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Liu J, Liang S, Qin K, Jia B, Ren Z, Yang X, Yang X. Acer truncatum leaves extract modulates gut microbiota, improves antioxidant capacity, and alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102951. [PMID: 37562124 PMCID: PMC10432845 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the appropriate way of dietary Acer truncatum leaves (ATL) addition, the effect of disease prevention and its mechanism of action. In experiment 1, 192 Arbor Acres broilers were assigned to 4 treatment groups, fed with basal diets containing 2% bran, replacing it with primary and fermented ATL, and additional 0.3% ATL extract to the basal diet for 42 d, respectively. In experiment 2, 144 broilers were assigned to 3 treatment groups for 21-d trial: (1) C-N group, basal diets, and injected with 0.9% (w/v) sterile saline; (2) C-L group, basal diets, and injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (3) T-L group, ATL diets and injected with LPS. In experiment 1, ATL significantly decreased the index of abdominal fat at 42 d (P < 0.05). ATL extract had a better ability to improve antioxidant capacity and reduce inflammatory levels among all treatment groups, which significantly decreased the content of MDA in the liver and ileum mucosa at 21 d, and increased the expression of IL-10 and Occludin in jejunal mucosa at 42 d (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, ATL significantly increased the level of T-AOC in the liver, decreased the expression of NF-κB in the jejunal mucosa and ileum mucosa (P < 0.05), and restored LPS-induced the changed level of CAT in jejunal mucosa, the expression of IL-6, Claudin-1, and ZO-1 in jejunal mucosa and IL-1β in ileum mucosa (P < 0.05). Analysis of gut microbiota indicated that ATL enhanced the abundances of Bacteroidota and reduced the proportion of Firmicutes (P < 0.05), and the changed levels of T-AOC in body, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and NF-κB in jejunum mucosa and propionic acid in cecal were associated with gut microbiota. Collectively, our data showed that the extract of ATL had a better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects than primality and fermented. Extraction of ATL modulated intestinal microbiota, and had a protective effect on oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal barrier function in broilers challenged with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Saisai Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Kailong Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Bingzheng Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zhouzheng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
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Liang Y, Kong F, Ma X, Shu Q. Inhibitory Effect of Acer truncatum Bunge Seed Coat Extract on Fatty Acid Synthase, Differentiation and Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041324. [PMID: 35209113 PMCID: PMC8876472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acer truncatum Bunge is now widely cultivated throughout the world. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a potential target in the treatment of both obesity and cancer. Only a few FAS inhibitors have been reported. In this study, the inhibitory effect of A. truncatum seed coat (ESA) on FAS and the inhibition mechanisms were investigated using a FAS activity assay and an enzyme kinetics study. The main chemicals of ESA were analyzed with UPLC-MS/MS. The effects of ESA on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation were investigated using Oil red O staining. We first identified seven main compounds (quinic acid, malic acid, gentisic acid, procyanidin dimer, procyanidin trimer, catechin, and quercetin) from 50% ethanol extracts of seed coats of A. truncatum (ESAs), which were then found to inhibit 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation at the concentration of 50 μg/mL. ESA obviously reduced the visible triglyceride droplets accumulation, and dramatically decreased the number of the adipocytes at a comparatively high concentration. It is suggested that the effects are due to the inhibition of FAS by ESA; FAS activity is inhibited by ESA at a half inhibition concentration (IC50) of 0.57 μg/mL, which is lower than that of classically known FAS inhibitors. Meanwhile, ESA displayed different inhibition kinetics and reacting sites for FAS. These results provide new clues for the development of novel products for obesity treatment and a scientific basis for the full use of byproducts for future industrial production of vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.L.); (F.K.)
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, No. 11 Beisanhuanxi Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.L.); (F.K.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (Q.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-8825-6585 (X.M.); +86-10-6283-6655 (Q.S.)
| | - Qingyan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (Y.L.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: (X.M.); (Q.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-8825-6585 (X.M.); +86-10-6283-6655 (Q.S.)
