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Gile GH. Protist symbionts of termites: diversity, distribution, and coevolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:622-652. [PMID: 38105542 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis between termites and their hindgut protists is mutually obligate and vertically inherited. It was established by the late Jurassic in the cockroach ancestors of termites as they transitioned to wood feeding. Since then, protist symbionts have been transmitted from host generation to host generation by proctodeal trophallaxis (anal feeding). The protists belong to multiple lineages within the eukaryotic superphylum Metamonada. Most of these lineages have evolved large cells with complex morphology, unlike the non-termite-associated Metamonada. The species richness and taxonomic composition of symbiotic protist communities varies widely across termite lineages, especially within the deep-branching clade Teletisoptera. In general, closely related termites tend to harbour closely related protists, and deep-branching termites tend to harbour deep-branching protists, reflecting their broad-scale co-diversification. A closer view, however, reveals a complex distribution of protist lineages across hosts. Some protist taxa are common, some are rare, some are widespread, and some are restricted to a single host family or genus. Some protist taxa can be found in only a few, distantly related, host species. Thus, the long history of co-diversification in this symbiosis has been complicated by lineage-specific loss of symbionts, transfer of symbionts from one host lineage to another, and by independent diversification of the symbionts relative to their hosts. This review aims to introduce the biology of this important symbiosis and serve as a gateway to the diversity and systematics literature for both termites and protists. A searchable database with all termite-protist occurrence records and taxonomic references is provided as a supplementary file to encourage and facilitate new research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Che Y, Deng W, Li W, Zhang J, Kinjo Y, Tokuda G, Bourguignon T, Lo N, Wang Z. Vicariance and dispersal events inferred from mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes (18S, 28S) shaped global Cryptocercus distributions. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 166:107318. [PMID: 34562575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptocercus Scudder, a genus of wingless, subsocial cockroaches, has low vagility but exhibits a disjunct distribution in eastern and western North America, and in China, South Korea and the Russian Far East. This distribution provides an ideal model for testing hypotheses of vicariance through plate tectonics or other natural barriers versus dispersal across oceans or other natural barriers. We sequenced 45 samples of Cryptocercus to resolve phylogenetic relationships among members of the genus worldwide. We identified four types of tRNA rearrangements among samples from the Qin-Daba Mountains. Our maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees, based on mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes (18S, 28S), strongly supported six major lineages of Cryptocercus, which displayed a clear geographical distribution pattern. We used Bayesian molecular dating to estimate the evolutionary timescale of the genus, and reconstructed Cryptocercus ancestral ranges using statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis (S-DIVA) in RASP. Two dispersal events and six vicariance events for Cryptocercus were inferred with high support. The initial vicariance event occurred between American and Asian lineages at 80.5 Ma (95% credibility interval: 60.0-104.7 Ma), followed by one vicariance event within the American lineage 43.8 Ma (95% CI: 32.0-57.5 Ma), and two dispersal 31.9 Ma (95% CI: 25.8-39.5 Ma), 21.7 Ma (95% CI: 17.3-27.1 Ma) plus four vicariance events c. 29.3 Ma, 27.2 Ma, 24.8 Ma and 16.7 Ma within the Asian lineage. Our analyses provide evidence that both vicariance and dispersal have played important roles in shaping the distribution and diversity of these woodroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Che
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Wenbo Deng
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Weijun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Yukihiro Kinjo
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Gaku Tokuda
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, Prague CZ-165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Zongqing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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Wang YS, Chen R, Jin DT, Che YL, Wang ZQ. New record of Cyrtonotula Uvarov, 1939 (Blaberidae, Epilamprinae) from China, with three new species based on morphological and COI data. Zookeys 2021; 1021:127-143. [PMID: 33727886 PMCID: PMC7943533 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1021.59526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cyrtonotula Uvarov, 1939 (Blaberidae, Epilamprinae) is recorded for the first time from Hainan Island, China. Three new species, Cyrtonotulaepunctata Wang & Wang, sp. nov., C.maculosa Wang & Wang, sp. nov., and C.longialata Wang & Wang, sp. nov., are described based on morphological data and a molecular analysis using Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD). Additional barcode data of blaberid species, including these three new species, are provided to facilitate future species identification. Morphological photographs and habitat photos of these new species, as well as a key to the known species, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Rong Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Du-Ting Jin
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Yan-Li Che
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Zong-Qing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China Southwest University Chongqing China
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