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Mosaddad SA, Hussain A, Tebyaniyan H. Green Alternatives as Antimicrobial Agents in Mitigating Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1269. [PMCID: PMC10220622 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common infectious oral diseases impacting oral health globally. Oral cavity health is crucial for enhancing life quality since it serves as the entranceway to general health. The oral microbiome and oral infectious diseases are strongly correlated. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with periodontal diseases. Due to the shortcomings of several antimicrobial medications frequently applied in dentistry, the lack of resources in developing countries, the prevalence of oral inflammatory conditions, and the rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is a need for reliable, efficient, and affordable alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Several accessible chemical agents can alter the oral microbiota, although these substances also have unfavorable symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth discoloration. Natural phytochemicals generated from plants that have historically been used as medicines are categorized as prospective alternatives due to the ongoing quest for substitute products. This review concentrated on phytochemicals or herbal extracts that impact periodontal diseases by decreasing the formation of dental biofilms and plaques, preventing the proliferation of oral pathogens, and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to surfaces. Investigations examining the effectiveness and safety of plant-based medicines have also been presented, including those conducted over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- School of Dentistry, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Science and Research Branch, Islimic Azade University, Tehran 14878-92855, Iran
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Cui H, Li X, An XR, Liu W, Yuan T. Masticadienonic acid from Chios mastic gum mitigates colitis in mice via modulating inflammatory response, gut barrier integrity and microbiota. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154518. [PMID: 36403513 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chios mastic gum (CMG) is a traditional Greek medicine used to treat a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the bioactive compounds of CMG and the mechanisms of action for controlling of IBD remain unknown. PURPOSE Masticadienonic acid (MDA) is one of the most abundant constituents isolated from CMG. This study aims to investigate the potential effects and underlying mechanisms of MDA in the pathogenesis of colitis. METHODS The effects of MDA were evaluated using a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis mouse model. The body and spleen weight and colon length and weight were measured and the clinical symptoms were analysed. Blood samples were collected to analyse the level of serum inflammatory markers. Colon tissues were processed for histopathological examination, evaluation of the epithelial barrier function, and investigation of the probable mechanisms of action. The gut microbiota composition was also studied to determine the mechanism for the beneficial effects of MDA on IBD. RESULTS MDA could ameliorate the severity of IBD by increasing the body weight and colon length, reducing spleen weight, disease activity index, and histological score. MDA treatments reduce the release of serum inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) via inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways. MDA supplementation could also improve the intestinal barrier function by activating the NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) signalling pathway and restoring the expression of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. In addition, MDA administration modulates the gut microbiota composition in DSS-induced colitis mice. CONCLUSION The results indicate that MDA attenuated experimental colitis by restoring intestinal barrier integrity, reducing inflammation, and modulating the gut microbiota. The present study provides novel insights into CMG-mediated remission of IBD and may facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xue-Rui An
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China.
| | - Tao Yuan
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.
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Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Schiede ex Standl (Anacardiaceae): An Endemic Plant with Relevant Pharmacological Properties. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131766. [PMID: 35807718 PMCID: PMC9268796 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diseases, such as cancer, peptic ulcers, and diabetes, as well as those caused by drug-resistant infectious agents are examples of some of the world’s major public health problems. Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Schiede ex Standl is an endemic tree to Mexico. Its stem bark has been used medicinally since pre-Hispanic times, but in recent decades it has been scientifically proven that it has properties that help counteract some diseases; extracts with organic solvents of the plant are outstanding for their anticancer, gastroprotective, and antimicrobial properties; terpenes and long-chain phenols have been identified as the main active compounds. Currently, overharvesting is causing a sharp reduction in natural populations due to an increase in demand for the stem bark by people seeking to improve their health and by national and transnational companies seeking to market it. Because of the growing interest of the world population and the scientific community, we reviewed recent studies on the bioactive properties of A. adstringens. Through the orderly and critical compendium of the current knowledge of A. adstringens, we provide a reference for future studies aimed at the rational use and protection of this valuable endemic natural resource.
