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Barefoot M, Lamont H, Smith JC. Comparison of the Reliability of Four Different Movement Thresholds When Evaluating Vertical Jump Performance. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120193. [PMID: 36548490 PMCID: PMC9783824 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing vertical jumps performed on a force plate can be useful for the strength and conditioning professional in managing neuromuscular fatigue. The purpose of this study was to compare different movement thresholds when analyzing countermovement (CJ) and squat jump (SJ) performance. Twenty-one college-aged participants (9 female, 12 male) performed five CJs and five SJs. Movement initiation was identified when the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) deviated five standard deviations (5SD), four standard deviations, (4SD), 2.5% of system weight (2.5%SW), and 10% of system weight (10%SW) from their starting position. For CJs, movement was determined when the VGRF deviated either above or below these thresholds (5SDAB, 4SDAB, 2.5%SWAB, 10%SWAB) and was compared to when VGRF deviated below these thresholds (5SDB, 4SDB, 2.5%SWB, 10%SWB) in terms of peak force (Fmax), net impulse (netIMP), braking impulse (brIMP), propulsive impulse, jump height (JHT), peak power (Pmax), peak velocity (Vmax), and RSImod. For SJs, movement was determined when VGRF initially rose above these thresholds (5SD, 4SD, 2.5%SW, and 10%SW) for Fmax, netIMP, JHT, and Vmax. Significant differences were observed among several methods except for Fmax. However, these differences were small. All CJ measures demonstrated good-to-excellent relative reliability (ICC: 0.790−0.990) except for netIMP for 2.5%SWAB (ICC: 0.479). All methods demonstrated good absolute reliability as measured by percent coefficient of variation (CV%) except brIMP and RSImod. This may be due to instructions given to each jumper as well as skill level. For SJs, no differences in Fmax or netIMP were found across all methods. Small differences were seen for JHT, Pmax, and Vmax across several methods. All methods produced acceptable CV% (<10%) and excellent ICCs (0.900−0.990). However, some jumpers produced CV% that was greater than 10% when determining JHT for 5SD, 4SD, and 2.5%SW methods. This could be due to our method of obtaining system weight. Based on our findings, we recommend using the 10%SW method for assessing SJ performance on a force plate.
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Validity and Reliability of Strategy Metrics to Assess Countermovement Jump Performance using the Newly Developed My Jump Lab Smartphone Application. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:185-195. [PMID: 36157951 PMCID: PMC9465756 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse the validity and reliability of the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone app, which includes the option to calculate time to take-off and the reactive strength index modified (RSI_Mod - calculated as jump height divided by time to take-off), in addition to jump height. Twenty-seven postgraduate sport science students attended a single test session and performed three maximal effort countermovement jumps (CMJ) on twin force plates, whilst concurrently being filmed using the app. Results showed no significant differences in jump height between measurement methods (g = 0.00) or RSI_Mod (g = -0.49), although a significant difference was evident for time to take-off (g = 0.68). When a correction factor was applied to time to take-off data, no meaningful differences were evident (g = 0.00), which also had a knock-on effect for RSI_Mod (g = 0.10). Bland-Altman analysis showed near perfect levels of agreement for jump height with a bias estimate of 0.001 m, whilst time to take-off reported a bias estimate of 0.075 s initially and, 0.000 s once the correction factor was applied. For RSI_Mod, bias estimate was initially -0.048, and 0.006 once calculated with the corrected time to take-off data. Pearson's r correlations were: 0.98 for jump height, 0.81 for time to take-off, and 0.85 for RSI_Mod. Based on the findings from the present study, and with the inclusion of the newly embedded correction factor, My Jump Lab can now be used as both a valid and reliable means of measuring time to take-off and RSI_Mod in the CMJ.
