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Liu J, Ye SY, Xu XD, Liu Q, Ma F, Yu X, Luo YH, Chen LL, Zeng X. Multiomics analysis reveals the genetic and metabolic characteristics associated with the low prevalence of dental caries. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2277271. [PMID: 37928602 PMCID: PMC10623897 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2277271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite poor oral hygiene, the Baiku Yao (BKY) ethnic group in China presents a low prevalence of dental caries, which may be related to genetic susceptibility. Due to strict intra-ethnic marriage rule, this ethnic has an advantage in studying the interaction between genetic factors and other regulatory factors related to dental caries. Methods Peripheral blood from a caries-free adult male was used for whole genome sequencing, and the BKY assembled genome was compared to the Han Chinese genome. Oral saliva samples were collected from 51 subjects for metabolomic and metagenomic analysis. Multiomics data were integrated for combined analysis using bioinformatics approaches. Results Comparative genomic analysis revealed the presence of structural variations in several genes associated with dental caries. Metabolomic and metagenomic sequencing demonstrated the caries-free group had significantly higher concentration of antimicrobials and higher abundance of core oral health-related microbiota. The functional analysis indicated that cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance and the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway were enriched in the caries-free group. Conclusions Our study provided new insights into the specific regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the low prevalence of dental caries in the specific population and may provide new evidence for the genetic diagnosis and control of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshen Liu
- College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Si-Ying Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiulin Liu
- College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fei Ma
- College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueting Yu
- College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zeng
- College of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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2
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Jesmina ARS, Induja DK, Drissya T, Sruthi CR, Raghu KG, Nelson-Sathi S, Kumar BNSAD, Lankalapalli RS. In vitro antibacterial effects of combination of ciprofloxacin with compounds isolated from Streptomyces luteireticuli NIIST-D75. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:198-210. [PMID: 36781977 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Three phenazines, 1-methoxyphenazine (1), methyl-6-methoxyphenazine-1-carboxylate (2), 1,6-dimethoxyphenazine (4), and a 2,3-dimethoxy benzamide (3) were isolated from the Streptomyces luteireticuli NIIST-D75, and the antibacterial effects of compounds 1-3, each in combination with ciprofloxacin, were investigated. The in vitro antibacterial activity was assessed by microdilution, checkerboard, and time-kill assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi. According to the checkerboard assay results, each combination of compounds 1, 2 and 3 with ciprofloxacin resulted in a significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.02-1.37 µg ml-1, suggesting synergistic combinations by fractional inhibitory concentration index, and displayed bactericidal activity in time-kill kinetics within 48 h. SEM analysis was carried out to determine the changes in morphology in S. aureus and E. coli during treatment with individual combination of ciprofloxacin and compounds (1-3), which revealed drastic changes in the cells such as dent formation, biofilm disruption, cell bursting, and doughnut-like formation, change in surface morphology in S. aureus, and cell elongation, cell burst with ruptured cell, and change in surface morphology in E. coli. Hep G2 cell viability was not affected by the compounds (1-3) that were tested for cytotoxicity up to 250 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rasheed Safiya Jesmina
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - D K Induja
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
| | - Thankappan Drissya
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Chakiniplackal Rajan Sruthi
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kozhiparambil Gopalan Raghu
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shijulal Nelson-Sathi
- Transdisciplinary Biology, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India
| | - Bhaskaran Nair Saraswathy Amma Dileep Kumar
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Ravi S Lankalapalli
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India.
