1
|
Possible Functional Roles of Patellamides in the Ascidian-Prochloron Symbiosis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020119. [PMID: 35200648 PMCID: PMC8875616 DOI: 10.3390/md20020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patellamides are highly bioactive compounds found along with other cyanobactins in the symbiosis between didemnid ascidians and the enigmatic cyanobacterium Prochloron. The biosynthetic pathway of patellamide synthesis is well understood, the relevant operons have been identified in the Prochloron genome and genes involved in patellamide synthesis are among the most highly transcribed cyanobacterial genes in hospite. However, a more detailed study of the in vivo dynamics of patellamides and their function in the ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis is complicated by the fact that Prochloron remains uncultivated despite numerous attempts since its discovery in 1975. A major challenge is to account for the highly dynamic microenvironmental conditions experienced by Prochloron in hospite, where light-dark cycles drive rapid shifts between hyperoxia and anoxia as well as pH variations from pH ~6 to ~10. Recently, work on patellamide analogues has pointed out a range of different catalytic functions of patellamide that could prove essential for the ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis and could be modulated by the strong microenvironmental dynamics. Here, we review fundamental properties of patellamides and their occurrence and dynamics in vitro and in vivo. We discuss possible functions of patellamides in the ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis and identify important knowledge gaps and needs for further experimental studies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Senna AR, Andrade LF, Ramos BS, Skinner LF. A new ascidian-dwelling species of Leucothoe Leach, 1814 (Amphipoda: Leucothoidae) from Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1948128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André R. Senna
- Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F. Andrade
- Museu de Oceanografia Prof. Petrônio Alves Coelho, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Brenda S. Ramos
- Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis F. Skinner
- Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mutalipassi M, Riccio G, Mazzella V, Galasso C, Somma E, Chiarore A, de Pascale D, Zupo V. Symbioses of Cyanobacteria in Marine Environments: Ecological Insights and Biotechnological Perspectives. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:227. [PMID: 33923826 PMCID: PMC8074062 DOI: 10.3390/md19040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a diversified phylum of nitrogen-fixing, photo-oxygenic bacteria able to colonize a wide array of environments. In addition to their fundamental role as diazotrophs, they produce a plethora of bioactive molecules, often as secondary metabolites, exhibiting various biological and ecological functions to be further investigated. Among all the identified species, cyanobacteria are capable to embrace symbiotic relationships in marine environments with organisms such as protozoans, macroalgae, seagrasses, and sponges, up to ascidians and other invertebrates. These symbioses have been demonstrated to dramatically change the cyanobacteria physiology, inducing the production of usually unexpressed bioactive molecules. Indeed, metabolic changes in cyanobacteria engaged in a symbiotic relationship are triggered by an exchange of infochemicals and activate silenced pathways. Drug discovery studies demonstrated that those molecules have interesting biotechnological perspectives. In this review, we explore the cyanobacterial symbioses in marine environments, considering them not only as diazotrophs but taking into consideration exchanges of infochemicals as well and emphasizing both the chemical ecology of relationship and the candidate biotechnological value for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Mutalipassi
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (C.G.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (C.G.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Valerio Mazzella
- Department of Integrated Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Christian Galasso
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (C.G.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Emanuele Somma
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonia Chiarore
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (G.R.); (C.G.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Naples, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lopez-Guzman M, Erwin PM, Hirose E, López-Legentil S. Biogeography and host-specificity of cyanobacterial symbionts in colonial ascidians of the genus Lissoclinum. SYST BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2020.1776783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirielle Lopez-Guzman
- Department of Biology & Marine Biology, and Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Ln, Wilmington, 28409, NC, USA
| | - Patrick M. Erwin
- Department of Biology & Marine Biology, and Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Ln, Wilmington, 28409, NC, USA
