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Cismaru CA, Pop L, Berindan-Neagoe I. Incognito: Are Microchimeric Fetal Stem Cells that Cross Placental Barrier Real Emissaries of Peace? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:632-641. [PMID: 29948753 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chimerism occurs naturaly throughout gestation and can also occur as a consequence of transfusion and transplantation therapy. It consists of the acquisition and long-term persistence of a genetically distinct population of allogenic cells inside another organism. Previous reports have suggested that feto-maternal microchimerism could exert a beneficial effect on the treatment of hematological and solid tumors in patients treated by PBSCT. In this review we report the mechanism of transplacental fetal stem cell trafficking during pregnancy and the effect of their long-term persistence on autoimmunity, GVHD, PBSCT, cancer and stem cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Andrei Cismaru
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gh. Marinescu street, 400337, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Laura Pop
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gh. Marinescu street, 400337, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Gh. Marinescu street, 400337, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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2
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Su H, Wang Y, Gu Y, Bowman L, Zhao J, Ding M. Potential applications and human biosafety of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:3-24. [PMID: 28589558 PMCID: PMC6506719 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, potential applications of nanomaterials in medicine have been widely researched in recent years. Nanomaterials themselves can be used as image agents or therapeutic drugs, and for drug and gene delivery, biological devices, nanoelectronic biosensors or molecular nanotechnology. As the composition, morphology, chemical properties, implant sites as well as potential applications become more and more complex, human biosafety of nanomaterials for clinical use has become a major concern. If nanoparticles accumulate in the human body or interact with the body molecules or chemical components, health risks may also occur. Accordingly, the unique chemical and physical properties, potential applications in medical fields, as well as human biosafety in clinical trials are reviewed in this study. Finally, this article tries to give some suggestions for future work in nanomedicine research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Su
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial
Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine,
Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial
Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine,
Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial
Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine,
Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Linda Bowman
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects
Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial
Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine,
Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211,
People’s Republic of China
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects
Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Min Ding
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects
Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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3
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Bhuvanendran Nair Gourikutty S, Chang CP, Puiu PD. Microfluidic immunomagnetic cell separation from whole blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fiddler M. Fetal Cell Based Prenatal Diagnosis: Perspectives on the Present and Future. J Clin Med 2014; 3:972-85. [PMID: 26237488 PMCID: PMC4449642 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3030972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to capture and analyze fetal cells from maternal circulation or other sources during pregnancy has been a goal of prenatal diagnostics for over thirty years. The vision of replacing invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures with the prospect of having the entire fetal genome in hand non-invasively for chromosomal and molecular studies for both clinical and research use has brought many investigators and innovations into the effort. While the object of this desire, however, has remained elusive, the aspiration for this approach to non-invasive prenatal diagnosis remains and the inquiry has continued. With the advent of screening by cell-free DNA analysis, the standards for fetal cell based prenatal diagnostics have been sharpened. Relevant aspects of the history and the current status of investigations to meet the goal of having an accessible and reliable strategy for capturing and analyzing fetal cells during pregnancy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Fiddler
- DePaul University and Insight Medical Genetics, LLC 680 N, Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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5
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Kantak C, Chang CP, Wong CC, Mahyuddin A, Choolani M, Rahman A. Lab-on-a-chip technology: impacting non-invasive prenatal diagnostics (NIPD) through miniaturisation. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:841-854. [PMID: 24452749 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50980j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to provide a concise review of non-invasive prenatal diagnostics (NIPD) to the lab-on-a-chip and microfluidics community. Having a market of over one billion dollars to explore and a plethora of applications, NIPD requires greater attention from microfluidics researchers. In this review, a complete overview of conventional diagnostic procedures including invasive as well as non-invasive (fetal cells and cell-free fetal DNA) types are discussed. Special focus is given to reviewing the recent and past microfluidic approaches to NIPD, as well as various commercial entities in NIPD. This review concludes with future challenges and ethical considerations of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya Kantak
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park 2, Singapore 117685, Singapore.