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Dame-Teixeira N, El-Gendy R, Monici Silva I, Holanda CA, de Oliveira AS, Romeiro LAS, Do T. Sustainable multifunctional phenolic lipids as potential therapeutics in Dentistry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9299. [PMID: 35662265 PMCID: PMC9166758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic lipids components of the cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) have molecular structures capable of chemical signalling that regulate gene expression, metabolism and inflammation. This study sets out to assess how CNSL derivatives impact oral bacteria, from an antibacterial and anti-collagenolytic perspective, as well as its biocompatibility with dental pulp stem cells. Two hemi-synthetic saturated CNSL derivative compounds were selected (LDT11-Anacardic Acids-derivative and LDT409-cardanol-derivative). Bacteriostatic activity was tested against Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula. Antimicrobial capacity against preformed S. mutans biofilms was investigated using a collagen-coated Calgary Biofilm Device and confocal microscopy. Clostridium histolyticum, P. gingivalis and S. mutans biofilms were used to assess anti-collagenolytic activity. Biocompatibility with human dental pulp stromal cells (HDPSCs) was investigated (MTT for viability proportion, LDH assays for cell death rate). LDTs inhibited the bacterial growth, as well as partially inhibited bacterial collagenases in concentrations higher than 5 μg/mL. Dose–response rates of biofilm cell death was observed (LDT11 at 20, 50, 100 μg/mL = 1.0 ± 0.4, 0.7 ± 0.3, 0.6 ± 0.03, respectively). Maximum cytotoxicity was 30%. After 1 week, LDT409 had no HDPSCs death. HDPSCs viability was decreased after 24 h of treatment with LDT11 and LDT409, but recovered at 72 h and showed a massive increase in viability and proliferation after 1 week. LDTs treatment was associated with odontoblast-like morphology. In conclusion, LDT11 multifunctionality and biocompatibility, stimulating dental pulp stem cells proliferation and differentiation, indicates a potential as a bio-based dental material for regenerative Dentistry. Its potential as a bacterial collagenases inhibitor to reduce collagen degradation in root/dentinal caries can be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naile Dame-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro - UnB, Federal District, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil. .,Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Reem El-Gendy
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Isabela Monici Silva
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro - UnB, Federal District, Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Andrade Holanda
- Nucleus of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa Souza de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Soares Romeiro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil.,Nucleus of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brasilia, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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Antimicrobial Properties of Compounds Isolated from Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry and Medicinal Plants Used in French Polynesia. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050733. [PMID: 35629400 PMCID: PMC9147835 DOI: 10.3390/life12050733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A preliminary ethnopharmacological survey, achieved in French Polynesia, led to the collection of the most cited plants among 63 species used to treat “infectious” diseases, with a description of their medicinal uses. Bibliographical investigations and antimicrobial screening permitted the selection of the botanical species Syzygium malaccense (Myrtaceae) for phytochemical analysis. Leaves of Syzygium malaccense were usually used in mixture with rhizomes of Curcuma longa to treat infectious diseases such as cystitis. The methanolic plant extracts were tested in vitro with an agar microdilution method on 33 bacteria strains and 1 yeast to obtain their Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells were evaluated. Antimicrobial synergistic effects of methanolic plant extracts from leaves of Syzygium malaccense and rhizomes from Curcuma longa were also evaluated. The bio-guided isolation of leaf extract from Syzygium malaccense led to the identification of seven alkyl-salicylic acids (anacardic acids or ginkgolic acids C15:0, C15:1, C17:0, C17:1, C17:2, C17:3 and C19:1) described for the first time in this species. All compounds were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (18.75 < MIC < 75.0 µg/mL), Streptococcus pyogenes (2.34 < MIC < 18.75 µg/mL) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 150 µg/mL), and their structure−activity relationships were discussed. The methanolic extract and salicylic derivatives from S. malaccense showed an interesting antimicrobial activity against Gram+ bacteria, without toxicity on hepG2 cells at 400 μg/mL. Moreover, these antibacterial compounds have already been studied for their anti-inflammatory activity, which supports the therapeutic interest of S. malaccense against infectious diseases.