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Fan Y, Lin F, Zhang R, Wang M, Gu R, Long C. Acer truncatum Bunge: A comprehensive review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114572. [PMID: 34487848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acer truncatum Bunge is a multifunctional plant in northern China. It has traditionally been used to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and treat skin trauma by different linguistic groups including Mongolian, Tibetan, and Korean. Although research has verified that A. truncatum contains a variety of active ingredients, especially nervonic acid, an important component in delaying brain aging, to date no review has been made to compile its traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aimed to update the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of A. truncatum, which expect to provide theoretical support for the future utilization as well as highlight the further investigation of this important plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological information related to A. truncatum from 1949 to March 2021 were collated by surveying the traditional medicinal books and ethnomedicinal publications and searching the online databases including Google Scholar, Sci Finder, Web of Science, Springer Link, PubMed, Wiley, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Baidu Scholar, and Wan Fang Database. RESULTS A. truncatum has traditionally been used for medicinal, edible and ornamental purposes in northern China for many centuries. Different parts of the plant including leaves, fruits and bark, are mainly used as herbal medicine to treat hyperpiesia, hyperlipidemia, bruises, back pain, etc. A total of 288 compounds in A. truncatum, including polyphenols, organic acids or lipids, and biological volatile organic compounds were isolated or identified by phytochemical studies. Pharmacological research showed that A. truncatum has various bioactivities such as acetylcholinesterase inhibition, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and fatty acid synthase inhibition effects. CONCLUSION A. truncatum has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for centuries in northern China. Polyphenols, organic acids, lipids and other compounds were isolated or identified from different parts of the plant. Most of the pharmacological activities of A. truncatum have been reported, which showed its potential in the development of new drugs or nutraceuticals. However, detailed information on the molecular mechanisms, metabolic activity, and toxicology of active components is limited. Further comprehensive research to evaluate the medicinal properties of A. truncatum will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Fengke Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ruifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ronghui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Chen DJ, Luo XG, Yan LH, Si CL, Wang N, He HP, Zhang TC. Transcriptome analysis of unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis shows essential genes in sprouting of Acer truncatum Bunge seeds. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kim JH, Lee S, Kim HY, Cho EJ. Acer okamotoanum inhibits adipocyte differentiation by the regulation of adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3‑L1 cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:589-596. [PMID: 31894306 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acer okamotoanum is reported to have various antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory and beneficial immune system effects. The anti‑adipocyte differentiation effects and mechanisms of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of an A. okamotoanum extraction was investigated in 3T3‑L1 adipocyte cells. Treatment with differentiation inducers increased the level of triglycerides (TGs) in 3T3‑L1 adipocyte cells compared with an untreated control. However, the EtOAc fraction of A. okamotoanum significantly decreased TGs. Treatment with 1, 2.5 and 5 µg/ml showed weak activity, but TG production was inhibited at 10 µg/ml compared with the control. In addition, A. okamotoanum caused a significant downregulation of proteins related to adipogenesis, such as γ‑cytidine‑cytidine‑adenosine‑adenosine‑thymidine/enhancer binding protein‑α, ‑β and peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ, compared with the untreated control. Furthermore, A. okamotoanum significantly upregulated lipolysis related protein, hormone‑sensitive lipase and the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate‑activated protein kinase (AMPK). Therefore, these results indicate that A. okamotoanum suppressed adipogenesis and increased lipolysis and the activation of AMPK, suggesting a protective role in adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung‑Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Hou Y, Jin C, An R, Yin X, Piao Y, Yin X, Jin L, Zhang C. A new flavonoid from the stem bark of Acer tegmentosum. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gu R, Rybalov L, Negrin A, Morcol T, Long W, Myers AK, Isaac G, Yuk J, Kennelly EJ, Long C. Metabolic Profiling of Different Parts of Acer truncatum from the Mongolian Plateau Using UPLC-QTOF-MS with Comparative Bioactivity Assays. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1585-1597. [PMID: 30675777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acer truncatum is an important ornamental, edible, and medicinal plant resource in China. Previous phytochemical research has focused on the leaf (AL) due to its long history as a tea for health. Other parts such as the branch (ABr), bark (ABa), fruit (AF), and root (AR) have drawn little attention regarding their metabolites and bioactivities. The strategy of an in-house chemical library combined with Progenesis QI informatics platform was applied to characterize the metabolites. A total of 98 compounds were characterized or tentatively identified, including 63 compounds reported from this species for the first time. Principal component analysis showed the close clustering of ABr, ABa, and AR, indicating that they share similar chemical components, while AL and AF clustered more distantly. By multiple orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analyses (OPLS-DA), 52 compounds were identified as potential marker compounds differentiating these different plant parts. The variable influence on projection score from OPLS-DA revealed that catechin, procyanidins B2 or B3, and procyanidins C1 or C2 are the significant metabolites in ABa extracts, which likely contribute to its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Gu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences , Minzu University of China , 27 Zhong-Guan-Cun South Avenue , Haidian, Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Levi Rybalov