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6
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Bianchi DW. From prenatal genomic diagnosis to fetal personalized medicine: progress and challenges. Nat Med 2012; 18:1041-51. [PMID: 22772565 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thus far, the focus of personalized medicine has been the prevention and treatment of conditions that affect adults. Although advances in genetic technology have been applied more frequently to prenatal diagnosis than to fetal treatment, genetic and genomic information is beginning to influence pregnancy management. Recent developments in sequencing the fetal genome combined with progress in understanding fetal physiology using gene expression arrays indicate that we could have the technical capabilities to apply an individualized medicine approach to the fetus. Here I review recent advances in prenatal genetic diagnostics, the challenges associated with these new technologies and how the information derived from them can be used to advance fetal care. Historically, the goal of prenatal diagnosis has been to provide an informed choice to prospective parents. We are now at a point where that goal can and should be expanded to incorporate genetic, genomic and transcriptomic data to develop new approaches to fetal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana W Bianchi
- The Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center and the Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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7
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Sayres LC, Allyse M, Cho MK. Integrating stakeholder perspectives into the translation of cell-free fetal DNA testing for aneuploidy. Genome Med 2012; 4:49. [PMID: 22720727 PMCID: PMC3738226 DOI: 10.1186/gm348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The translation of novel genomic technologies from bench to bedside enjoins the comprehensive consideration of the perspectives of all stakeholders who stand to influence, or be influenced by, the translational course. Non-invasive prenatal aneuploidy testing that utilizes cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) circulating in maternal blood is one example of an innovative technology that promises significant benefits for its intended end users; however, it is currently uncertain whether it will achieve widespread clinical implementation. We conducted qualitative interviews with 18 diverse stakeholders in this domain, including prospective users of the technology and healthcare personnel, researchers and developers, and experts in social, legal, and regulatory aspects of genetic technology, and a pilot survey of 62 obstetric healthcare providers. Analysis of interview and survey data was combined with a review of the proceedings of a full-day, multidisciplinary conference on the topic and published scientific and ethics literature surrounding this and other relevant technologies. DISCUSSION We constructed potential pathways for technological implementation, identified broad stakeholder classes party to these translational processes, and performed a preliminary assessment of the viewpoints and interrelations among these diverse stakeholders. Some of the stakeholders whose priorities are critical to understand and integrate into translation include pregnant women and their families; healthcare providers; scientists, their institutions or companies, and the funding agencies that support them; regulatory and judicial bodies; third-party payers; professional societies; educational systems; disability rights communities; and other representatives from civil society. Stakeholder interviews, survey findings, and conference proceedings add complexity to these envisioned pathways and also demonstrate a paramount need to incorporate an iterative stakeholder analysis early and throughout the translational endeavor. We believe that the translational framework that we have developed will help guide crucial future stakeholder mapping and engagement activities for cffDNA aneuploidy testing and inform novel methods of technology assessment for other developments in the growing field of genomic medicine. SUMMARY Mapping potential pathways for implementation and exploring the attitudes and interrelations of diverse stakeholders may lead to more effective translation of a novel method of prenatal aneuploidy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Sayres
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University, 1215 Welch Road Modular A, Stanford, California, 94301, USA
| | - Megan Allyse
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University, 1215 Welch Road Modular A, Stanford, California, 94301, USA
| | - Mildred K Cho
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University, 1215 Welch Road Modular A, Stanford, California, 94301, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Stanford University, 1215 Welch Road Modular A, Stanford, California, 94301, USA
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8
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Sparks AB, Struble CA, Wang ET, Song K, Oliphant A. Noninvasive prenatal detection and selective analysis of cell-free DNA obtained from maternal blood: evaluation for trisomy 21 and trisomy 18. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:319.e1-9. [PMID: 22464072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a novel biochemical assay and algorithm for the prenatal evaluation of risk for fetal trisomy 21 (T21) and trisomy 18 (T18) using cell-free DNA obtained from maternal blood. STUDY DESIGN We assayed cell-free DNA from a training set and a blinded validation set of pregnant women, comprising 250 disomy, 72 T21, and 16 T18 pregnancies. We used digital analysis of selected regions in combination with a novel algorithm, fetal-fraction optimized risk of trisomy evaluation (FORTE), to determine trisomy risk for each subject. RESULTS In all, 163/171 subjects in the training set passed quality control criteria. Using a Z statistic, 35/35 T21 cases and 7/7 T18 cases had Z statistic >3 and 120/121 disomic cases had Z statistic <3. FORTE produced an individualized trisomy risk score for each subject, and correctly discriminated all T21 and T18 cases from disomic cases. All 167 subjects in the blinded validation set passed quality control and FORTE performance matched that observed in the training set correctly discriminating 36/36 T21 cases and 8/8 T18 cases from 123/123 disomic cases. CONCLUSION Digital analysis of selected regions and FORTE enable accurate, scalable noninvasive fetal aneuploidy detection.