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Anacardic Acids from Amphipterygium adstringens Confer Cytoprotection against 5-Fluorouracil and Carboplatin Induced Blood Cell Toxicity While Increasing Antitumoral Activity and Survival in an Animal Model of Breast Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113241. [PMID: 34071241 PMCID: PMC8198955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphipterygium adstringens (cuachalalate) contains anacardic acids (AAs) such as 6-pentadecyl salicylic acid (6SA) that show immunomodulatory and antitumor activity with minimal or no secondary adverse effects. By contrast, most chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and carboplatin (CbPt), induce myelosuppression and leukopenia. Here, we investigated the myeloprotective and antineoplastic potential of an AA extract or the 6SA as monotherapy or in combination with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents (5-FU and CbPt) to determine the cytoprotective action of 6SA on immune cells. Treatment of Balb/c breast tumor-bearing female mice with an AA mixture or 6SA did not induce the myelosuppression or leukopenia observed with 5-FU and CbPt. The co-administration of AA mixture or isolated 6SA with 5-FU or CbPt reduced the apoptosis of circulating blood cells and bone marrow cells. Treatment of 4T1 breast tumor-bearing mice with the AA mixture or 6SA reduced tumor growth and lung metastasis and increased the survival rate compared with monotherapies. An increased effect was observed in tumor reduction with the combination of 6SA and CbPt. In conclusion, AAs have important myeloprotective and antineoplastic effects, and they can improve the efficiency of chemotherapeutics, thereby protecting the organism against the toxic effects of drugs such as 5-FU and CbPt.
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Howard KC, Gonzalez OA, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Porphyromonas gingivalis: where do we stand in our battle against this oral pathogen? RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:666-704. [PMID: 34124669 PMCID: PMC8152699 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, are inflammatory diseases triggered by pathogenic bacteria that lead to damage of the soft tissue and bone supporting the teeth. Amongst the identified oral periodontopathogenic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to enhance oral dysbiosis, which is an imbalance in the beneficial commensal and periodontal pathogenic bacteria that induces chronic inflammation. Given the critical role of oral pathogenic bacteria like P. gingivalis in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, local and/or systemic antibacterial therapy has been suggested to treat this disease, especially in its severe or refractory forms. Nevertheless, the majority of the antibacterial agents currently used for the treatment of periodontal diseases are broad-spectrum, which harms beneficial bacterial species that are critical in health, inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, contribute in protecting the periodontal tissues to damage and aid in its healing. Thus, the development of more effective and specific antibacterial agents is needed to control oral pathogens in a polymicrobial environment. The strategies for the development of novel antibacterial agents include natural product isolation as well as synthetic and semi-synthetic methodologies. This review presents an overview of the periodontal diseases gingivitis and periodontitis along with current antibacterial treatment options (i.e., classes of antibacterial agents and the mechanism(s) of resistance that hinder their usage) used in periodontal diseases that specifically target oral pathogens such as P. gingivalis. In addition, to help medicinal chemists gain a better understanding of potentially promising scaffolds, this review provides an in-depth coverage of the various families of small molecules that have been investigated as potential anti-P. gingivalis agents, including novel families of compounds, repositioned drugs, as well as natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlind C Howard
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536-0596 USA +1 859 218 1686
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- College of Dentistry, Center for Oral Health Research and Division of Periodontics, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536-0305 USA
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536-0596 USA +1 859 218 1686
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Maeda K, Nguyen VT, Suzuki T, Yamada K, Kudo K, Hikita C, Le VP, Nguyen MC, Yoshida N. Network analysis and functional estimation of the microbiome reveal the effects of cashew nut shell liquid feeding on methanogen behaviour in the rumen. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:277-290. [PMID: 33166077 PMCID: PMC7888476 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) feeding on the methane (CH4 ) emission and the ruminal microbiome of Lai Sind beef cattle were investigated. Changes in the methane production and rumen microbiome by CNSL feeding were monitored by a respiration chamber and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing respectively. The results demonstrated that CNSL feeding mitigated 20.2%-23.4% of the CH4 emission in vivo without apparent adverse effects on feed intake and feed digestibility. The rumen fluid analysis revealed a significant increase in the proportion of propionate in the total short-chain fatty acids. The relative abundance of methanogen (order Methanobacteriales) decreased significantly, indicating the direct inhibitory effect of CNSL on methanogens. The predicted function of the rumen microbiome indicated that carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms including propionate production were upregulated by CNSL feeding, whereas CH4 metabolism was downregulated. A network analysis revealed that methanogen changed its partner bacteria after CNSL feeding. The δ13 C of CH4 ranged from -74.2‰ to -66.6‰ with significant fluctuation by CNSL feeding, in agreement with the shift of the rumen microbiome. Our findings demonstrate that CNSL feeding can mitigate the CH4 emission from local cattle production systems in South-East Asia by modifying the rumen microbiome and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Maeda
- Crop, Livestock & Environment DivisionJapan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS)1‐1 OhwashiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8686Japan
| | - Van Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of AgricultureCan Tho UniversityCampus II, 3/2 StNinh KieuCan ThoVietnam
| | - Tomoyuki Suzuki
- Crop, Livestock & Environment DivisionJapan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS)1‐1 OhwashiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8686Japan
- Central Region Agricultural Research CenterNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)768 SenbonmatsuNasu‐shiobaraTochigi329‐2793Japan
| | - Keita Yamada
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology4259 NagatsutaMidori‐kuYokohama226‐8502Japan
| | - Kushi Kudo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology4259 NagatsutaMidori‐kuYokohama226‐8502Japan
- Faculty of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe University3‐11 TsurukabutoNada‐kuKobe657‐8501Japan
| | - Chie Hikita
- Idemitsu Kosan, Co. Ltd.2‐1 MidorigaharaTsukubaIbaraki300‐2646Japan
| | - Van Phong Le
- Faculty of AgricultureCan Tho UniversityCampus II, 3/2 StNinh KieuCan ThoVietnam
| | - Minh Chon Nguyen
- Faculty of AgricultureCan Tho UniversityCampus II, 3/2 StNinh KieuCan ThoVietnam
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology4259 NagatsutaMidori‐kuYokohama226‐8502Japan
- Earth‐Life Science InstituteTokyo Institute of Technology2‐12‐1 Ookayama, Meguro‐kuTokyo152‐8550Japan
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Lima RA, de Souza SLX, Lima LA, Batista ALX, de Araújo JTC, Sousa FFO, Rolim JPML, Bandeira TDJPG. Antimicrobial effect of anacardic acid-loaded zein nanoparticles loaded on Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1623-1630. [PMID: 32562202 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms play a key role in the pathogenesis of major oral diseases. Nanoparticles open new paths for drug delivery in complex structures such as biofilms. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of zein nanoparticles containing anacardic acid (AA) extracted from cashew shells of Anacardium occidentale on in vitro Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and mature biofilms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bacterial concentration (MBC), and antibiofilm assays were performed. Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disk for 5 days. To evaluate the preventive effect on biofilm formation, before contact with the inoculum, the disks were immersed once for 2 min in (1) hydroethanolic solution; (2) blank zein nanoparticles; (3) zein nanoparticles containing AA; and (4) 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate. To determine the effect against mature biofilms, the disks containing 5-day preformed biofilms were further treated using the same procedure. The bacterial viability and dry weight were determined for both assays and used to compare the groups using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Both MIC and MBC for AA-loaded zein nanoparticles were 0.36 μg/mL. Groups 3 and 4 were very effective in inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation, as no colony-forming units were detected. In contrast, for mature biofilms, no difference in bacterial viability (p = 0.28) or dry weight (p = 0.09) was found between the treatments. Therefore, the AA-based nanoformulation presented very high inhibitory and bactericidal activities against planktonic S. mutans, and the results indicate a strong antiplaque effect. However, the formulation showed no antimicrobial effect on the established biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramille Araújo Lima
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Rua João Adolfo Gurgel, 133, Cocó, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-060, Brazil
| | | | - Lais Aragão Lima
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Rua João Adolfo Gurgel, 133, Cocó, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-060, Brazil
| | - Ana Larissa Ximenes Batista
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Rua João Adolfo Gurgel, 133, Cocó, Fortaleza, CE, 60190-060, Brazil