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3
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Genetic Diversity and Anti-Oxidative Potential of Streptomyces spp. Isolated from Unexplored Niches of Meghalaya, India. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:379. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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A New Saharan Strain of Streptomyces sp. GSB-11 Produces Maculosin and N-acetyltyramine Active Against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:298. [PMID: 36002540 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Multi-resistant bacterial pathogens are a major public health problem for treating nosocomial infections owing to their high resistance to antibiotics. The objective of this research was to characterize the bioactive molecules secreted by a novel moderately halophilic actinobacterium strain, designated GSB-11, exhibiting a strong antagonistic activity against several multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. This potential strain was identified by phenotypic, genotypic (16S rRNA), and phylogenetic analyses. GSB-11 was related to "Streptomyces acrimycini" NBRC 12736 T with 99.59% similarity. Molecular screening by PCR assay demonstrated that the strain possesses two biosynthetic genes coding for NRPS and PKS-II. Two active compounds GSB11-6 and GSB11-7 were extracted from the cell-free culture supernatant of Bennett medium and purified using reversed-phase HPLC. According to spectrometric (mass spectrum) and spectroscopic (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and 1H-13C HMBC) spectra analyses, the compounds GSB11-6 and GSB11-7 were identified to be maculosin and N-acetyltyramine, respectively. Their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) revealed interesting values against certain multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. They were between 5 and 15 mg/mL for GSB11-6, 10 and 30 mg/mL for GSB11-7. To our best knowledge, this is the first study of these active substances isolated from "Streptomyces acrimycini" showing an interesting antibacterial activity. Therefore, these essential compounds could be candidates for future research against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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5
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Drissya T, Induja DK, Poornima MS, Jesmina ARS, Prabha B, Saumini M, Suresh CH, Raghu KG, Kumar BSD, Lankalapalli RS. A novel aureothin diepoxide derivative from Streptomyces sp. NIIST-D31 strain. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:491-497. [PMID: 35922482 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel vicinal diepoxide of alloaureothin was isolated from Streptomyces sp. NIIST-D31 strain along with three carboxamides, p-aminobenzoic acid and 1,6-dimethoxyphenazine. Exhaustive 2D NMR analysis and analysis of experimental, theoretical CD spectra aided in establishing the structure of compound 1. Compound 1 inhibits adipogenesis and accumulation of lipid droplets during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankappan Drissya
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - D K Induja
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - M S Poornima
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - A R S Jesmina
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Bernard Prabha
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Mathew Saumini
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India
| | - K G Raghu
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - B S Dileep Kumar
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ravi S Lankalapalli
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India. .,Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, Kerala, India.
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Mathur V, Ulanova D. Microbial Metabolites Beneficial to Plant Hosts Across Ecosystems. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02073-x. [PMID: 35867138 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are intimately connected with their associated microorganisms. Chemical interactions via natural products between plants and their microbial symbionts form an important aspect in host health and development, both in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These interactions range from negative to beneficial for microbial symbionts as well as their hosts. Symbiotic microbes synchronize their metabolism with their hosts, thus suggesting a possible coevolution among them. Metabolites, synthesized from plants and microbes due to their association and coaction, supplement the already present metabolites, thus promoting plant growth, maintaining physiological status, and countering various biotic and abiotic stress factors. However, environmental changes, such as pollution and temperature variations, as well as anthropogenic-induced monoculture settings, have a significant influence on plant-associated microbial community and its interaction with the host. In this review, we put the prominent microbial metabolites participating in plant-microbe interactions in the natural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in a single perspective and have discussed commonalities and differences in these interactions for adaptation to surrounding environment and how environmental changes can alter the same. We also present the status and further possibilities of employing chemical interactions for environment remediation. Our review thus underlines the importance of ecosystem-driven functional adaptations of plant-microbe interactions in natural and anthropogenically influenced ecosystems and their possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Mathur
- Animal Plant Interactions Lab, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India.