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9
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Chen CL, Chen KC, Pan YC, Lee TP, Hsiung LC, Lin CM, Chen CY, Lin CH, Chiang BL, Wo AM. Separation and detection of rare cells in a microfluidic disk via negative selection. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:474-83. [PMID: 21088774 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00332h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyto-analysis of rare cells often requires separation and detection with each procedure posing substantial challenges. This paper presents a disk-based microfluidic platform for both procedures via an immunomagnetic negative selection process. The microfluidic platform's unique features include a multistage magnetic gradient to trap labeled cells in double trapping areas, drainage of fluid to substantially shorten detection time, and a bin-like regions to capture target cells to facilitate a seamless enumeration process. Proof-of-concept was conducted using MCF7 as target rare cells (stained with anti-cytokeratin-FITC antibodies) spiked into Jurkat Clone E6-1 non-target cells (labeled with anti-CD45-PE and anti-PE BD magnetic beads). Then, mononuclear cells (MNC) from healthy blood donors were mixed with MCF7s, modeling rare cells, and tested in the disk. Results show a non-linear magnetic coupling effect of the multistage magnet substantially increased the trapping efficacy over that of a single magnet, contributing to the depletion rate of Jurkats, which reaches 99.96%. Detection time is extensively shortened by depletion of 95% of non-cell-containing fluid in the collection area. The average yield of detected MCF7 cells is near-constant 60 ± 10% over a wide range of rarity from 10(-3) to 10(-6) and this yield also holds for the MCF7/MNC complex mixture. Comparison with autoMACS and BD IMagnet separators revealed the average yield from the disk (60%) is superior to that of autoMACS (37.3%) and BD IMagnet (48.3%). The advantages of near-constant yield, roughly 30 min of operation, an acceptable level of cell loss, and potentially low cost system should aid in cyto-analysis of rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lin Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Bianchi DW. From Michael to microarrays: 30 years of studying fetal cells and nucleic acids in maternal blood. Prenat Diagn 2010; 30:622-3. [PMID: 20572102 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana W Bianchi
- Division of Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Valero A, Braschler T, Renaud P. A unified approach to dielectric single cell analysis: impedance and dielectrophoretic force spectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2216-25. [PMID: 20664865 DOI: 10.1039/c003982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we present a unified approach for single cell dielectric spectroscopy. Impedance spectroscopy and dielectrophoretic cell sorting, current microtechnologies applied in electrical analysis of single cells are discussed based on their closely related physical principles. In addition, examples of microfluidic devices will be presented: a microfabricated flow cytometer for single cell discrimination based on impedance analysis and a miniaturized continuous dielectrophoretic cell sorter, both using the concept of liquid electrodes. Using the experimental results obtained from both microdevices, we give a comparative overview over the dielectrophoretic sorting and impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valero
- Microsystems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, BM 3.124 Station 17, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Benirschke K, Willes L. Deportation of trophoblastic emboli to maternal lung: A source of cell-free DNA in maternal blood? CHIMERISM 2010; 1:15-8. [PMID: 21327145 PMCID: PMC3035106 DOI: 10.4161/chim.1.1.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During human pregnancy there is a continuous transport of numerous syncytiotrophoblastic cells from the intervillous space of the placenta into the maternal lung. There these cells undergo apoptosis and the fetal nuclear DNA is liberated within the pulmonary capillaries to become cffDNA in the maternal serum. We have examined the sections of lungs of 11 pregnant women (from 8 weeks to term gestation) who had come to the Medical Examiner's Offices after their traumatic demise. We then identified the deported, embolized trophoblastic cells in pulmonary capillaries and attempted to show them to contain hCG immunohistochemically but were unable to do this. We also determined their apoptotic profiles by TUNEL reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Benirschke
- Professor of Pathology and Reproductive Medicine; Resident in Pathology; UCSD; Department of Pathology; University of California Medical Center; San Diego, CA USA
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13