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Rodrigues-Costa F, Slivinski J, Ióca LP, Bertonha AF, de Felício R, Cunha MGD, da Mata Madeira PV, Cauz ACG, Trindade DM, Freire VF, Ropke CD, Gales A, Brocchi M, Ferreira AG, Gueiros-Filho F, Trivella DBB, Berlinck RGS, Dessen A. Merulinic acid C overcomes gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103921. [PMID: 32464403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are gram-positive, widespread nosocomial pathogens that in recent years have developed resistance to various commonly employed antibiotics. Since finding new infection-control agents based on secondary metabolites from organisms has proved successful for decades, natural products are potentially useful sources of compounds with activity against enterococci. Herein are reported the results of a natural product library screening based on a whole-cell assay against a gram-positive model organism, which led to the isolation of a series of anacardic acids identified by analysis of their spectroscopic data and by chemical derivatizations. Merulinic acid C was identified as the most active anacardic acid derivative obtained against antibiotic-resistant enterococci. Fluorescence microscopy analyses showed that merulinic acid C targets the bacterial membrane without affecting the peptidoglycan and causes rapid cellular ATP leakage from cells. Merulinic acid C was shown to be synergistic with gentamicin against Enterococcus faecium, indicating that this compound could inspire the development of new antibiotic combinations effective against drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodrigues-Costa
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Slivinski
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura P Ióca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariane F Bertonha
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Felício
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Vinicius da Mata Madeira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C G Cauz
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vítor F Freire
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Gales
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio G Ferreira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Frederico Gueiros-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andréa Dessen
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France.
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Mata R, Figueroa M, Navarrete A, Rivero-Cruz I. Chemistry and Biology of Selected Mexican Medicinal Plants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 108:1-142. [PMID: 30924013 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01099-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are an integral element of alternative medical care in Mexico, and the best testimony to their efficacy and cultural value is their persistence in contemporary Mexican marketplaces where the highest percentages of medicinal and aromatic plants are sold. This chapter summarizes current trends in research on medicinal plants in Mexico, with emphasis on work carried out at the authors' laboratories. The most relevant phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of a selected group of plants used widely for treating major national health problems are described.From this contribution, it is evident that in the last five decades a significant amount of research on medicinal plants has been performed by Mexican scientists. Such efforts have led to the publication of many research papers in noted peer-reviewed journals and technical books. The isolation and structural characterization of hundreds of bioactive secondary metabolites have been accomplished, and most importantly, these studies have tended to support the ethnomedical uses of many different species. A multidisciplinary approach for investigating these plants has led to an increased emphasis on areas such as phytopharmacology, phytotoxicology, quality control, regulation, and conservation issues for these valuable resources. The medicinal plants analyzed so far have shown a very broad chemical diversity of their constituents, which have a high potential for exhibiting novel mechanistic effects biologically. The chapter shows also that there is need to conduct additional clinical studies on herbal drugs, in particular because the longstanding traditional evidence for their safety is not always sufficient to assure their rational use. There is also need to move to "omics" approaches for investigating the holistic effect and the influence of groups of phytochemicals on the whole organism. Mexican scientists may be expected to have bright prospects in this regard, which will imbue medicinal plant research with a new dynamism in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mata
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Andrés Navarrete
