Terpenoids from Chloranthus multistachys

Two new dinor-eudesmane sesquiterpenoids from the roots of Chloranthus multistachys

Two new dinor-eudesmane sesquiterpenoids, named multistalin A (1), and multistalin B (2), together with three sesquiterpene glycosides (3-5), and a norlabdane-type diterpene (6) were isolated from the root extract of Chloranthus multistachys Pei. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including 1D, 2D NMR techniques and HR-ESI-MS. In addition, the cytotoxicity activities of the isolated compounds against selected cancer cells (Hela and A-549) were evaluated by MTT assay.

Further terpenoids from the Chloranthaceae plant Chloranthus multistachys and their anti-neuroinflammatory activities

Three labdane-type [multisins A-C (1-3)], two guaiane-type [multisins D (4) and E (5)], and one eudesmane-type [multisin F (6)] previously undescribed terpenoids, together with 14 mono- (7-20) and seven dimeric- (21-27) known terpenoids, were isolated from the 90% MeOH extract of the whole plant of Chloranthus multistachys. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 4 and 5 are rare trinor-sesquiterpenes with a de-isopropyl guaiane skeleton, whereas compound 6 is a rearranged dinor-eudesmene featuring an uncommon octahydro-1H-indene ring system. Among the isolates, the dimeric lindenane sesquiterpenoid shizukaol C (25) exhibited the most potent (IC₅₀ = 8.04 μM) anti-neuroinflammatory activity by inhibiting the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV-2 microglial cells.

Three pairs of sesquiterpene enantiomers from Chloranthus multistachys pei

Phytochemical investigation on the whole plant of Chloranthus multistachys pei (Chloranthaceae) afforded three pairs of new sesquiterpene enantiomers (+)/(-)-chlorantene M [(+)/(-)-1], (+)/(-)-chlorantene M1 [(+)/(-)-2] and (+)/(-)-chlorantene N [(+)/(-)-3]. The structures of new compounds were determined through spectroscopic techniques (HR-ESI-MS, 1 D and 2 D NMR), besides, their absolute and relative configurations were established by using Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and CD spectrum. The anti-inflammatory potential of all compounds was evaluated by applying LPS induced RAW 264.7 macrophage inflammatory model, and the results were that none of these compounds showed activity (IC₅₀ > 100 μM).

Trichloranoids A–D, antimalarial sesquiterpenoid trimers from Chloranthus spicatus

Four new anti-malarial sesquiterpenoid trimers including two rearranged skeletons were isolated from Chloranthus spicatus. The structurally different but biogenetically related compounds 1, 2 and 5 rationalized the biradical pathway, and vice versa.

Reanalysis of Lindenatriene, a Building Block for the Synthesis of Lindenane Oligomers

Lindenane oligomers isolated from Chloranthus pose significant challenges for chemical synthesis. The structure of a proposed biosynthetic monomer, lindenatriene, was recently called into question. Its attempted synthesis produced a compound whose 1H NMR spectrum differed significantly from the spectrum of a monomer produced by oligomer pyrolysis. Here we propose that the original structural assignment after pyrolysis was correct and instead the spectra of synthetic materials were misinterpreted. Reanalysis of 2D NMR data suggest that lindenatriene isomerizes (formal [1,7]-hydrogen shift) upon treatment with base.

Modulation of glucose metabolism by a natural compound from Chloranthus japonicus via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor and regulator of glucose metabolism. Here, we demonstrated that shizukaol F, a natural compound isolated from Chloranthus japonicus, can activate AMPK and modulate glucose metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. Shizukaol F increased glucose uptake in differentiated C2C12 myotubes by stimulating glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) membraned translocation. Treatment of primary mouse hepatocytes with shizukaol F decreased the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis. Meanwhile, a single oral dose of shizukaol F reduced gluconeogenesis in C57BL/6 J mice. Further studies indicated that shizukaol F modulates glucose metabolism mainly by AMPKa phosphorylation activity. In addition, we also found that shizukaol F depolarizes the mitochondrial membrane and inhibits respiratory complex I, which may result in AMPK activation. Our results highlight the potential value of shizukaol F as a possible treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Asymmetric synthesis of (+)-17-epi-methoxy-kauran-3-one through tandem oxidative polycyclization-pinacol process