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Klonisch T, Drouin R. Fetal-maternal exchange of multipotent stem/progenitor cells: microchimerism in diagnosis and disease. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:510-8. [PMID: 19828378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The biological concept of microchimerism, the bidirectional trafficking and stable long-term persistence of small numbers of allogeneic (fetal and maternal) cells in a genetically different organ, has gained considerable attention. Microchimerism is a common phenomenon in many species, including humans, and microchimeric cells can modify immunological recognition or tolerance, affect the course and outcome of various diseases and demonstrate stem cell-like or regenerative potential. Here, we review current knowledge of the biology of microchimerism and show how long-term allogeneic co-existence within an organism can impact on existing paradigms in chronic disease, cancer biology, regenerative medicine and fetal-maternal immunology. We discuss diagnostic challenges, clinical applications and future research directions in this exciting and rapidly emerging field of allogeneic fetal-maternal cell exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klonisch
- Departments of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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14
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Epsilon haemoglobin specific antibodies with applications in noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:659219. [PMID: 19636421 PMCID: PMC2712645 DOI: 10.1155/2009/659219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive procedures for prenatal diagnosis are associated with increased risk of abortion; thus, development of noninvasive procedures would be beneficial. Based on the observation that embryonic nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) crosses the placenta and enters the circulation of pregnant women, the ability to identify such cell would allow development of such procedures. Identification of NRBCs in blood samples would be possible provided that specific antibodies are available. Here we have isolated recombinant antibodies using phage display. From the panel of antibody fragments specifically recognising epsilon-Hb, one was chosen for further characterization, DAb1. DAb1 binds to epsilon-Hb both in Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Several epsilon-Hb positive cells were detected in a blood sample taken as postchorionic villus sampling (CVS). To evaluate the sensitivity of the method, K562 cells (which express epsilon-Hb) were spiked in a blood sample followed by staining in solution and FACS analysis.
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15
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Puszyk WM, Crea F, Old RW. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidy using cell-free nucleic acids in maternal blood: promises and unanswered questions. Prenat Diagn 2008; 28:1-6. [PMID: 18022821 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of cell-free fetal (cff) DNA and RNA in the maternal circulation has driven developments in noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for the past decade. Detection of paternally derived alleles in cff DNA is becoming well established. Now much interest is focussing on NIPD of fetal chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 21, which is a considerable challenge because this demands accurate quantitative measurements of the amounts of specific cff DNA or cff RNA sequences in maternal blood samples. Emerging strategies for distinguishing and quantifying the fetal nucleic acids in the maternal circulation promise continued development of the field, and pose a number of unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Puszyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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16
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Spector LG, Hooten AJ, Ross JA. Ontogeny of Gene Expression: A Changing Environment for Malignancy: Figure 1. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1021-3. [PMID: 18483321 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Mikhail MA, M'Hamdi H, Welsh J, Levicar N, Marley SB, Nicholls JP, Habib NA, Louis LS, Fisk NM, Gordon MY. High frequency of fetal cells within a primitive stem cell population in maternal blood. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:928-33. [PMID: 18238907 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy, fetal cells enter the maternal bloodstream resulting in fetal cell microchimerism. The fetal cells persist in the mother for decades and colonize a variety of maternal organs. They are associated with maternal autoimmune diseases and may also participate in tissue repair. The identity of the microchimeric cells is not certain but they must be able to persist long-term and have potential for multitissue differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we tested the hypothesis that the fetal microchimeric cells are primitive stem cells, represented by CD34+ adherent cells, which have a wide potential for differentiation. We isolated these stem cells from the blood of pregnant females (n = 25) and detected fetal cells of the correct gender, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, in a high proportion (71% male fetuses and 90% female fetuses; false positive rate 11%, false negative rate 29%) of cases. By RT-PCR, we demonstrated that the cells express Oct-4, Nanog and Rex-1. No fetal cells were detected in the mononuclear or total CD34+ cell populations but high frequencies (mean 11.8%) of fetal cells were detected in the adherent CD34+ cell population. CONCLUSIONS These results identify adherent CD34+ stem cells as candidate fetal microchimeric cells, which are capable of sustaining the fetal cell population in the long term and have the ability to colonize multiple tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magued A Mikhail