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Isabel Rivero-Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Navy Beans Impact the Stool Metabolome and Metabolic Pathways for Colon Health in Cancer Survivors. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010028. [PMID: 30583518 PMCID: PMC6356708 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and emerging evidence supports that increased consumption of legumes, such as navy beans, can reduce risk. Navy bean consumption was previously shown to modulate host and microbiome metabolism, and this investigation was performed to assess the impact on the human stool metabolome, which includes the presence of navy bean metabolites. This 4-week, randomized-controlled trial with overweight and obese CRC survivors involved consumption of 1 meal and 1 snack daily. The intervention contained 35 g of cooked navy bean or macronutrient matched meals and snacks with 0 g of navy beans for the control group (n = 18). There were 30 statistically significant metabolite differences in the stool of participants that consumed navy bean at day 28 compared to the participants’ baseline (p ≤ 0.05) and 26 significantly different metabolites when compared to the control group. Of the 560 total metabolites identified from the cooked navy beans, there were 237 possible navy bean-derived metabolites that were identified in the stool of participants consuming navy beans, such as N-methylpipecolate, 2-aminoadipate, piperidine, and vanillate. The microbial metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids were also identified in stool after 4 weeks of navy bean intake including cadaverine, hydantoin-5 propionic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, and caprylate. The stool relative abundance of ophthalmate increased 5.25-fold for navy bean consumers that can indicate glutathione regulation, and involving cancer control mechanisms such as detoxification of xenobiotics, antioxidant defense, proliferation, and apoptosis. Metabolic pathways involving lysine, and phytochemicals were also modulated by navy bean intake in CRC survivors. These metabolites and metabolic pathways represent an acute response to increased navy bean intake, which merit further investigation for improving colonic health after long-term consumption.
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Excessive nitrogen application dampens antioxidant capacity and grain filling in wheat as revealed by metabolic and physiological analyses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43363. [PMID: 28233811 PMCID: PMC5324167 DOI: 10.1038/srep43363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was treated with normal (Nn) and excessive (Ne) levels of fertilizer N. Results showed that Ne depressed the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was higher under Ne at anthesis and medium milk but similar at the early dough stage and significantly lower at the hard dough stage than that under Nn. The metabolomics analysis of the leaf responses to Ne during grain filling showed 99 metabolites that were different between Ne and Nn treatments, including phenolic and flavonoid compounds, amino acids, organic acids and lipids, which are primarily involved in ROS scavenging, N metabolism, heat stress adaptation and disease resistance. Organic carbon (C) and total N contents were affected by the Ne treatment, with lower C/N ratios developing after medium milk. Ultimately, grain yields decreased with Ne. Based on these data, compared with the normal N fertilizer treatment, we concluded that excessive N application decreased the ability to scavenge ROS, increased lipid peroxidation and caused significant metabolic changes disturbing N metabolism, secondary metabolism and lipid metabolism, which led to reduced grain filling in wheat.
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Rodriguez-Garcia A, Peixoto ITA, Verde-Star MJ, De la Torre-Zavala S, Aviles-Arnaut H, Ruiz ALTG. In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activity of Amphipterygium adstringens. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:175497. [PMID: 26451151 PMCID: PMC4584240 DOI: 10.1155/2015/175497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amphipterygium adstringens is a plant widely used in Mexican traditional medicine for its known anti-inflammatory and antiulcer properties. In this work, we evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of the methanolic extract of A. adstringens against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, and Candida dubliniensis, using microdilution (MIC) and agar diffusion methods (MBC), and the antiproliferative activity evaluating total growth inhibition (TGI) by staining the protein content with sulforhodamine B (SRB), using nine human cancer cell lines. Crude extract (CE) of A. adstringens showed some degree of activity against one or more of the strains with a MIC from 0.125 mg/mL to 63 mg/mL and MBC from 1.6 to 6.3 mg/mL and cytotoxic activity, particularly against NCI-ADR/RES, an ovarian cell line expressing multiple resistance drugs phenotype. The CE is a complex mixture of possible multitarget metabolites that could be responsible for both antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities, and further investigation is required to elucidate the identity of active compounds. Nevertheless the CE itself is useful in the development of new antimicrobial treatment based on natural products to prevent oral diseases and as alternative natural source for cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rodriguez-Garcia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - I. T. A. Peixoto
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Avenida Silveira Martins 3386, 41150 100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - M. J. Verde-Star
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - S. De la Torre-Zavala
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - H. Aviles-Arnaut