| | - Euichi Hirose
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Susanna López-Legentil
- Department of Biology & Marine Biology, and Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Ln, Wilmington, 28409, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Hu JS, Xu JL, Shao CL, Wang GY. Biological and Chemical Diversity of Ascidian-Associated Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16100362. [PMID: 30275404 PMCID: PMC6212887 DOI: 10.3390/md16100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascidians are a class of sessile filter-feeding invertebrates, that provide unique and fertile niches harboring various microorganisms, such as bacteria, actinobacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi. Over 1000 natural products, including alkaloids, cyclic peptides, and polyketides, have been isolated from them, which display diverse properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Strikingly, direct evidence has confirmed that ~8% of natural products from ascidians are actually produced by symbiotic microorganisms. In this review, we present 150 natural products from microorganisms associated with ascidians that have been reported up to 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Jin-Shuang Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Jia-Lei Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guang-Yu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nielsen DA, Pernice M, Schliep M, Sablok G, Jeffries TC, Kühl M, Wangpraseurt D, Ralph PJ, Larkum AWD. Microenvironment and phylogenetic diversity of Prochloron inhabiting the surface of crustose didemnid ascidians. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4121-32. [PMID: 26176189 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Prochloron didemni is primarily found in symbiotic relationships with various marine hosts such as ascidians and sponges. Prochloron remains to be successfully cultivated outside of its host, which reflects a lack of knowledge of its unique ecophysiological requirements. We investigated the microenvironment and diversity of Prochloron inhabiting the upper, exposed surface of didemnid ascidians, providing the first insights into this microhabitat. The pH and O2 concentration in this Prochloron biofilm changes dynamically with irradiance, where photosynthetic activity measurements showed low light adaptation (Ek ∼ 80 ± 7 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)) but high light tolerance. Surface Prochloron cells exhibited a different fine structure to Prochloron cells from cloacal cavities in other ascidians, the principle difference being a central area of many vacuoles dissected by single thylakoids in the surface Prochloron. Cyanobacterial 16S rDNA pyro-sequencing of the biofilm community on four ascidians resulted in 433 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) where on average -85% (65-99%) of all sequence reads, represented by 136 OTUs, were identified as Prochloron via blast search. All of the major Prochloron-OTUs clustered into independent, highly supported phylotypes separate from sequences reported for internal Prochloron, suggesting a hitherto unexplored genetic variability among Prochloron colonizing the outer surface of didemnids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Nielsen
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Martin Schliep
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Gaurav Sablok
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Thomas C Jeffries
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Michael Kühl
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.,Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, DK-3000, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wangpraseurt
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Anthony W D Larkum
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Koplovitz G, Hirose E, Hirose M, Shenkar N. Being green in the Red Sea - the photosymbiotic ascidianDiplosoma simile(Ascidiacea: Didemnidae) in the Gulf of Aqaba. SYST BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2014.978410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
8
|
Hirose E, Iskandar BH, Wardiatno Y. Photosymbiotic ascidians from Pari Island (Thousand Islands, Indonesia). Zookeys 2014:1-10. [PMID: 25061385 PMCID: PMC4109442 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.422.7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosymbiotic ascidian fauna were surveyed in the subtidal zone off Pari Island in the Thousand Islands (Java Sea, Indonesia). Nine species were recorded: Didemnum molle, Trididemnum miniatum, Lissoclinum patella, L. punctatum, L. timorense, Diplosoma gumavirens, D. simile, D. simileguwa, and D. virens. All of these species have been previously recorded in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Diplosoma gumavirens and D. simileguwa were originally described from the Ryukyu Archipelago in 2009 and 2005, respectively, and all of the observed species are potentially widely distributed in Indo–West Pacific coral reefs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hirose E. Ascidian photosymbiosis: diversity of cyanobacterial transmission during embryogenesis. Genesis 2014; 53:121-31. [PMID: 