| | - Dana Ulanova
- Department of Marine Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Monobe, Nankoku city, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
- Center for Advanced Marine Core Research, Kochi University, Monobe, Nankoku city, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
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7
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Wu JT, Algradi AM, Liu Y, Huo JH, Li XM, Yang BY, Wang WM. Two new terpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from the fruits of Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:5753-5761. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2023869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Adnan Mohammed Algradi
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Hai Huo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
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8
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Rani A, Saini KC, Bast F, Varjani S, Mehariya S, Bhatia SK, Sharma N, Funk C. A Review on Microbial Products and Their Perspective Application as Antimicrobial Agents. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121860. [PMID: 34944505 PMCID: PMC8699383 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms including actinomycetes, archaea, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae are an auspicious source of vital bioactive compounds. In this review, the existing research regarding antimicrobial molecules from microorganisms is summarized. The potential antimicrobial compounds from actinomycetes, particularly Streptomyces spp.; archaea; fungi including endophytic, filamentous, and marine-derived fungi, mushroom; and microalgae are briefly described. Furthermore, this review briefly summarizes bacteriocins, halocins, sulfolobicin, etc., that target multiple-drug resistant pathogens and considers next-generation antibiotics. This review highlights the possibility of using microorganisms as an antimicrobial resource for biotechnological, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. However, more investigations are required to isolate, separate, purify, and characterize these bioactive compounds and transfer these primary drugs into clinically approved antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Rani
- Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India; (A.R.); (K.C.S.)
| | - Khem Chand Saini
- Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India; (A.R.); (K.C.S.)
| | - Felix Bast
- Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India; (A.R.); (K.C.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (S.M.); (S.K.B.)
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382010, India;
| | - Sanjeet Mehariya
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (S.M.); (S.K.B.)
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (S.M.); (S.K.B.)
| | - Neeta Sharma
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability-CR Trisaia, SS Jonica 106, km 419 + 500, 75026 Rotondella, Italy;
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
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9
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Synthesis, antibacterial evaluation, crystal structure, molecular interaction analysis and DFT calculations of novel N-hydroxy-2-(4-methylbenzamido)benzamide. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Almuqrin AH, Al-Otaibi JS, Mary YS, Thomas R, Kaya S, Işın DÖ. Spectral analysis and detailed quantum mechanical investigation of some acetanilide analogues and their self-assemblies with graphene and fullerene. J Mol Model 2020; 26:254. [PMID: 32876867 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic analysis and different quantum mechanical studies of four pharmaceutically active compounds phenacetin, p-acetanisidide, 4'-butoxyacetanilide, and 4'-(3-chloropropoxy)acetanilide are reported in this manuscript. Simulated IR spectrum of these compounds was compared with experimentally available data, and essential functional group assignments were made. We also report the frontier orbital properties and other derived local energy descriptors which talks about the relative stability and reactivity. Photovoltaic efficiency of the compounds was studied from the simulated electronic spectra. The compound was found to interact with graphene and fullerene, to form molecular self-assembly. These self-assemblies showed tremendous enhancement in various physicochemical properties when compared with its constituents. The nature of the interactions between studied chemical species was discussed with the help of chemical reactivity principles. Biological activity of the compounds was predicted using molecular docking studies. It is interesting to see that on adsorption with a graphene/fullerene surface, all adsorbed complex shows enhancement in the Raman activity giving surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERS). This can be used for the detection of these drugs in a pharmacological or biological sample. Interestingly the graphene/fullerene drug molecular assembly shows enhanced biological activity when compared with individual drug molecules. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawhara H Almuqrin
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamelah S Al-Otaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Y Sheena Mary
- Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College (Autonomous), Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Renjith Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanacherry, Kerala, India
| | - Savaş Kaya
- Department of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Health Services Vocational School, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Dilara Özbakır Işın
- Department of Chemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science, Sivas, Turkey
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Sánchez-Suárez J, Coy-Barrera E, Villamil L, Díaz L. Streptomyces-Derived Metabolites with Potential Photoprotective Properties-A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis on the Reported Chemodiversity. Molecules 2020; 25:E3221. [PMID: 32679651 PMCID: PMC7397340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sun overexposure is associated with the development of diseases that primarily affect the skin, which can lead to skin cancer. Among the main measures of photoprotection is the use of sunscreens. However, there is currently concern about the reported harmful effects to both humans and the environment due to several of the sunscreen ingredients available on the market. For this reason, the search for and development of new agents with photoprotective properties is required. In searching for these metabolites, researchers have turned their attention to microbial sources, especially the microbiota in unusual hostile environments. Among the diverse microorganisms available in nature, Actinobacteria and specifically Streptomyces, have been shown to be a source of metabolites with various biological activities of interest, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and immunomodulator activities. Herein, we present the results of a systematic review of the literature in which Streptomyces isolates were studied as a source of compounds with photoprotective properties. A meta-analysis of the structure-property and structure-activity relationships of those metabolites identified in the qualitative analysis phase was also carried out. These findings indicate that Streptomyces are a source of metabolites with potential applications in the development of new, safe and more eco-friendly sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeysson Sánchez-Suárez
- Doctoral Program of Biosciences, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Cundinamarca, Colombia; (J.S.-S.); (L.V.)