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Avenida Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - A. L. T. G. Ruiz
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6171, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Alam-Escamilla D, Estrada-Muñiz E, Solís-Villegas E, Elizondo G, Vega L. Genotoxic and cytostatic effects of 6-pentadecyl salicylic anacardic acid in transformed cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 777:43-53. [PMID: 25726174 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In Mexico, as in many other countries, traditional medicine is used for the treatment of several diseases. In particular, Amphipterygium adstringens infusion is used for gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer. Extracts from this tree have microbicidal effects against Helicobacter pylori, an important risk factor for gastric cancer development. Anacardic acids are constituents of A. adstringens, and 6-pentadecyl salicylic acid (6-PSA) is the most abundant. However, there is a lack of information regarding the effects of 6-PSA on cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated whether 6-PSA has differential effects on the induction of genotoxicity, cytostaticity, and apoptosis in normal human peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs), bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of Balb/c mice, and human transformed cell lines derived from both gastric cancer (AGS cells) and leukaemia (K562 cells). Treatment with 6-PSA (30-150 μM) reduced the viability of AGS and K562 cells together with a moderate, but significant, increase in the frequency of micronucleated cells and the induction of DNA breakage (Comet Assay). Moreover, 6-PSA increased the apoptosis rate in both the AGS and K562 cell lines in a caspase 8-dependent manner. In contrast, neither cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity were observed in PBMCs or bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes of Balb/c mice after treatment with low doses of 6-PSA (0.2-2.0 mg/Kg). Instead, 6-PSA treatment resulted in the inhibition of PBMC proliferation, which was reversible after the compound was removed. Additionally, 6-PSA treatments (2-20 mg/Kg) increased the frequency of mature polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow, suggesting a possible effect on the differentiation process of immune cells. The present results indicate that 6-PSA induces cytotoxicity and moderate genotoxicity, together with an increase in the apoptosis rate, in a caspase 8-dependent manner in gastric cancer cells. In contrast, a low toxicity was observed when PBMCs were exposed to 6-PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alam-Escamilla
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, G. A. Madero, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Elizabet Estrada-Muñiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, G. A. Madero, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Erik Solís-Villegas
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, G. A. Madero, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, G. A. Madero, 07360 México D.F., Mexico.
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Antibacterial effect of crude extract and metabolites of Phytolacca americana on pathogens responsible for periodontal inflammatory diseases and dental caries. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:343. [PMID: 25241105 PMCID: PMC4180830 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The oral cavity is the store house of different species of microorganisms that are continuously engaged in causing diseases in the mouth. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial potential of crude extracts of the aerial parts of Phytolacca americana and its natural compounds against two oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans, which are primarily responsible for periodontal inflammatory diseases and dental caries, as well as a nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. Methods Crude extract and fractions from the aerial parts of P. americana (0.008–1.8 mg/mL) were evaluated for their potential antibacterial activity against two oral disease causing microorganisms by micro-assays. The standard natural compounds present in P. americana, kaempferol, quercetin, quercetin 3-glucoside, isoqueritrin and ferulic acid, were also tested for their antibacterial activity against the pathogens at 1–8 μg/mL. Results The crude extract was highly active against P. gingivalis (100% growth inhibition) and moderately active against S. mutans (44% growth inhibition) at 1.8 mg/mL. The chloroform and hexane fraction controlled the growth of P. gingivalis with 91% and 92% growth inhibition at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, respectively. Kaempferol exerted antibacterial activity against both the pathogens, whereas quercetin showed potent growth inhibition activity against only S. mutans in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion The crude extract, chloroform fraction, and hexane fraction of P. americana possesses active natural compounds that can inhibit the growth of oral disease causing bacteria. Thus, these extracts have the potential for use in the preparation of toothpaste and other drugs related to various oral diseases.