A synthesis of (+)-17-epi-methoxy-kauran-3-one, an O-methylated isomer of the natural diterpene 17-hydroxy-kauran-3-one, has been achieved. The strategy is based on a diastereoselective oxidative polycyclization-pinacol tandem process consisting of transforming a functionalized phenol into a compact and complex tetracycle, which represents the main core of kaurane family members. The synthesis also includes an enantioselective Yamamoto's allylation, a diastereoselective Ru-catalyzed hydrocyanation, a ring-closing metathesis and a reductive isomerization process as key steps. The structure of our synthetic substrate was determined through comparison with an O-methylated derivative of the natural compound.

Constituents from Chloranthaceae plants and their biological activities

The Chloranthaceae is a small family with only four genera (

Phytochemical and biological studies of Chloranthus medicinal plants

The plants of genus Chloranthus have been investigated in many chemical and pharmacological laboratories due to their complex secondary metabolites and diverse bioactivities. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview on the chemistry and bioactivity of the compounds isolated, mainly sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids, from the genus Chloranthus over the past few decades.

Sesquiterpenoids from Chloranthus multistachys

An 8,9-seco-lindenane disesquiterpenoid, chloramultiol G, four eudesmane sesquiterpenoids, ent-(3R)-3-hydroxyatractylenolide III and multistalactones A-C, and four guaiane sesquiterpenoids, (1R,4S,5R,8S,10S)-zedoalactone A and multistalactones D-F, along with 14 known compounds, were isolated from whole plant tissues of Chloranthus multistachys. Their structures were established by extensive NMR experiments in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Except for chloramultiol G, the absolute stereochemistries of the other eight were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and CD spectra. Nine compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines and for antifungal activity against four microorganisms in vitro, but all were inactive.

Four sesquiterpenoids from Chloranthus multistachys

Four new sesquiterpenoids, chlomultins A-D (1-4), were isolated from the whole plant of Chloranthus multistachys. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.

Chloramultiols A-F, lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers from Chloranthus multistachys

Six new highly complex lindenane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers, chloramultiols A-F (1-6), along with six known analogues, were isolated from the whole plant of Chloranthus multistachys. The structures of 1-6 were elucidated on the basis of mass spectrometry (MS) and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. Among them, compounds 1 and 6 contain a unique 18-membered macrocyclic triester ring. All compounds isolated were evaluated for the inhibition of the growth of five tumor cell lines.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verd. leaf extract in rats

AIM OF THE STUDY

Chloranthus erectus (Buch.-Ham.) Verdcourt (Chloranthaceae) is a shrub native to tropical and temperate zone of Eastern Himalaya of India and South-East Asia and have traditionally been used as a folklore medicine to treat localised swelling, joint pain, skin inflammation, fever and bodyache. In this study, an attempt has been made to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract obtained from Chloranthus erectus leaves (MECEL) in acute, sub-acute and chronic mouse models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Inflammation in the hind paw of Wistar albino rat was induced by carrageenan, histamine and serotonin, and tissue granuloma pouch was induced by cotton pellet method. Anti-inflammatory drug-phenylbutazone was used as standard drug for comparison.

RESULTS

In acute carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema, oral administration of MECEL at 200 mg/kg produced significant inhibition of edema by 38.34% (p < 0.01) while the histamine- and serotonin-induced sub-acute model, the inhibition of paw edema reached 52.54% (p < 0.001) and 25.5% (p < 0.01), respectively. In a 7-day study, MECEL at 20 and 50 mg/kg produced significant suppression of cotton pellet-induced tissue granuloma formation in rats.

CONCLUSIONS

This preliminary study revealed that the methanol extract of Chloranthus erectus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models, and may provide the scientific rationale for its popular folk medicine as anti-inflammatory agent.