- Macaulay Honors College , City University of New York , 35 West 67th Street , New York City , New York 10023 , United States
| | - Adam Negrin
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center , City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue , New York , New York 10016 United States
| | - Taylan Morcol
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center , City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue , New York , New York 10016 United States
| | - Weiwen Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , United States
| | - Amanda K Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , United States
| | - Giorgis Isaac
- Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street , Milford , Massachusetts 01757 , United States
| | - Jimmy Yuk
- Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street , Milford , Massachusetts 01757 , United States
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center , City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue , New York , New York 10016 United States
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences , Minzu University of China , 27 Zhong-Guan-Cun South Avenue , Haidian, Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine , Ministry of Education, Minzu University of China , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
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Chen DJ, Yan LH, Li Q, Zhang CJ, Si CL, Li ZY, Song YJ, Zhou H, Zhang TC, Luo XG. Bioconversion of conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC8198 supplemented with Acer truncatum bunge seeds oil. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1595-1611. [PMID: 30263697 PMCID: PMC6049728 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, c9, t11-CLA and t10, c12-CLA, have been proved to exhibit excellent biomedical properties for potential use in anti-cancer applications and in reducing obesity. Acer truncatum Bunge (ATB), which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, linoleic acid, and nervonic acid, is a new resource for edible oil. In the present study, we developed a new method for producing two CLA isomers from ATB-seed oil by fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC8198 (LP8198), a novel probiotics strain. Polymerase chain reaction results showed that there was a conserved linoleate isomerase (LIase) gene in LP8198, and its transcription could be induced by ATB-seed oil. Analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the concentration of c9, t11-CLA and t10, c12-CLA in ATB-seed oil could be increased by about 9- and 2.25-fold, respectively, after being fermented by LP8198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-jiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Ling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
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Yang L, Yin P, Fan H, Xue Q, Li K, Li X, Sun L, Liu Y. Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Acer Truncatum Leaves for Maximal Phenolic Yield and Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:E232. [PMID: 28165408 PMCID: PMC6155778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to report the use of response surface methodology to improve phenolic yield and antioxidant activity of Acer truncatum leaves extracts (ATLs) obtained by ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The phenolic composition in ATLs extracted under the optimized conditions were characterized by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Solvent and extraction time were selected based on preliminary experiments, and a four-factors-three-levels central composite design was conducted to optimize solvent concentration (X₁), material-to-liquid ratio (X₂), ultrasonic temperature (X₃) and power (X₄) for an optimal total phenol yield (Y₁) and DPPH• antioxidant activity (Y₂). The results showed that the optimal combination was ethanol:water (v:v) 66.21%, material-to-liquid ratio 1:15.31 g/mL, ultrasonic bath temperature 60 °C, power 267.30 W, and time 30 min with three extractions, giving a maximal total phenol yield of 7593.62 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g d.w. and a maximal DPPH• antioxidant activity of 74,241.61 μmol Trolox equivalent/100 g d.w. Furthermore, 22 phenolics were first identified in ATL extract obtained under the optimized conditions, indicating that gallates, gallotannins, quercetin, myricetin and chlorogenic acid derivatives were the main phenolic components in ATL. What's more, a gallotannins pathway existing in ATL from gallic acid to penta-O-galloylglucoside was proposed. All these results provide practical information aiming at full utilization of phenolics in ATL, together with fundamental knowledge for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingguang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Peipei Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hang Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ke Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yujun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Bi W, Gao Y, Shen J, He C, Liu H, Peng Y, Zhang C, Xiao P. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Acer (maple): A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 189:31-60. [PMID: 27132717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Acer (Aceraceae), commonly known as maple, comprises approximately 129 species that primarily grow in the northern hemisphere, especially in the temperate regions of East Asia, eastern North America, and Europe. These plants have been traditionally used to treat a wide range of diseases in East Asia and North America. Moreover, clinical studies have shown that medicinal plants belonging to Acer are highly effective in the treatment of rheumatism, bruises, hepatic disorders, eye disease, and pain, and in detoxification. This review provides a systematic and constructive overview of the traditional uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of plants of the genus Acer. MATERIAL AND METHODS This review is based on a literature study of scientific journals and books from libraries and electronic