- Bioprospecting Research Group, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá 110111, Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colombia;
| | - Luisa Villamil
- Doctoral Program of Biosciences, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Cundinamarca, Colombia; (J.S.-S.); (L.V.)
| | - Luis Díaz
- Doctoral Program of Biosciences, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Cundinamarca, Colombia; (J.S.-S.); (L.V.)
- Bioprospecting Research Group, School of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Cundinamarca, Colombia
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12
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Efficacy of metabolites of a Streptomyces strain (AS1) to control growth and mycotoxin production by Penicillium verrucosum, Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus fumigatus in culture. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:225-234. [PMID: 31960351 PMCID: PMC7182623 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of metabolites of a Streptomyces strain AS1 on (a) spore germination, (b) mycelial growth, (c) control of mycotoxins produced by Penicillium verrucosum (ochratoxin A, OTA), Fusarium verticillioides (fumonisins, FUMs) and Aspergillus fumigatus (gliotoxin) and (d) identify the predominant metabolites involved in control. Initial screening showed that the Streptomyces AS1 strain was able to inhibit the mycelial growth of the three species at a distance, due to the release of secondary metabolites. A macroscopic screening system showed that the overall Index of Dominance against all three toxigenic fungi was inhibition at a distance. Subsequent studies showed that the metabolite mixture from the Streptomyces AS1 strain was very effective at inhibiting conidial germination of P. verrucosum, but less so against conidia of A. fumigatus and F. verticillioides. The efficacy was confirmed in studies on a conducive semi-solid YES medium in BioScreen C assays. Using the BioScreen C and the criteria of Time to Detection (TTD) at an OD = 0.1 showed good efficacy against P. verrucosum when treated with the Streptomyces AS1 extract at 0.95 and 0.99 water activity (aw) when compared to the other two species tested, indicating good efficacy. The effective dose for 50% control of growth (ED50) at 0.95 and 0.99 aw were approx. 0.005 ng/ml and 0.15 μg/ml, respectively, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at both aw levels requiring > 40 μg/ml. In addition, OTA production was completely inhibited by 2.5 μg/ml AS1 extract at both aw levels in the in vitro assays. Ten metabolites were identified with four of these being predominant in concentrations > 2 μg/g dry weight biomass. These were identified as valinomycin, cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) and brevianamide F.
