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Ferretti F, Iocca O, Gallesio C, Quaglia P, Ramieri G. Cranio-Maxillofacial Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:432-436. [PMID: 38270445 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a case of a maxillofacial trauma that occurred during a mixed martial arts (MMA) match and to perform a literature review of maxillofacial injuries related to MMA match to determine whether preventive models are applicable. METHODS The authors described a maxillofacial injury with orbital and optic nerve involvement that happened during a professional MMA match. A literature review on maxillofacial trauma in MMA was conducted on Scopus and Pubmed with specific keywords. RESULTS Open reduction and internal fixation of the maxillofacial complex fractures with right eye optic neuropathy following an MMA match is described. Six articles were selected for the description of trauma in the maxillofacial complex associated with MMA fights. DISCUSSION Literature has paid little attention to injuries during MMA matches. The most common injury locations that emerged from the literature review were the head, face, and neck. Middle facial third injuries were the most common type. Frequently the injury involved the ophthalmic area. CONCLUSIONS The timing of maxillofacial trauma in MMA is critical. Protective devices should be strongly promoted to prevent catastrophic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ferretti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin
| | - Oreste Iocca
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin
| | - Cesare Gallesio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin
| | - Paolo Quaglia
- Department of Radiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Ramieri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin
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Jones AJ, Hasnain F, Shipchandler TZ, Vernon DJ, Elghouche AN. Characteristics of Facial Trauma in Professional Mixed Martial Arts. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2022.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fahad Hasnain
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Taha Z. Shipchandler
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dominic J. Vernon
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alhasan N. Elghouche
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Hamdan JL, Rath M, Sayoc J, Park JY. A brief descriptive outline of the rules of mixed martial arts and concussion in mixed martial arts. J Exerc Rehabil 2022; 18:142-154. [PMID: 35846227 PMCID: PMC9271642 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2244146.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed martial arts (MMA), a combat sport consisting of wrestling, box-ing, and martial arts, is a popular activity associated with danger and vi-olence. Of concern are the repetitive head impacts, both subconcussive and concussive, sustained by MMA athletes. The rules of MMA en-courage head strikes, but there was no formal concussion protocol in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) until 2021. Because the UFC was established less than 30 years, the long-term consequences of these repetitive concussive head blows are lacking. In this review, we focus on current literature sought to summarize the current knowledge of repetitive head impacts and concussions in MMA. The objectives were to outline (a) the rules of MMA; (b) the postconcussion protocol for UFC athletes; (c) current behavioral and biochemical diagnostic measures; (d) epidemiology and prevalence of concussion in MMA; (e) long-term effects of subconcussive repetitive head impacts; (f) biome-chanics of head impacts; and (g) considerations and research topics that warrant future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joon-Young Park
- Corresponding author: Joon-Young Park, Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health; Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,
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Bueno JCA, Faro H, Lenetsky S, Gonçalves AF, Dias SBCD, Ribeiro ALB, da Silva BVC, Filho CAC, de Vasconcelos BM, Serrão JC, Andrade A, Souza-Junior TP, Claudino JG. Exploratory Systematic Review of Mixed Martial Arts: An Overview of Performance of Importance Factors with over 20,000 Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:80. [PMID: 35736820 PMCID: PMC9227211 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to analyze the findings in the literature related to Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) through an exploratory systematic review and to present the state of the art from a multifactorial perspective. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, with a search performed in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Participants were competitive athletes (amateurs or professionals) of regional, national, or international levels. Of the 2763 registries identified, 112 studies met the eligibility criteria. The pooled sample size and age were 20,784 participants, with a mean age of 27.7 ± 6 years for male and 28.9 ± 3 years for female, with the vast majority of athletes being male (94.9%). MMA athletes were 17.2% amateurs, 73.8% professionals, and 9% were not reported. The scientific literature related to MMA reported injuries (n = 28), weight loss (n = 21), technical and tactical analysis (n = 23), physical fitness (n = 8), physiological responses and training characteristics (n = 13), psychobiological parameters (n = 12), and interventions applied to MMA athletes (n = 7). Therefore, this exploratory systematic review presents practitioners and researchers with seven broad summaries of each facet of performance of importance in this population of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C. A. Bueno
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Jardim Botânico Campus, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-132, PR, Brazil;
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Physical Education Department, State University of Santa, Catarina 88080-350, FLN, Brazil;
| | - Heloiana Faro
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Seth Lenetsky
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, Canada;
| | - Aleksandro F. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RDJ, Brazil;
| | - Stefane B. C. D. Dias
- Exercise and Sport Science Laboratory, Keiser University Orlando, Sports Medicine & Fitness Tech/Exercise Science, 5600 Lake Underhill Road Orlando, Florida, FL 32807, USA;
| | - André L. B. Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Product Development Limber Software, Balsam 15140-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bruno V. C. da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, University of Itaúna, Highway MG 431-Km 45, Itaúna 35680-142, MG, Brazil;
| | - Carlos A. Cardoso Filho
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
- Research and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem 32000-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio C. Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Physical Education Department, State University of Santa, Catarina 88080-350, FLN, Brazil;
| | - Tácito P. Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Jardim Botânico Campus, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-132, PR, Brazil;
| | - João G. Claudino
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
- Research and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem 32000-000, MG, Brazil
- Center for Health Sciences, Group of Research, Innovation and Technology Applied to Sport (GSporTech), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64000-850, PI, Brazil
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