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Ferreira AF, Machado-Simões J, Moniz I, Soares M, Carvalho A, Diniz P, Ramalho-Santos J, Sousa AP, Lopes-da-Costa L, Almeida-Santos T. Chemical reversion of age-related oocyte dysfunction fails to enhance embryo development in a bovine model of postovulatory aging. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024:10.1007/s10815-024-03151-4. [PMID: 38822989 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-024-03151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There are no clinical treatments to prevent/revert age-related alterations associated with oocyte competence decline in the context of advanced maternal age. Those alterations have been attributed to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that in vitro maturation (IVM) medium supplementation with antioxidants (resveratrol or phloretin) may revert age-related oocyte competence decline. METHODS Bovine immature oocytes were matured in vitro for 23 h (young) and 30 h (aged). Postovulatory aged oocytes (control group) and embryos obtained after fertilization were examined and compared with oocytes supplemented with either 2 μM of resveratrol or 6 μM phloretin (treatment groups) during IVM. RESULTS Aged oocytes had a significantly lower mitochondrial mass and proportion of mitochondrial clustered pattern, lower ooplasmic volume, higher ROS, lower sirtuin-1 protein level, and a lower blastocyst rate in comparison to young oocytes, indicating that postovulatory oocytes have a lower quality and developmental competence, thus validating our experimental model. Supplementation of IVM medium with antioxidants prevented the generation of ROS and restored the active mitochondrial mass and pattern characteristic of younger oocytes. Moreover, sirtuin-1 protein levels were also restored but only following incubation with resveratrol. Despite these findings, the blastocyst rate of treatment groups was not significantly different from the control group, indicating that resveratrol and phloretin could not restore the oocyte competence of postovulatory aged oocytes. CONCLUSION Resveratrol and phloretin can both revert the age-related oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction during postovulatory aging but were insufficient to enhance embryo developmental rates under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Ferreira
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Praceta, R. Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- EUGIN Coimbra, Filipe Hodart N° 12, 3000-185, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Juliana Machado-Simões
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Moniz
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Soares
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Carvalho
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Praceta, R. Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Diniz
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Ramalho-Santos
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Sousa
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Praceta, R. Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- EUGIN Coimbra, Filipe Hodart N° 12, 3000-185, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Lopes-da-Costa
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
- AL4AnimalS - Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Almeida-Santos
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Gynecology, Obstetrics, Reproduction and Neonatology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Praceta, R. Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- EUGIN Coimbra, Filipe Hodart N° 12, 3000-185, Coimbra, Portugal
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Italiano E, Ceccarelli G, Italiano G, Piazza F, Iannitti RG, Puglisi T. Positive Effects of a Resveratrol-Based Nutraceutical in Association with Surgical Scleroembolization: A Pilot Retrospective Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2925. [PMID: 38792465 PMCID: PMC11122415 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Varicocele still today represents a common cause of infertility in young men. The treatment strategy remains a surgical approach such as scleroembolization; however, the complete restoration of spermatic parameters afterward requires an average of six or more months to fully regain optimal seminal parameters. Recently, many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of Resveratrol in male fertility, given its potential anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and mitochondrial effects. Therefore, Resveratrol-based nutraceuticals could be promising as an adjuvant to mitigate subfertility in patients with varicocele. Methods: In the present study, we retrospectively analyzed the effects of the administration of a Resveratrol-based nutraceutical after the scleroembolization procedure. The improvement of sperm quality in terms of number, motility, and morphology were considered to be the study's main endpoints. A spreadsheet program was used for data analysis, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: We found a statistically significant improvement in the spermatic parameters (sperm count and total motility) and an increase in normal sperm after only 4 months of treatment. The supplementation with a Resveratrol-based nutraceutical associated with the surgical procedure showed encouraging results if compared to data from a control group and the results reported in the literature linked to scleroembolization practice alone. In fact, there was a clear improvement in the seminal parameters at 4 months. Conclusions: This suggests the positive impact of the Resveratrol-based nutraceutical in synergizing with scleroembolization in reducing the time needed to fully recover sperm function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giovanna Italiano
- Policlinico Brescia, Unità Operativa di Urologia, 25128 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Fulvio Piazza
- Azienda Ospedaliera “Cervello-Villa Sofia“, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (T.P.)
| | | | - Tiziana Puglisi
- Azienda Ospedaliera “Cervello-Villa Sofia“, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (F.P.); (T.P.)
