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Rabal-Pelay J, Gutiérrez H, Bascuas PJ, Pareja-Blanco F, Marco-Contreras LA. Load-Velocity Relationship in the Bulgarian Split-Squat Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1849-1853. [PMID: 39074210 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rabal-Pelay, J, Gutiérrez, H, Bascuas, P-J, Pareja-Blanco, F, and Marco-Contreras, LA. Load-velocity relationship in the Bulgarian split-squat exercise. J Strength Cond Res 38(11): 1849-1853, 2024-The objective of the current research was to analyze the load-velocity relationship in the Bulgarian split-squat (BSS) exercise and to compare these relationships between the dominant and nondominant legs. Twenty-one strength-trained men (age: 27.3 ± 7.3 years) performed a progressive loading test in the BSS exercise using a Smith machine for each leg. The protocol began with a load of 30 kg, incrementally adding 10 kg until the mean propulsive velocity (MPV) fell below 0.4 m·s -1 . At that point, 5 kg increments were employed, with a final addition of 2.5 kg for the last estimated attempt one-repetition maximum (1RM). A total of 324 lifts were analyzed. Subjects exhibited a relative strength ratio of 1.23 ± 0.10, a 1RM of 91.3 ± 14.2 kg, and a mean range of motion of 44.7 ± 3.7 cm. Polynomial regression analysis showed a robust relationship with an R2 value of 0.945 ( ρ ≤ 0.001) between the relative load (%1RM) and MPV. Despite the differences in 1RM between the dominant and nondominant legs, there were no significant differences in MPV at the %1RM between both legs. These findings suggest that training intensity can be prescribed via the MPV during the BSS exercise. Moreover, the load-velocity relationship is stable between limbs despite the potential differences in absolute strength levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rabal-Pelay
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Héctor Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Science-Based Training Research Group, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; and
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Knudson D. Letter to the editor regarding 'the correlation of force-velocity-power relationship of a whole-body movement with 20 m and 60 m sprint'. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:1799-1803. [PMID: 34423748 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1968481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duane Knudson
- Department of Health & Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA,
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Soriano MA, Jiménez-Ormeño E, Lake JP, McMahon JJ, Gallo-Salazar C, Mundy P, Comfort P. Kinetics and Kinematics of the Push Press, Push Jerk, and Split Jerk. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1359-1365. [PMID: 39072653 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Abstract
Soriano, MA, Jiménez-Ormeño, E, Lake, JP, McMahon, JJ, Gallo-Salazar, C, Mundy, P, and Comfort, P. Kinetics and kinematics of the push press, push jerk, and split jerk. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): 1359–1365, 2024—The aim of this study was to explore the kinetics and kinematics across incremental loads with the push press (PP), push jerk (PJ), and split jerk (SJ). Eighteen resistance-trained men performed the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) tests (visit 1) 3–7 days before an incremental loading protocol (60, 75, and 90% 1RM) of the 3 exercises (visit 2). Kinetics and kinematics were derived from force-time data and compared using a repeated-measures analysis of variance with load and exercise as within-subject factors. Dependent variables for the biomechanics assessment were categorized as output (power and impulse), driver (force and work), and strategy (displacement and duration) metrics. The interrepetition reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation. The PP, PJ, and SJ 1RM performance were 89.7 ± 15.4, 95.6 ± 14.4, and 103.0 ± 16.9 kg, respectively. Driver, strategy, and outcome metrics displayed moderate-to-excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.58–0.98) reliability with acceptable variability (% coefficient of variation: 2.02–10.00). Increased load resulted in significantly large increases in force, work, displacement, duration, power, and impulse (p < 0.001,
= 0.534–0.903). Exercise selection had a significant and large effect on power, impulse, work, and force (p < 0.016,
= 0.387–0.534). There was a significant and large effect of load × exercise interaction on work, displacement, and duration (p < 0.019,
= 0.158–0.220). Practitioners are encouraged to use heavier loads (90 > 75 > 60% 1RM) during the SJ exercise to maximize output, driver, and strategy kinetics and kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Soriano
- Strength Training and Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road Campus, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Jiménez-Ormeño
- Strength Training and Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason P Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - John J McMahon
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road Campus, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - César Gallo-Salazar
- Strength Training and Neuromuscular Performance (STreNgthP) Research Group, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Mundy
- Hawkin Dynamics, Inc., Westbrook, Maine; and
- Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road Campus, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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4
