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Asaker JC, Bansal M, Mehta A, Joice MG, Kataria R, Saad M, Abbott JD, Vallabhajosyula S. Short-term and long-term outcomes of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with cardiogenic shock. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39317223 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2024.2409437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiogenic shock is severe circulatory failure that results in significant in-hospital mortality, related morbidity, and economic burden. Patients with cardiogenic shock are at high risk for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly within the subset of patients with an overlap of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. AREAS COVERED This review article will explore the prevalence, definition, management, and outcomes of common arrhythmias in patients with cardiogenic shock. This review will describe the pathophysiology of arrhythmia in cardiogenic shock and the impact of inotropic agents on increased arrhythmogenicity. In addition to medical management, focused assessment of mechanical circulatory support, radiofrequency ablation, deep sedation, and stellate ganglion block will be provided. EXPERT OPINION We will navigate the limited data and describe the prognostic impacts of arrhythmia. Finally, we will conclude the review with a discussion of prevention strategies, research limitations, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Asaker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mridul Bansal
- Department of Medicine, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Aryan Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Melvin G Joice
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rachna Kataria
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marwan Saad
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J Dawn Abbott
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, RI, USA
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Bock M, O’Connor M, Chouchane A, Schmidt P, Schaarschmidt C, Knoll K, Bahlke F, Englert F, Storz T, Kottmaier M, Trenkwalder T, Reents T, Bourier F, Telishevska M, Lengauer S, Hessling G, Deisenhofer I, Kolb C, Lennerz C. Cardiologist-Directed Sedation Management in Patients Undergoing Transvenous Lead Extraction: A Single-Centre Retrospective Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4900. [PMID: 37568301 PMCID: PMC10420171 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12154900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for transvenous lead extraction (TLE) has increased. In line with this, the safety of such procedures has also increased. Traditionally, TLE is performed under resource-intensive general anaesthesia. This study aims to evaluate the safety and outcomes of Cardiologist-lead deep sedation for TLE. METHODS We retrospectively analysed 328 TLE procedures performed under deep sedation from 2016 to 2019. TLE procedures were performed by experienced electrophysiologists. Sedation was administered by a specifically trained cardiologist (bolus midazolam/fentanyl and propofol infusion). Procedural sedation data including blood pressure, medication administration and sedation time were collected. Complications related to sedation and the operative component of the procedure were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS The sedation-associated complication rate during TLE was 22.0%. The most common complication (75% of complications) was hypotension requiring noradrenaline, followed by bradycardia requiring atropine (13% of complications). Additionally, the unplanned presence of an anaesthesiologist was needed in one case (0.3%). Deep sedation was achieved with midazolam (mean dose 42.9 ± 26.5 µg/kg), fentanyl (mean dose 0.4 ± 0.6 µg/kg) and propofol (mean dose 3.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg/h). There was no difference in medication dosage between those with a sedation-associated complication and those without. Sedation-associated complications appeared significantly more in patients with reduced LVEF (p = 0.01), renal impairment (p = 0.01) and a higher American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) class (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Deep sedation for TLE can be safely performed by a specifically trained cardiologist, with a transition to general anaesthesia required in only 0.3% of cases. We continue to recommend the on-call availability of an anaesthesiologist and cardiac surgeon in case of major complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bock
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich, Heart Alliance), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew O’Connor
- Auckland City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Amir Chouchane
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Philip Schmidt
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Claudia Schaarschmidt
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Katharina Knoll
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich, Heart Alliance), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Bahlke
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Florian Englert
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Theresa Storz
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Marc Kottmaier
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Teresa Trenkwalder
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Tilko Reents
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Felix Bourier
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Marta Telishevska
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Sarah Lengauer
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Gabriele Hessling
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Isabel Deisenhofer
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Christof Kolb
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Carsten Lennerz
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Electrophysiology, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany (C.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich, Heart Alliance), 80336 Munich, Germany
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Palmisano P, Ziacchi M, Angeletti A, Guerra F, Forleo GB, Bertini M, Notarstefano P, Accogli M, Lavalle C, Bisignani G, Landolina M, Zanotto G, D’Onofrio A, Ricci RP, De Ponti R, Boriani G. The Practice of Deep Sedation in Electrophysiology and Cardiac Pacing Laboratories: Results of an Italian Survey Promoted by the AIAC (Italian Association of Arrhythmology and Cardiac Pacing). J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215035. [PMID: 34768557 PMCID: PMC8584354 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this survey, which was open to all Italian cardiologists involved in arrhythmia, was to assess common practice regarding sedation and analgesia in interventional electrophysiology procedures in Italy. The survey consisted of 28 questions regarding the approach to sedation used for elective direct-current cardioversion (DCC), subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation, atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation, and transvenous lead extraction procedures. A total of 105 cardiologists from 92 Italian centres took part in the survey. The rate of centres where DCC, S-ICD implantation, AF ablation, VT ablation and lead extraction procedures were performed without anaesthesiologic assistance was 60.9%, 23.6%, 51.2%, 37.3%, and 66.7%, respectively. When these procedures were performed without anaesthesiologic assistance, the drugs (in addition to local anaesthetics) commonly administered were benzodiazepines (from 64.3% to 79.6%), opioids (from 74.4% to 88.1%), and general anaesthetics (from 7.1% to 30.4%). Twenty-three (21.9%) of the 105 cardiologists declared that they routinely administered propofol, without the supervision of an anaesthesiologist, in at least one of the above-mentioned procedures. In current Italian clinical practice, there is a lack of uniformity in the sedation/analgesia approach used in interventional electrophysiology procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Palmisano
- Cardiology Unit, “Card. G. Panico” Hospital, 73039 Tricase, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Ziacchi
- Institute of Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Institute of Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Federico Guerra