sources such as SciFinder, ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science. The literature in this review related to chemical constituents and pharmacological activities dates from 1922 to the end of October 2015. Furthermore, ethnopharmacological information on this genus was obtained from libraries and herbaria in China and USA. RESULTS In traditional medicine, 40 species, 11 subspecies, and one varieta of the genus Acer are known to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. To date, 331 compounds have been identified from 34 species of the genus Acer, including flavonoids, tannins, phenylpropanoids, diarylheptanoids, terpenoids, benzoic acid derivatives, and several other types of compounds, such as phenylethanoid glycosides and alkaloids. Preliminary pharmacological studies have shown that the extracts and compounds isolated from this genus exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and antiobesity activities, as well as promoting osteoblast differentiation. To date, reports on the toxicity of Acer species to humans are very limited, and the major safety concern of these plants is in the veterinary field. CONCLUSIONS Based on our systematic review, Acer species can be used to treat rheumatism, hepatic disorders, eye disease, pain, etc. effectively. Some indications from ethnomedicine have been validated by pharmacological activities, such as the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of the species. The available literature showed that most of the activities of these species can be attributed to flavonoids and tannins. To ensure the safety and efficacy in clinical practice in the future, studies identifying active molecules and clarifying their pharmacological mechanisms as well as toxicity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Bi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research and the Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunnian He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haibo Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Peng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, People's Republic of China
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Mullen GE, Yet L. Progress in the development of fatty acid synthase inhibitors as anticancer targets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4363-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Inhibition of Rat 5α-Reductase Activity and Testosterone-Induced Sebum Synthesis in Hamster Sebocytes by an Extract of Quercus acutissima Cortex. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:853846. [PMID: 25709710 PMCID: PMC4325551 DOI: 10.1155/2015/853846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Bokusoku (BK) is an extract from the Quercus cortex used in folk medicine for treatment of skin disorders and convergence, and is present in jumihaidokuto, a traditional Japanese medicine that is prescribed for purulent skin diseases like acne vulgaris. The excess of sebum production induced by androgen is involved in the development of acne. Our aim is to examine whether BK and its constituents inhibit testosterone metabolism and testosterone-induced sebum synthesis. Methods. Measurements of 5α-reductase activity and lipogenesis were performed using rat liver microsomes and hamster sebocytes, respectively. Results. BK dose-dependently reduced the conversion of testosterone to a more active androgen, dihydrotestosterone in a 5α-reductase enzymatic reaction. Twenty polyphenols in BK categorized as gallotannin, ellagitannin, and flavonoid were identified by LC-MS/MS. Nine polyphenols with gallate group, tetragalloyl glucose, pentagalloyl glucose, eugeniin, 1-desgalloyl eugeniin, casuarinin, castalagin, stenophyllanin C, (−)-epicatechin gallate, and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, inhibited testosterone metabolism. In particular, pentagalloyl glucose showed the strongest activity. BK and pentagalloyl glucose suppressed testosterone-induced lipogenesis, whereas they weakly inhibited the lipogenic action of insulin. Conclusions. BK inhibited androgen-related pathogenesis of acne, testosterone conversion, and sebum synthesis, partially through 5α-reductase inhibition, and has potential to be a useful agent in the therapeutic strategy of acne.
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In vitro inhibition of fatty acid synthase by 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose plays a vital role in anti-tumour activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:346-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tanos R, Murray IA, Smith PB, Patterson A, Perdew GH. Role of the Ah receptor in homeostatic control of fatty acid synthesis in the liver. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:372-9. [PMID: 22696238 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in the attenuation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. This regulation did not require that the AHR binds to its cognate response element. Based on these observations and other reports depicting a role for AHR in lipid metabolism, we chose to investigate the involvement of the receptor in the regulation of the fatty acid synthesis pathway in mice and humans. For this purpose, C57BL/6J, liver-specific transgenic DRE-binding mutant AhR (A78D-AhrTtr CreAlb Ahrfx/fx) and CreAlb Ahrfx/fx mice were treated with an AHR ligand, and hepatic mRNA expression levels of key fatty acid genes (e.g., Acaca, Fasn, Scd1) were measured. The basal levels of those genes were also compared between C57BL6/J and hepatic AHR-deficient mice, as well as between Ahb and Ahd congenic mice. To extend these results to humans, fatty acid gene expression in human cells were compared with AHR-silenced cells. In addition, primary human hepatocytes were treated with an AHR ligand to assess alterations in gene expression and fatty acid synthesis. These studies indicated that the AHR constitutively attenuates the expression of key fatty acid synthesis genes in the absence of binding to its cognate response element. In addition, activation of AHR led to further repression of the expression of these genes and a decrease in overall fatty acid synthesis and secretion in human hepatocytes. Based on our results, we can conclude that increased AHR activity represses fatty acid synthesis, suggesting it may be a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tanos
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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