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Zhou L, Tan Y, Gan J, Li C, Bao D, Zhou J. Complex training with blood flow restriction increases power output and bar velocity during half-squat jump: a pilot randomized controlled study. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1368917. [PMID: 38883184 PMCID: PMC11177751 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1368917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the effects of 8-week complex training (CT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) on power output and bar velocity. Methods Twenty-six healthy male university athletes (age: 19.40 ± 0.88 years) completed three sessions of CT with BFR (CT_BFRT, n = 13) or CT-only (i.e., control) (n = 13) per week (i.e., 24 sessions in total). Before and immediately after intervention, participants completed power measurement as assessed by one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and mean power (MP), peak power (PP), mean bar velocity (Bar-MV), and peak bar velocity (Bar-PV) during the half-squat jump. Results Two-way ANOVA models showed significant main effect of time (p < 0.001) but not group (p > 0.89) or interaction (p > 0.37) between group and time on 1RM of the squat, SJ, or CMJ; however, significant interactions were observed in MP (p = 0.03, Cohen's d = 1.39), PP (p = 0.03, Cohen's d = 1.14), Bar-MV (p = 0.049, Cohen's d = 1.26), and Bar-PV (p = 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.56). The post hoc analyses revealed that MP, PP, Bar-MV, and Bar-PV after CT with BFRT were significantly greater compared to all the other three conditions (i.e., pre-CT_BFRT, pre- and post-CT-only). Conclusion CT with BFR may induce significantly greater improvements in power output and bar velocity during half-squat jump and induce comparable improvements in 1RM of the squat, SJ, and CMJ of males as compared to CT only, suggesting this novel CT with BFR would be a promising strategy to enhance power performance in healthy male university athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limingfei Zhou
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yineng Tan
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Gan
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hebrew Senior Life Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Shimizu T, Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Izumi S, Ochi E. Effects of single and repeated bouts of flywheel exercise on jump performance and muscle damage in athletes and non athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:9. [PMID: 38167075 PMCID: PMC10763137 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent studies have investigated the effects of flywheel (FW) training on muscle function, the effects of transient FW exercise on jump performance in athletes are unknown. This study examined the effects of single and repeated bouts of FW squat exercises on jump performance and muscle damage in male collegiate basketball players. METHODS The participants were 10 healthy college-age men (nonathletes) and 11 male basketball players (athletes). The intervention involved 100 squat exercises (10 repetitions × 10 sets) using an FW device. To examine the repeated-bout effects, the protocol was conducted again after a 2-week interval. Squat jumps, countermovement jumps, drop jumps, and rebound jumps were evaluated as jump performance, while isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque in knee extension, muscle soreness, range of motion, thigh circumference, muscle thickness, and echo intensity were evaluated as markers of muscle damage. Measurements were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, 24 h later, and 72 h later. RESULTS The jump performance of nonathletes decreased after exercise (p < 0.05), while that of the athletes did not. The results were similar for muscle soreness. MVC torque decreased significantly after the first exercise in both groups (p < 0.05) and was significantly lower in the nonathletes versus athletes. Significant repeated-bout effects were found for muscle soreness in nonathletes but not athletes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a single bout of FW exercise reduces jump performance in male nonathletes but not basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, 2-51-4, Higashiikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo, 170-8445, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Center for Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, 1518, Kamikurata-Cho, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-8539, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-1, Uruidominami, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-0193, Japan
| | - Shigeki Izumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
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Loturco I, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Victor F, Zając A, Matusinski A, Freitas TT, Bishop C. Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part III). J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:183-214. [PMID: 38380293 PMCID: PMC10875694 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the final part of this three-article collection on the training strategies of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, we provide a detailed description of the resistance training methods and exercises most commonly employed by these speed experts. Always with the objective of maximizing the sprint and jump capabilities of their athletes, these experienced coaches primarily utilize variable, eccentric, concentric, machine-based, isometric, complex, and isoinertial resistance training methods in their daily practices. Squats (in their different forms), Olympic weightlifting, ballistics, hip thrusts, lunges, calf raises, core exercises, leg curls, stiff-leg deadlifts, and leg extension are the most commonly prescribed exercises in their training programs, during both the preparatory and competitive periods. Therefore, the current manuscript comprehensively describes and examines these methods, with the additional aim of extrapolating their application to other sports, especially those where sprint speed is a key performance factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Matusinski
