/sports7080183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical (VDJ) and horizontal (HDJ) double-leg rebound jumps are used as plyometric exercises in direction-specific training regimens for various sports. We investigated the effects of jump direction on joint kinetics of the take-off legs in double-leg rebound jumps. Twelve Japanese male track and field athletes performed VDJ, 100% HDJ, 50% HDJ (50% of 100% HDJ distance), and 75% HDJ (75% of 100% HDJ distance). Kinematic and kinetic data in the sagittal plane were calculated using a force platform and high-speed video camera. Hip negative power during the eccentric phase decreased from VDJ to 50% HDJ (VDJ, -4.40 ± 4.25 W/kg; 50% HDJ, -0.83 ± 2.10; 75% HDJ, -0.33 ± 0.83; 100% HDJ, 0 ± 0), while hip positive power increased from VDJ to 100% HDJ (VDJ, 4.19 ± 2.73 W/kg; 50% HDJ, 9.37 ± 2.89; 75% HDJ, 11.15 ± 3.91; 100% HDJ, 18.51 ± 9.83). Knee negative power increased from VDJ to 75% HDJ (VDJ, -14.48 ± 7.67 W/kg; 50% HDJ, -18.98 ± 7.13; 75% HDJ, -21.57 ± 8.54; 100% HDJ, -23.34 ± 12.13), while knee positive power decreased from VDJ to 75% HDJ (VDJ, 23.18 ± 9.01 W/kg; 50% HDJ, 18.83 ± 5.49; 75% HDJ, 18.10 ± 5.77; 100% HDJ, 16.27 ± 6.22). Ankle joint kinetics remained unchanged. Differences in hip and knee joint kinetics between VDJ and HDJ were associated with direction control, becoming more pronounced as jump distance increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kariyama
- Faculty of Sport Science, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kofu 400-8575, Japan.
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