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Kircali-Haznedar N, Mumusoglu S, Bilgic P. How phytochemicals influence reproductive outcomes in women receiving assisted reproductive techniques: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae037. [PMID: 38641329 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Over the past few years, there has been an increasing amount of scholarly literature suggesting a connection between the nutritional status of pregnant mothers and early fetal development, as well as the long-term health consequences of their offspring. Multiple studies have documented that alterations in dietary patterns prior to conception have the potential to affect the initial stages of embryonic development. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive review of the research pertaining to the correlation between phytochemicals ( specifically, polyphenols, carotenoids and phytoestrogens) and assisted reproductive technology (ART). DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials databases were searched from January 1978 to March 2023. STUDY SELECTION This study comprised observational, randomized controlled, and cohort studies that examined the effects of phytochemicals on ART results. The study's outcomes encompass live birth rate, clinical pregnancy, and ongoing pregnancy. DATA EXTRACTION The assessment of study quality was conducted by 2 researchers, independently, using the Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research. RESULTS A total of 13 studies were included, of which there were 5 randomized controlled studies, 1 nonrandomized controlled study, 6 prospective cohort studies, and 1 retrospective cohort study. CONCLUSION This research focused on investigating the impact of phytochemicals on ART and has highlighted a dearth of articles addressing that topic. Collaboration among patients, physicians, and nutritionists is crucial for doing novel research. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023426332.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Kircali-Haznedar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Sezcan Mumusoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Pelin Bilgic
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Altindag, Ankara, Türkiye
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Conforti A, Iorio GG, Di Girolamo R, Rovetto MY, Picarelli S, Cariati F, Gentile R, D'Amato A, Gliozheni O, Fioretti B, Alviggi C. The impact of resveratrol on the outcome of the in vitro fertilization: an exploratory randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:81. [PMID: 38622741 PMCID: PMC11020196 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound present in plants and red wine with many potential health benefits. This compound has various anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties and can improve cellular mitochondrial activity. This trial was designed to evaluate the effect on the outcome of IVF of Resveratrol supplementation in women > 35 years with good ovarian reserve (AMH > 1.2 ng/ml). Women were randomized to receive or placebo or Resveratrol (150 mg per day) for three months preceding the ovarian stimulation (OS). All patients were stimulated with a starting dose of recombinant FSH ranging between 150 and 300 IU according to age and ovarian reserve. GnRH antagonist flexible protocol was adopted for pituitary suppression. Triggering was performed with urinary hCG (10.000 IU). RESULTS The study was conducted between January 2019 and December 2022 with aa total of 37 cases and 33 controls were recruited. No statistically significant differences in the number of oocytes retrieved, biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were observed between women treated with resveratrol and control group. A statistically significant increase in the follicle output rate (FORT) and follicle-to oocyte index (FOI) was observed in women treated with resveratrol-based nutraceutical (0.92 versus 0.77 [p = 0.02], and 0.77 versus 0.64 [p = 0.006], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results from this study indicate that pre-treatment with resveratrol may improve ovarian sensitivity to exogenous FSH, which in turn may decrease the risk of hypo-response to OS in advanced reproductive age women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Conforti
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131
| | - G G Iorio
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131.
| | - R Di Girolamo
- Department of Public Health. School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Y Rovetto
- Department of Public Health. School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S Picarelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131
| | - F Cariati
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131
| | - R Gentile
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A D'Amato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, 1St Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bari, Italy
| | - O Gliozheni
- Head of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital for Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Medicine of Tirana, KocoGliozheni", Tirana, Albania
| | - B Fioretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Alviggi
- Department of Public Health. School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Podgrajsek R, Ban Frangez H, Stimpfel M. Molecular Mechanism of Resveratrol and Its Therapeutic Potential on Female Infertility. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3613. [PMID: 38612425 PMCID: PMC11011890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenol present in various plant sources. Studies have reported numerous potential health benefits of resveratrol, exhibiting anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-carcinogenic activity. Due to the reported effects, resveratrol is also being tested in reproductive disorders, including female infertility. Numerous cellular, animal, and even human studies were performed with a focus on the effect of resveratrol on female infertility. In this review, we reviewed some of its molecular mechanisms of action and summarized animal and human studies regarding resveratrol and female infertility, with a focus on age-related infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Podgrajsek
- Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.P.); (H.B.F.)