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Alcaraz PE, Azevedo PHSM, Zanetti V, Pantarotto NB, Reis VP, Jeffreys I, Loturco I. Mixed Training Programs Applied to Young Soccer Players: Effects on Speed-Power Abilities. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:1049-1058. [PMID: 37279875 DOI: 10.1055/a-2106-8164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of two 4-week strength-power-speed training protocols on physical performance of young soccer players. Twenty-three highly trained under-20 soccer players were randomly allocated to two mixed-training groups: 1) "traditional" (TRAD: n=11), comprising vertically oriented strength-power exercises and linear sprints; or 2) "multidirectional" (MULTI: n=12), combining vertically and horizontally oriented strength-power exercises, linear sprints, and change-of-direction (COD) drills. Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump, 2) linear sprint, COD speed, and 3) jump-squat (JS) and hip-thrust (HT) power tests were performed pre- and post-training. Differences were determined using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and "target scores" were used to detect real changes in performance. No group-time interactions were found for any of the variables (p>0.05). Significant increases (p<0.05) in 20-m sprint velocity, JS- and HT-power were found in both groups, and in SJ in TRAD. Individual analyses revealed a greater number of meaningful changes in zig-zag velocity in MULTI while most players in TRAD displayed meaningful increases in SJ height. In conclusion, both training protocols resulted in similar adaptations but, at the individual level, it appears that MULTI protocol is superior to improve COD ability while TRAD should be preferred to maximize vertical jumping capabilities during short soccer pre-seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paulo H S M Azevedo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valter P Reis
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ian Jeffreys
- Sport Science, Setanta College, Thurles, Ireland
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Sport Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Boraczyński M, Magalhães J, Nowakowski JJ, Laskin JJ. Short-Term Effects of Lower-Extremity Heavy Resistance versus High-Impact Plyometric Training on Neuromuscular Functional Performance of Professional Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:193. [PMID: 37888520 PMCID: PMC10611116 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the effects of short-term 8 week heavy-resistance or plyometric training protocols (HRT or PLY) incorporated into regular soccer practice on measures of neuromuscular functional performance in professional soccer players, a single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. METHODS Forty-seven participants aged 22.3 ± 3.52 years were assigned to three groups: HRT (n = 15), PLY (n = 15), and control (CON; n = 17). The HRT group performed 3 sets and 10 repetitions twice a week using 80% of their baseline 1-RM (weeks 1-3), followed by 8 repetitions at 85% 1-RM (weeks 4-6), and 6 repetitions at 90% 1-RM (weeks 7-8) of 6 lower-body strength exercises with a 1 min rest period between sets. The PLY protocol involved a preparatory phase (weeks 1-2), followed by two 3-week progressive periods (weeks 3-5 and weeks 6-8). The plyometric sessions consisted of four jump exercises/drills with progressively increasing number of sets and total number of foot contacts. The rest intervals between repetitions and sets were 15 and 90 s, respectively. Outcome measures included tests assessing 10 and 30 m speed (t10m and t30m), one-repetition maximum half-back squat (1-RM squat), isokinetic peak torques for the quadriceps and hamstring muscles (Qcon and Hcon), countermovement jump (CMJ), and squat jump (SJ). RESULTS Two-way ANOVA detected main effects of time and group×time interactions for all examined variables, except t30m, 1-RM, and relative 1-RM. Post hoc analyses revealed significant increases in the HRT group (t10m: 6.3%, t30m: 7.1%; absolute 1-RM: 29.6%; relative 1-RM: 30.3%, Qcon: 24.5%; Hcon: 14.4%; CMJ: 5.9%; SJ: 7.2%, all p < 0.001) and the PLY group (t10m: 3.1%; t30m: 4.1%; absolute 1-RM:19.1%; relative 1-RM: 20.3%; Qcon: 12.6%; Hcon: 8.7%; CMJ: 3.3%; SJ: 3.5%, all p < 0.001). HRT was superior compared to PLY in relative 1-RM, Qcon and Hcon (all p < 0.001). In addition, we found knee muscular strength imbalance in 70.5% of participants from the total sample (H/Q ratio < 60%). The HRT and PLY protocols resulted in improved neuromuscular functional performance compared to the regular soccer regime. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that during the pre-competitive season, additional HRT and PLY drills/exercises as a substitute for standard soccer training as part of a regular 90 min practice twice a week for 8 weeks, can produce acute physical performance-enhancing effects in professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Boraczyński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Jacek J. Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - James J. Laskin