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Matteo Bertini
- Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Ferrara “Arcispedale S. Anna”, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy;
| | | | - Michele Accogli
- Cardiology Unit, “Card. G. Panico” Hospital, 73039 Tricase, Italy;
| | - Carlo Lavalle
- Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Bisignani
- Cardiology Division, Castrovillari Hospital, ASP Cosenza, 87012 Castrovillari, Italy;
| | | | - Gabriele Zanotto
- Department of Cardiology, Mater Salutis Hospital, 37045 Legnago, Verona, Italy;
| | - Antonio D’Onofrio
- Departmental Unit of Electrophysiology, Evaluation and Treatment of Arrhythmias, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Roberto De Ponti
- Department of Heart and Vessels, Ospedale Di Circolo-University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Boriani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Cardiology Division, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Di Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy;
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Stronati G, Capucci A, Dello Russo A, Adrario E, Carsetti A, Casella M, Donati A, Guerra F. Procedural sedation for direct current cardioversion: a feasibility study between two management strategies in the emergency department. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:388. [PMID: 32842955 PMCID: PMC7449000 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cardiologist-only approach to procedural sedation with midazolam in the setting of elective cardioversion (DCC) for AF has already been proven as safe as sedation with propofol and anaesthesiologist assistance. No data exist regarding the safety of such a strategy during emergency procedures. The aim of this study is to compare the feasibility of sedation with midazolam, administered by a cardiologist, to an anaesthesiologist-assisted protocol with propofol in emergency DCC. METHODS Single centre, prospective, open blinded, randomized study including all consecutive patients admitted to the Emergency Department requiring urgent or emergency DCC. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to either propofol or midazolam treatment arm. Patients in the midazolam group were managed by the cardiologist only, while patients treated with propofol group underwent DCC with anaesthesiologist assistance. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients were enrolled and split into two groups. Eighteen patients (26.1%) experienced peri-procedural adverse events (bradycardia, severe hypotension and severe hypoxia), which were similar between the two groups and all successfully managed by the cardiologist. No deaths, stroke or need for invasive ventilation were registered. Patients treated with propofol experienced a greater decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared with those treated with midazolam. As the procedure was shorter when midazolam was used, the median cost of urgent/emergency DCC with midazolam was estimated to be 129.0 € (1st-3rd quartiles 114.6-151.6) and 195.6 € (1st-3rd quartiles 147.3-726.7) with propofol (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Procedural sedation with midazolam given by the cardiologist alone was feasible, well-tolerated and cost-effective in emergency DCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Stronati
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Capucci
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Dello Russo
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Erica Adrario
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti", Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Carsetti
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti", Ancona, Italy
| | - Michela Casella
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, Ancona, Italy
| | - Abele Donati
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti", Ancona, Italy
| | - Federico Guerra
- Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Via Conca 71, Ancona, Italy.
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Zhang P, Liang JJ, Cai C, Tian Y, Dai MY, Wong J, Everett TH, Wittwer ED, Barsness GW, Chen PS, Jiang CY, Cha YM. Characterization of skin sympathetic nerve activity in patients with cardiomyopathy and ventricular arrhythmia. Heart Rhythm 2019; 16:1669-1675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cronin B, Dalia A, Nguyen QS, Slotto J, Elhassan A, Maus T, Essandoh MK. The Year in Electrophysiology: Selected Highlights From 2018. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:1771-1777. [PMID: 30765206 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This article is the first in an annual series for the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The authors thank the editor-in-chief, Dr. Kaplan, the associate editor-in-chief, Dr. Augoustides, and the editorial board for the opportunity to start this series, namely the research highlights of the year that pertain to electrophysiology in relation to cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia. This first article focuses on esophageal thermal injury during radiofrequency ablation, perioperative management of patients presenting for ablation procedures, left atrial appendage occlusion devices, and, finally, heart failure diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Cronin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, UCSD Medical Center, San Diego, CA.
| | - Adam Dalia
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - James Slotto
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Timothy Maus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, UCSD Medical Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael K Essandoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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Choi GJ, Kang H, Baek CW, Jung YH, Ko JS. Etomidate versus propofol sedation for electrical external cardioversion: a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:2023-2029. [PMID: 30175627 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2018.1519501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of etomidate vs propofol sedation for electrical cardioversion. METHODS The authors searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, Koreamed, and KMBASE databases to identify all randomized controlled trials that compared etomidate and propofol sedation for cardioversion in adult patients. Induction and recovery time, success rate, number of shocks, and cumulative energy were evaluated. Adverse effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular complications, myoclonus, and nausea and vomiting, were also assessed. RESULTS A total of nine studies, involving a total of 430 patients, were included. Induction and recovery time, success rate, number of shocks, and cumulative energy were similar. The incidences of hypotension and respiratory depression were significantly higher in the propofol group than in the etomidate group (risk ratio [RR] = 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.02-0.74, I2 = 0%; RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.32-0.77, I2 = 47%, respectively). The incidences of myoclonus and nausea or vomiting were significantly higher in the etomidate group than in the propofol group (RR = 8.89, 95% CI = 4.59-17.23, I2 = 9%; RR = 5.13, 95% CI = 1.72-15.31, I2 = 31%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Issues affecting efficacy, including induction and recovery time, success rate, number of shocks, and cumulative energy, were comparable between etomidate and propofol sedation. Regarding safety issues, propofol sedation resulted in hypotension and respiratory depression more frequently; however, initiation of positive pressure ventilation was comparable. Etomidate sedation caused myoclonus and nausea or vomiting more frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Joo Choi
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Chung-Ang University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kang
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Chung-Ang University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Wha Baek
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Chung-Ang University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jung
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Chung-Ang University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Ko
- b Department of Plastic Surgery , National Police Hospital , Seoul , Korea
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