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Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Gay A, Cuenca-Fernández F, López-Belmonte Ó, Morales-Ortíz E, López-Contreras G, Arellano R. The relationship between tethered swimming, anaerobic critical velocity, dry-land strength, and swimming performance. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2072561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Gay
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Belmonte
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Morales-Ortíz
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gracia López-Contreras
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Pinto BL, Callaghan JP. Effects of weighing phase duration on vertical force-time analyses and repeatability. Sports Biomech 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35440287 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2064763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Force plate analyses of various activities sometimes require the average (WPav) and standard deviation (WPsd) of force across the Weighing Phase (i.e., quiet period) to calculate kinetic, temporal and kinematic metrics. Yet, the influence of weighing phase duration on these analyses has been scarcely investigated. This study investigated the effects of weighing phase duration on the agreement between vertical force-time variables and the repeatability of WPav and WPsd. Durations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 s were compared to 2.0 s. Limits of agreement (LOA) for system weight, onset threshold, onset time, net impulse, take-off velocity and take-off displacement were calculated for 137 counter-movement, squat and single leg jumps. Repeatability coefficients for WPav and WPsd estimated the consistency between repeated trials. Shorter weighing phase durations produced small differences in WPav (LOA < ±0.25%), which accumulated during integration, affecting net impulse, take-off velocity (LOA ±2%) and take-off displacement (LOA ±23%). Differences were substantial using 5xWPsd as the onset threshold (LOA approximately ±25% to ±72%), consequently influencing onset time (LOA approximately ±6% to ±18%). WPav repeatability was high but the within-trial differences could augment with integration, requiring weighing phases longer than 2 s. WPsd had poor repeatability and its use requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L Pinto
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jack P Callaghan
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Pérez-Castilla A, García-Ramos A, Janicijevic D, Delgado-García G, De la Cruz JC, Rojas FJ, Cepero M. Between-session reliability of performance and asymmetry variables obtained during unilateral and bilateral countermovement jumps in basketball players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255458. [PMID: 34329366 PMCID: PMC8323888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the between-session reliability of single-leg performance and asymmetry variables during unilateral and bilateral countermovement jumps (CMJ). Twenty-three basketball players completed two identical sessions which consisted of four unilateral CMJs (two with each leg) and two bilateral CMJs. Mean and peak values of force, velocity and power, impulse, and jump height were obtained separately for each leg using a dual force platform. All performance variables presented an acceptable reliability (CVrange = 4.05-9.98%) with the exceptions of jump height for the unilateral CMJs and mean power, peak velocity, peak power, and impulse for the left leg during the bilateral CMJ (CV≥11.0%). Nine out of 14 variables were obtained with higher reliability during the unilateral CMJ (CVratio≥1.16), and 4 out of 14 during the bilateral CMJ (CVratio≥1.32). Asymmetry variables always showed an unacceptable reliability (ICCrange = 0.15-0.64) and poor/slight levels of agreement in direction (Kapparange = -0.10 to 0.15) for the unilateral CMJ, while an acceptable reliability (ICCrange = 0.74-0.77) and substantial levels of agreement in direction (Kapparange = 0.65 to 0.74) were generally obtained for the bilateral CMJ. These results suggest that single-leg performance can be obtained with higher reliability during the unilateral CMJ, while the bilateral CMJ provides more consistent measures of inter-limb asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, The Research Centre, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gabriel Delgado-García
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos De la Cruz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - F. Javier Rojas
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mar Cepero
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Gillen ZM, McHugh MP, Shoemaker ME, Cramer JT. Comparisons of countermovement jump force profiles in youth athletes. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M. Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Malachy P. McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic TraumaLenox Hill Hospital New York NY USA
| | - Marni E. Shoemaker
- College of Health SciencesThe University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX USA
| | - Joel T. Cramer
- College of Health SciencesThe University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX USA
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Eccentric Force-Velocity Characteristics during a Novel Squat Protocol in Trained Rugby Union Athletes-Pilot Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6020032. [PMID: 33808291 PMCID: PMC8103256 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric strength characteristics have been shown to be important factors in physical performance. Many eccentric tests have been performed in isolation or with supramaximal loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate within- and between- session reliability of an incremental eccentric back squat protocol. Force plates and a linear position transducer captured force-time-displacement data across six loading conditions, separated by at least seven days. The reliability of eccentric specific measurements was assessed using coefficient of variation (CV), change in mean, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Eccentric peak force demonstrated good ICC (≥0.82) and TE (≤7.3%) for each load. Variables based on mean data were generally less reliable (e.g., mean rate of force development, mean force, mean velocity). This novel protocol meets acceptable levels of reliability for different eccentric-specific measurements although the extent to which these variables affect dynamic performance requires further research.