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
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Babiloni-Lopez C, Gene-Morales J, Saez-Berlanga A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Moreno-Murcia JA, Colado JC. The Use of Elastic Bands in Velocity-Based Training Allows Greater Acute External Training Stimulus and Lower Perceived Effort Compared to Weight Plates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416616. [PMID: 36554498 PMCID: PMC9779371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to compare the mean propulsive velocity (MPV), maximum power (PMAX), heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during the parallel squat using elastic bands (EB) or weight plates (WP) to load the bar. The effect of relative strength on the dependent variables was analysed. Additionally, the potential of the RPE to predict external load parameters was assessed. Eighteen trained volunteers squatted at 40%, 55%, 70%, and 85% of their one-repetition maximum with EB and WP (a total of eight sets) in random order. Dependent variables were measured at the first and last repetition (i.e., 10% velocity loss). Two identical sessions were conducted to assess the reliability of measurements. Compared to WP, EB allowed a significantly greater number of repetitions, MPV, and PMAX, and significantly lower RPE. The RPE of the first repetition was a significant predictor of the external load of the set. The RPE showed good repeatability and was not influenced by the relative strength of athletes. In conclusion, compared to WP, the use of EB allows for greater external load with reduced internal load responses in a wide spectrum of load-based intensities. The potential implications of these novel findings are discussed in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Babiloni-Lopez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Gene-Morales
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Saez-Berlanga
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538 Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno-Murcia
- Department of Sport Sciences-Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan C. Colado
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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10
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Cormier P, Freitas TT, Loturco I, Turner A, Virgile A, Haff GG, Blazevich AJ, Agar-Newman D, Henneberry M, Baker DG, McGuigan M, Alcaraz PE, Bishop C. Within Session Exercise Sequencing During Programming for Complex Training: Historical Perspectives, Terminology, and Training Considerations. Sports Med 2022; 52:2371-2389. [PMID: 35816233 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this narrative review was to outline the historical genesis of resistance training strategies that incorporate high-load, low-velocity exercises and low-load, high-velocity exercises in the same training session allowing for different "exercise sequences" to be simultaneously implemented. Discrepancies between scientific works and the terminology used within contemporary sport science publications are identified. Upon review of the literature, we propose "complex training" to be considered an umbrella term with 4 different implementations, generally used to indicate a method in which movement velocity or load is altered between sets and/or exercises within the same session with the aim of improving slow and fast force expression. We propose the following terminology for said implementations: contrast training-exercise sequence with alternating high-load and low-load (higher-velocity) exercises in a set-by-set fashion within the same session (corresponding with 'contrast pairs' and 'intra-contrast rest'); descending training-several sets of high-load (e.g., back squat) exercises completed before the execution of several sets of low-load, higher-velocity (e.g., vertical jump) exercises within the same session; ascending training-several sets of low-load, higher-velocity exercises completed before several sets of high-load exercises within the same session; and French contrast training-subset of contrast training in which a series of exercises are performed in sequence within a single session: heavy compound exercise, plyometric exercise, light-to-moderate load compound exercise that maximises movement speed (i.e., external power), and a plyometric exercise (often assisted). Finally, practical applications and training considerations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cormier
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain. .,NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil. .,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy. .,Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Adam Virgile
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Vermont, USA
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Dana Agar-Newman
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Molly Henneberry
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel G Baker
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Michael McGuigan
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, UCAM, Murcia, Spain.,SCS, Strength & Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
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