- Department of Surgery, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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18
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Old RW, Crea F, Puszyk W, Hultén MA. Candidate epigenetic biomarkers for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome. Reprod Biomed Online 2007; 15:227-35. [PMID: 17697502 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the first identification and characterization of three chromosome-21-specific DNA sequences (and reference sequences from other chromosomes) that are differentially methylated between peripheral blood and placental tissue, with the aim of providing epigenetic biomarkers for quantifying cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma. To select sequences to be screened for differential methylation, three strategies were adopted: (i) investigating promoters of highly differentially expressed genes; (ii) choosing 'random' promoter regions; and (iii) choosing 'random' non-promoter regions. Over 200 pre-selected DNA sequences were screened using a methylation-specific restriction enzyme assay. Differentially methylated sequences located at 21q22.3 (AIRE, SIM2 and ERG genes), 1q32.1 (CD48 gene and FAIM3 gene), 2p14 (ARHGAP25 gene) and 12q24 (SELPLG gene) were identified. Bisulphite conversion confirmed that CpG sites within the AIRE promoter region are highly differentially methylated, and optimized methylation-specific primers for this region that are highly specific for placental DNA were devised. Next, it was shown that the methylation status of chorionic villus sample DNA from first trimester pregnancies matched the hypermethylated state of term placenta. Thus there is no indication of a difference in methylation status between early and term pregnancy for the sequences tested. The identified sequences constitute candidate biomarkers for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Old
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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19
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Mohamed H, Turner JN, Caggana M. Biochip for separating fetal cells from maternal circulation. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1162:187-92. [PMID: 17628577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of fetal cells from maternal circulation is the subject of intense research to eliminate the need for currently used invasive prenatal diagnosis procedures. Fetal cells can be isolated using magnetic-activated cell sorting or fluorescence-activated cell sorting, however no technique to specifically isolate and use fetal cells for genetic diagnosis has reached routine clinical practice. This paper demonstrates the use of a micromachined device to separate fetal cells from maternal circulation based on differences in size and deformation characteristics. Nucleated fetal red blood cells range in diameter from 9 to 12 microm can deform and pass through a channel as small as 2.5 microm wide and 5 microm deep. Although the white blood cells range in diameter from 10 to 20 microm, they cannot deform and are retained by the 2.5 microm wide and 5 microm deep channels under our experimental conditions. Fetal cells were isolated from cord blood and DNA analysis confirmed their fetal origin with ruled out maternal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mohamed
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The capacity to diagnose fetal disease or abnormality continues to grow, especially in the genetic definition of the fetus. With this growth have come claims of medical malpractice that have mostly centered on a failure of informed consent. Failure may occur by omission or failed communication of pertinent information to the parents or by alleged error in the interpretation of diagnostic information. The usual claim against a physician or other provider is not that of causing damage or disease in the fetus but of causing a loss of opportunity to prevent conception or live birth of an infant who has an abnormality. Successful suits for "wrongful birth," brought by parents of an abnormal child, are common in many United States jurisdictions, but suits for "wrongful life," brought on behalf of the child, have usually been denied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Klein
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Maternal-fetal medicine. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007; 19:196-201. [PMID: 17353689 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32812142e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bianchi DW. Robert E. Gross Lecture. Fetomaternal cell trafficking: a story that begins with prenatal diagnosis and may end with stem cell therapy. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:12-8. [PMID: 17208534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana W Bianchi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Floating Hospital for Children and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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