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Deng Y, Hu M, Huang S, Fu N. Molecular mechanism and therapeutic significance of essential amino acids in metabolically associated fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 126:109581. [PMID: 38219809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also known as metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is a systemic metabolic disease characterized by lipid accumulation in the liver, lipid toxicity, insulin resistance, intestinal dysbiosis, and inflammation that can progress from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and even cirrhosis or cancer. It is the most prevalent illness threatening world health. Currently, there are almost no approved drug interventions for MAFLD, mainly dietary changes and exercise to control weight and regulate metabolic disorders. Meanwhile, the metabolic pathway involved in amino acid metabolism also influences the onset and development of MAFLD in the body, and most amino acid metabolism takes place in the liver. Essential amino acids are those amino acids that must be supplemented from outside the diet and that cannot be synthesized in the body or cannot be synthesized at a rate sufficient to meet the body's needs, including leucine, isoleucine, valine (collectively known as branched-chain amino acids), tryptophan, phenylalanine (which are aromatic amino acids), histidine, methionine, threonine and lysine. The metabolic balance of the body is closely linked to these essential amino acids, and essential amino acids are closely linked to the pathophysiological process of MAFLD. In this paper, we will focus on the metabolism of essential amino acids in the body and further explore the therapeutic strategies for MAFLD based on the studies conducted in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Deng
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, China
| | - Mengsi Hu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, China
| | - Shufang Huang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, China.
| | - Nian Fu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, China; The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, China.
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Antipova TV, Zhelifonova VP, Zaitsev KV, Vainshtein MB. Fungal Azaphilone Pigments as Promising Natural Colorants. Microbiology (Reading) 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722601737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Choe D, Song SM, Shin CS, Johnston TV, Ahn HJ, Kim D, Ku S. Production and Characterization of Anti-Inflammatory Monascus Pigment Derivatives. Foods 2020; 9:E858. [PMID: 32630165 PMCID: PMC7404703 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of chronic inflammation using food-derived compounds are desirable from the perspectives of marketing and safety. Monascus pigments, widely used as food additives, can be used as a chronic inflammation treatment. Orange Monascus pigments were produced by submerged fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor, and multiple orange Monascus pigment derivatives with anti-inflammatory activities were synthesized using aminophilic reaction. A total of 41 types of pigment derivatives were produced by incorporating amines and amino acids into the orange pigments. One derivative candidate that inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells and exhibited low cell cytotoxicity was identified via in vitro assay. The 2-amino-4 picoline derivative inhibited NO production of 48.4%, and exhibited cell viability of 90.6%. Expression of inducible NO synthase, an important enzyme in the NO synthesis pathway, was suppressed by such a derivative in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, this derivative has potential as a functional food colorant with anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokyeong Choe
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Soo Min Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.M.S.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Chul Soo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.M.S.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Tony V. Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
| | - Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Biology, Hood College, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
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In vivo anti-obesity effects of Monascus pigment threonine derivative with enhanced hydrophilicity. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Choe D, Jung HH, Kim D, Shin CS, Johnston TV, Ku S. In vivo evaluation of the anti-obesity effects of combinations of Monascus pigment derivatives. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1456-1462. [PMID: 35494723 PMCID: PMC9047284 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of obesity using naturally derived compounds is desirable in terms of marketing and safety in the nutraceutical and functional food markets. One of the noticeable effects of Monascus pigment derivatives is the inhibition/deactivation of lipid metabolism. Our earlier studies reported that threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), and 2-(p-tolyl)-ethylamine (TEA) derivatives of Monascus pigment showed cholesterol-lowering, lipase-inhibitory, and adipogenic differentiation-inhibitory activities, respectively. In this work, we investigated the in vivo anti-obesity effects of a combination of Thr, Trp and TEA derivatives. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and simultaneously administered one of three 1 : 1 mixtures of Thr, Trp, and TEA derivatives. After 10 weeks of feeding, the weight gains of mice fed with three combined derivatives decreased by 20.3-37.9%, compared to mice fed the HFD. The epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) weights of mice fed with the combined derivatives decreased by 42.3-60.5% compared to the HFD group, and their EAT size decreased. Transverse micro-CT imaging revealed reduction of the subcutaneous and visceral fat layers of test mice. Our results confirm that Monascus-fermented pigment derivatives have in vivo anti-obesity effects and their combinations provide a higher efficacy in the reduction of body weight and EAT weights as well as lipid accumulation in mice. The key to accomplishing high anti-obesity effect was combining Thr and Trp derivatives, which provide higher effectiveness than other combined derivatives. These observations offer a potential use of Monascus pigment derivatives as a therapeutic approach to prevention and/or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokyeong Choe
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro TN 37132 USA
| | - Hyun Ho Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Biology, Hood College Frederick MD 21701 USA
| | - Chul Soo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Tony Vaughn Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro TN 37132 USA
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro TN 37132 USA
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Adulteration of beetroot red and paprika extract based food colorant with Monascus red pigments and their detection by HPLC-QTof MS analyses. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Beneficial Effects of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 Pigments and Derivatives: A Mini Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010098. [PMID: 29301350 PMCID: PMC6017178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of Monascus pigments and related byproducts, via microbial fermentation, has been broadly utilized as coloring by traditional food industries and as a natural textile dye. In addition to these traditional purposes, Monascus pigments have been recently favored for a variety of commercial and academic purposes. Pigments and derivatives formed during Monascus fermentation have pharmaceutical and clinical properties that can counteract common diseases, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. Various research attempts have investigated the optimum conditions for this derived compound synthesis, as well as the still-unknown bio-functional effects. Recently, several studies were conducted using Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 and its derivatives. These experimental outcomes potentially reflect the bio-functional features of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093. However, no publication to date provides an overview of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093's unique metabolite products, functionalities, or biological pathways. In order to develop profitable commercial applications of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093, it is necessary not only to conduct continuous research, but also to systematically organize previous Monascus studies. The goals of this review are to investigate the current derivatives of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 pigments-some of which have demonstrated newly-identified functionality-and the relevant uses of these molecules for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical purposes.
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De Novo RNA Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis of Monascus purpureus and Analysis of Key Genes Involved in Monacolin K Biosynthesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170149. [PMID: 28114365 PMCID: PMC5256959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus purpureus is an important medicinal and edible microbial resource. To facilitate biological, biochemical, and molecular research on medicinal components of M. purpureus, we investigated the M. purpureus transcriptome by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). An RNA-seq library was created using RNA extracted from a mixed sample of M. purpureus expressing different levels of monacolin K output. In total 29,713 unigenes were assembled from more than 60 million high-quality short reads. A BLAST search revealed hits for 21,331 unigenes in at least one of the protein or nucleotide databases used in this study. The 22,365 unigenes were categorized into 48 functional groups based on Gene Ontology classification. Owing to the economic and medicinal importance of M. purpureus, most studies on this organism have focused on the pharmacological activity of chemical components and the molecular function of genes involved in their biogenesis. In this study, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to detect the expression of genes related to monacolin K (mokA-mokI) at different phases (2, 5, 8, and 12 days) of M. purpureus M1 and M1-36. Our study found that mokF modulates monacolin K biogenesis in M. purpureus. Nine genes were suggested to be associated with the monacolin K biosynthesis. Studies on these genes could provide useful information on secondary metabolic processes in M. purpureus. These results indicate a detailed resource through genetic engineering of monacolin K biosynthesis in M. purpureus and related species.
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Lian X, Liu L, Dong S, Wu H, Zhao J, Han Y. Two new monascus red pigments produced by Shandong Zhonghui Food Company in China. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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