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Lindberg K, Solberg P, Bjørnsen T, Helland C, Rønnestad B, Thorsen Frank M, Haugen T, Østerås S, Kristoffersen M, Midttun M, Sæland F, Paulsen G. Force-velocity profiling in athletes: Reliability and agreement across methods. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245791. [PMID: 33524058 PMCID: PMC7850492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the test-retest reliability and agreement across methods for assessing individual force-velocity (FV) profiles of the lower limbs in athletes. Using a multicenter approach, 27 male athletes completed all measurements for the main analysis, with up to 82 male and female athletes on some measurements. The athletes were tested twice before and twice after a 2- to 6-month period of regular training and sport participation. The double testing sessions were separated by ~1 week. Individual FV-profiles were acquired from incremental loading protocols in squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and leg press. A force plate, linear encoder and a flight time calculation method were used for measuring force and velocity during SJ and CMJ. A linear regression was fitted to the average force and velocity values for each individual test to extrapolate the FV-variables: theoretical maximal force (F0), velocity (V0), power (Pmax), and the slope of the FV-profile (SFV). Despite strong linearity (R2>0.95) for individual FV-profiles, the SFV was unreliable for all measurement methods assessed during vertical jumping (coefficient of variation (CV): 14-30%, interclass correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.36-0.79). Only the leg press exercise, of the four FV-variables, showed acceptable reliability (CV:3.7-8.3%, ICC:0.82-0.98). The agreement across methods for F0 and Pmax ranged from (Pearson r): 0.56-0.95, standard error of estimate (SEE%): 5.8-18.8, and for V0 and SFV r: -0.39-0.78, SEE%: 12.2-37.2. With a typical error of 1.5 cm (5-10% CV) in jump height, SFV and V0 cannot be accurately obtained, regardless of the measurement method, using a loading range corresponding to 40-70% of F0. Efforts should be made to either reduce the variation in jumping performance or to assess loads closer to the FV-intercepts. Coaches and researchers should be aware of the poor reliability of the FV-variables obtained from vertical jumping, and of the differences across measurement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolbjørn Lindberg
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul Solberg
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Helland
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bent Rønnestad
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Martin Thorsen Frank
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Thomas Haugen
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Østerås
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Sport and Education, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magnus Midttun
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Sæland
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Pérez-Castilla A, Weakley J, García-Pinillos F, Rojas FJ, García-Ramos A. Influence of countermovement depth on the countermovement jump-derived reactive strength index modified. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1606-1616. [PMID: 33131460 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1845815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of countermovement depth on the magnitude of the countermovement jump (CMJ) derived reactive strength index modified (RSImod), and to compare the RSImod between the CMJ performed with a self-preferred knee flexion angle (CMJpref) and the CMJ performed from a pre-determined knee flexion angle (CMJrefer) with the countermovement depth more similar to the CMJpref. Sixteen subjects (11 males and 5 females; age 25.1 ± 6.3 years, body mass 69.7 ± 10.2 kg, body height 172.9 ± 8.1 m) randomly performed in a single session the CMJpref and CMJs from five pre-determined knee flexion angles (60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, and 120°). Our results showed that lower knee flexion angles were generally associated with greater RSImod values with the CMJ performed at 60° showing the greatest RSImod (P ≤ 0.049; effect size [ES] range = 0.19-0.63). The greatest RSImod for the CMJ performed at 60° was caused by the proportionally lower values of the time to take-off (ES range = 0.65-1.91) compared to the decrease observed in jump height (ES range = 0.11-0.25). The RSImod was higher for the CMJpref compared to the CMJrefer (P < 0.001; ES = 0.34) due to a higher jump height (P = 0.021; ES = 0.14) and reduced time to take-off (P < 0.001; ES = 0.85). These results indicate that practitioners should be careful when interpreting an individual's changes in RSImod when the countermovement depth is not similar across the testing sessions. However, since the use of pre-determined knee flexion angles negatively impacts the RSImod, we encourage practitioners to use the CMJpref but only compare the RSImod when CMJs are performed using consistent countermovement depths.Highlights The magnitude of the countermovement jump-reactive reactive strength index modified is influenced by the knee flexion angle instruction.The magnitude of the countermovement jump-reactive reactive strength index tended to progressively increase with lower amounts of knee flexion.The magnitude of the countermovement jump-reactive reactive strength index is lower when an external reference is used to control the depth of the countermovement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Campus University, Brisbane, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - F Javier Rojas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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