| | - Helena Ban Frangez
- Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.P.); (H.B.F.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Stimpfel
- Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.P.); (H.B.F.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hart RJ. Nutritional supplements and IVF: an evidence-based approach. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 48:103770. [PMID: 38184959 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Many women undergoing IVF take supplements during treatment. The purpose of this review was to systematically review these nutritional supplements. The therapies studied are dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), melatonin, co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ1O), carnitine, selenium, vitamin D, myo-inositol, omega-3, Chinese herbs and dietary interventions. A literature search up to May 2023 was undertaken. The data suggest that a simple nutritional approach would be to adopt a Mediterranean diet. With regards to supplements to treat a potential poor ovarian response to ovarian stimulation, starting DHEA and COQ-10 before cycle commencement is better than control therapies. Furthermore, medication with CoQ10 may have some merit, although it is unclear whether its place is for older women, for those with a poor response to ovarian stimulation or for poor embryonic development. There appears a benefit for some IVF outcomes for the use of melatonin, although it is unclear what group of patients would derive the benefit and the appropriate dosing regimen. For women with polycystic ovary syndrome, there may be a benefit to the use of myo-inositol, although again the dosing regimen is unclear. Furthermore, the place of vitamin D supplementation has yet to be clarified, and supplementation with omega-3 free fatty acids may lead to improvements in clinical and embryological IVF outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Hart
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.; Fertility Specialists of Western Australia and City Fertility Clinic, Claremont, Western Australia, Australia..
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Battaglia R, Caponnetto A, Caringella AM, Cortone A, Ferrara C, Smirni S, Iannitti R, Purrello M, D’Amato G, Fioretti B, Di Pietro C. Resveratrol Treatment Induces Mito-miRNome Modification in Follicular Fluid from Aged Women with a Poor Prognosis for In Vitro Fertilization Cycles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11051019. [PMID: 35624883 PMCID: PMC9137561 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11051019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced maternal age impairs reproductive performance, influencing the quantity and the quality of oocytes. Mitochondria dysfunction seems to play a decisive role in conditioning the quality of the female gamete. Different in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Resveratrol and its ability to improve mitochondria function even if the exact mechanism of action has not yet been demonstrated in human oocytes. In this paper, by retrospective analysis, we evaluated follicular fluid (FF) miRNome modification in aged women with a poor ovarian reserve receiving a resveratrol-based supplement the three months before the in vitro Fertilization (IVF) cycle. We found 13 differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in women treated with resveratrol and specifically miR-125b-5p, miR-132-3p, miR-19a-3p, miR-30a-5p and miR-660-5p, regulating mitochondrial proteins, are able to control metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. MiRNA expression differences, observed after resveratrol treatment in FF from women with a poor prognosis for IVF, demonstrated that resveratrol may act on mitomiRNAs to improve follicular microenvironment by transcriptomic and proteomic modifications in granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Battaglia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics “Giovanni Sichel”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, CT, Italy; (R.B.); (A.C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Angela Caponnetto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics “Giovanni Sichel”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, CT, Italy; (R.B.); (A.C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Maria Caringella
- Asl Bari, Reproductive and IVF Unit, PTA “F Jaia”, 70014 Conversano, BA, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Anna Cortone
- Asl Bari, Reproductive and IVF Unit, PTA “F Jaia”, 70014 Conversano, BA, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Carmen Ferrara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics “Giovanni Sichel”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, CT, Italy; (R.B.); (A.C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Salvatore Smirni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics “Giovanni Sichel”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, CT, Italy; (R.B.); (A.C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Michele Purrello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics “Giovanni Sichel”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, CT, Italy; (R.B.); (A.C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppe D’Amato
- Asl Bari, Reproductive and IVF Unit, PTA “F Jaia”, 70014 Conversano, BA, Italy; (A.M.C.); (A.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Bernard Fioretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, PG, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics “Giovanni Sichel”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, CT, Italy; (R.B.); (A.C.); (C.F.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0954781484
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Resveratrol and Reproductive Health. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020294. [PMID: 35207581 PMCID: PMC8875092 DOI: 10.3390/life12020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV), a plant-derived polyphenol, demonstrates broad-spectrum health benefits, including anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-ischemic and antioxidant effects. The aim of this review is to give an important heads-up regarding the influence of RSV as a phytoestrogen, RSV effects on most common pregnancy-related complications, as well as its impact on the embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and women’s reproductive health. Considering the important implications of RSV on human reproductive health, this overview could provide a groundwork, encouraging more detailed research at the clinical level.
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