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Griffin MC. Biocultural implications of oral pathology in an ancient Central California population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:171-88. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Griffin
- Department of Anthropology; San Francisco State University; 1600 Holloway Avenue San Francisco CA 94132
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Castillo-Juárez I, García-Contreras R, Velázquez-Guadarrama N, Soto-Hernández M, Martínez-Vázquez M. Amphypterygium adstringens anacardic acid mixture inhibits quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors of Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:488-94. [PMID: 24126126 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Quorum sensing (QS) is a process of bacterial cell-cell communication that controls a large number of systems affecting pathogenicity. Interrupting this communication system can provide nonvirulent pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) potential of an anacardic acids mixture isolated from Amphipterygium adstringens, a medicinal plant known as "cuachalalate", to prevent the onset of bacterial infections as an alternate to antibiotics. METHODS Initially we investigated the anti-QS activity of A. adstringens hexane extract (HE) by the inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum. From the active HE, an anacardic acid mixture (AAM) was obtained. The anti-quorum sensing activity of AAM was investigated by the rhamnolipid and pyocyanin production constraint as well as decrease of elastase activity, all being quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors expressed in the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RESULTS HE induced a 91.6% of inhibition of the violecin production at 55 μg/mL concentration, whereas AAM showed 94% of inhibition at 166 μg/mL. In both cases, inhibition of violacein production did not affect the viability of the bacterium. AAM inhibited pyocyanin (86% at 200 μg/mL) and rhamnolipid (91% at 500 μg/mL) production in a dose/response form and decrease the elastase (75% at 500 μg/mL) activity in P. aeruginosa without affecting its development. CONCLUSIONS Because an anacardic acids mixture isolated from A. adstringens demonstrated anti-QS, it could be further exploited for novel molecules to treat the emerging infections of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Rosas-Piñón Y, Mejía A, Díaz-Ruiz G, Aguilar MI, Sánchez-Nieto S, Rivero-Cruz JF. Ethnobotanical survey and antibacterial activity of plants used in the Altiplane region of Mexico for the treatment of oral cavity infections. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:860-865. [PMID: 22465591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed 47 plant species used in the Altiplane region of Mexico for the treatment of dental diseases such as toothache, dental caries, periodontal disease and gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information was collected by performing interviews. The following data were recorded: name of the patients or herbalists with their age, sex; date and place of gathering information; pathology of persons interviewed; name of the drug (vernacular name); parts used (leaves, bark, fruits, seeds, aerial parts), mode of preparation and administration, and possible combinations. The inhibitory effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the medicinal plants detected during the survey the on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Phrophyromonas gingivalis were determined using microdilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined from the wells of microplate with no visible bacterial growth. RESULTS In total, tree places of the Altiplane region of Mexico were visited and five healers and 100 patients were questioned. 47 wild and cultivated species were recorded. The most frequent uses were to treat tooth pain, gum diseases, bad breath and cavities. Infusions were the most frequently prepared formulation. Other applied preparations mentioned with decreasing frequency were decocts, syrups, tinctures, direct application of the plant material without prior preparation and finally macerations. The ethanolic extracts of Haematoxylon brasiletto, Punica granatum, Iostephane heterophyla, Bursera simaruba, Cedrela odorata and Rhus standleyi (12.5-65.0 μg/mL) as well as water extracts of Haematoxylon brasiletto, Punica granatum, Iostephane heterophyla, Amphipterygium adstringens, Argemone mexicana, Cedrela odorata, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Persea americana, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomun zeylanicum, Cnidoscolus multilobus and Rhus standleyi (10.5-78.0 μg/mL) showed the highest inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS Many plants are used in the Mexican traditional medicine to treat oral bacterial diseases by the healers or patients. Our study demonstrated that most of the medicinal plants showed an antibacterial effect in vitro, and justified at least in part their use in traditional medicine. These results encourage further investigations to extract and identify the active chemical compounds responsible for the antibacterial effect observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Rosas-Piñón
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
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