24700539 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Some tropical ascidians of the family Didemnidae invariably harbor cyanobacterial cells in the common cloacal cavities and/or tunic. This is the only lifelong, obligate photosymbiosis reported in chordates. Photosymbionts are transferred from the maternal colony to embryos or prehatching larvae brooded in the colonies. Here we review the diversity of modes of cyanobacterial transmission to shed a light on the evolutionary history of ascidian photosymbiosis. Ascidian species exhibit several modes of cyanobacterial transmission. In Diplosoma species, the mode is constrained phylogenetically; all photosymbiotic Diplosoma have the same mode of transmission using a unique organ known as the rastrum. In other photosymbiotic species, the mode is constrained by the distribution pattern of photosymbionts in the host colony. Species of different genera have similar modes of transmission wherein they harbor cyanobacterial cells at similar sites within colonies. Accordingly, host species of distinct lineages likely acquired similar modes of transmission convergently. Why obligate photosymbiosis was established exclusively in these didemnid ascidians remains uncertain. Ascidian photosymbiosis is discussed from the viewpoint of evolution and diversification of vertical transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euichi Hirose
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Down under the tunic: bacterial biodiversity hotspots and widespread ammonia-oxidizing archaea in coral reef ascidians. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 8:575-588. [PMID: 24152714 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ascidians are ecologically important components of marine ecosystems yet the ascidian microbiota remains largely unexplored beyond a few model species. We used 16S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing to provide a comprehensive characterization of microbial symbionts in the tunic of 42 Great Barrier Reef ascidian samples representing 25 species. Results revealed high bacterial biodiversity (3 217 unique operational taxonomic units (OTU0.03) from 19 described and 14 candidate phyla) and the widespread occurrence of ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota in coral reef ascidians (24 of 25 host species). The ascidian microbiota was clearly differentiated from seawater microbial communities and included symbiont lineages shared with other invertebrate hosts as well as unique, ascidian-specific phylotypes. Several rare seawater microbes were markedly enriched (200-700 fold) in the ascidian tunic, suggesting that the rare biosphere of seawater may act as a conduit for horizontal symbiont transfer. However, most OTUs (71%) were rare and specific to single hosts and a significant correlation between host relatedness and symbiont community similarity was detected, indicating a high degree of host-specificity and potential role of vertical transmission in structuring these communities. We hypothesize that the complex ascidian microbiota revealed herein is maintained by the dynamic microenvironments within the ascidian tunic, offering optimal conditions for different metabolic pathways such as ample chemical substrate (ammonia-rich host waste) and physical habitat (high oxygen, low irradiance) for nitrification. Thus, ascidian hosts provide unique and fertile niches for diverse microorganisms and may represent an important and previously unrecognized habitat for nitrite/nitrate regeneration in coral reef ecosystems.
Collapse
|
11
|
Su SW, Hirose E, Chen SLS, Mok MHK. Photosymbiotic ascidians in Singapore: turbid waters may reduce living space. Zookeys 2013; 305:55-65. [PMID: 23794913 PMCID: PMC3689093 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.305.4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosymbiotic ascidian fauna at Changi Beach, Pulau Semakau, Sentosa and St. John's Island, Singapore were surveyed. A total of five species, Diplosoma simile, Lissoclinum bistratum, Lissoclinum punctatum, Lissoclinum timorense and Trididemnum cyclops, were recorded, with Lissoclinum timorense and Trididemnum cyclops being newly recorded in Singapore. However, no photosymbiotic species were found at Changi Beach probably due to the polluted waters in the region. Coastal development has caused Singapore waters to become turbid, leading to decrease in suitable habitats for photosymbiotic ascidians. Clean waters in Pulau Semakau probably provide a better environment for the growth of photosymbiotic ascidians and this area has a greater variety of these ascidians than the other areas in Singapore. Each of the five species has also been recorded in the Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan) and three species (Diplosoma simile, Lissoclinum bistratum and Trididemnum cyclops) have also been recorded in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Su
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Euichi Hirose
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Serina Lee Siew Chen
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119227, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michael Hin-Kiu Mok
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|