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13
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Kouipou Toghueo RM, Boyom FF. Endophytes from ethno-pharmacological plants: Sources of novel antioxidants- A systematic review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Wajid S, Khatoon A, Khan MA, Zafar H, Kanwal S, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI, Basha FZ. Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis, structure–activity relationship, kinetics and molecular docking studies of non-cytotoxic benzamide derivatives as selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:4030-4040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wang D, Wang H, Li J, Zhang W, Pan Y, Liu X. Investigating the Role of Endophytic Fungi in Gentiana scabra bge. by Cross-Growth Period Inoculation. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:319-325. [PMID: 30013276 PMCID: PMC6023818 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana scabra Bge. (gentian) is a Chinese medicinal plant. Endophytic fungi from the roots of gentian were isolated and cross-growth period inoculation was performed to study the roles of three Trichoderma spp. strains (F1, F2, and F9) in their original host plant. In treatments inoculated with F1, F2, and F9, gentiopicroside content increased 33.6, 23.7 and 13% than that in the control. Strains F1, F2, and F9 could also improve polysaccharide content by more than 6.6, 18.7 and 30% compared to the control. The incidence of spot blight in gentian inoculated with F1, F2, and F9 decreased by 31.2, 26.7 and 8.5%. Inconsistent changes in the activity of the three enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were observed when the plants were attacked by pathogens or inoculated with fungi. High enzymatic activity did not reflect mild disease. Cross-growth period inoculation, which takes into account the original living environment (gentian plant as "substrate" and different microorganisms as symbionts) of endophytic fungi, provides a new idea for studying effects of endophytes on their original hosts. This is the first research about the role of endophytic fungi in Gentiana scabra bge. in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingni Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning People’s Republic of China
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Qian SY, Yang CL, Khan A, Chen RX, Wu MS, Tuo L, Wang Q, Liu JG, Cheng GG. New pyrazinoquinazoline alkaloids Isolated from a culture of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia QB-77. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:1387-1391. [PMID: 29770716 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1475381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Two new pyrazinoquinazoline alkaloids, epi-fiscalin D (1) and epi-fiscalin E (2), as well as three known analogues, norquinadoline A (3), quinadoline A (4), and fiscalin C (5), were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of Stentrophomonas maltophilia QB-77. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis including UV, HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. All the isolated compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines (SMMC-7721, MCF-7, HL-60, SW480, and A-549) and antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yan Qian
- a Special Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research , High Education Institution in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , P. R. China.,c Special Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and Drug Development , High Education Institution in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , P. R. China
| | - Cai-Ling Yang
- a Special Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research , High Education Institution in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , P. R. China
| | - Afsar Khan
- d Department of Chemistry , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan
| | - Rong-Xiang Chen
- e Zunyi Engineering Technology Research Center of Physical and Chemical , Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , P. R. China
| | - Ming-Song Wu
- a Special Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research , High Education Institution in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , P. R. China
| | - Li Tuo
- e Zunyi Engineering Technology Research Center of Physical and Chemical , Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- c Special Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and Drug Development , High Education Institution in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Liu
- a Special Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research , High Education Institution in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi , P. R. China
| | - Gui-Guang Cheng
- b Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , P. R. China
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17
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Streptomyces ginkgonis sp. nov., an endophyte from Ginkgo biloba. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:891-896. [PMID: 29177601 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel endophytic actinomycete strain, designated KM-1-2T, was isolated from seeds of Ginkgo biloba at Yangling, China. A polyphasic approach was used to study the taxonomy of strain KM-1-2T and it was found to show a range of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of members of the genus Streptomyces. The diamino acid of the cell wall peptidoglycan was identified as LL-diaminopimelic acid. No diagnostic sugars were detected in whole cell hydrolysates. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The diagnostic phospholipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The DNA G + C content of the novel strain was determined to be 72.9 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids (> 10.0 %) were identified as iso-C14 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0 and C17 : 0 cyclo. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain is closely related to Streptomyces carpaticus JCM 6915T (99.3%), Streptomyces harbinensis DSM 42076T (98.9%) and Streptomyces cheonanensis JCM 14549T (98.5%). DNA-DNA hybridizations with these three close relatives gave similarity values of 39.1 ± 1.9, 35.8 ± 2.3, and 47.4 ± 2.7%, respectively, which indicated that strain KM-1-2T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces. This is consistent with the morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic data. Cumulatively, these data suggest that strain KM-1-2T represents a novel Streptomyces species, for which the name Streptomyces ginkgonis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain KM-1-2T (= CCTCC AA2016004T = KCTC 39801T).
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18
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Dinesh R, Srinivasan V, T E S, Anandaraj M, Srambikkal H. Endophytic actinobacteria: Diversity, secondary metabolism and mechanisms to unsilence biosynthetic gene clusters. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:546-566. [PMID: 28358596 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1270895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic actinobacteria, which reside in the inner tissues of host plants, are gaining serious attention due to their capacity to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites (e.g. antibiotics) possessing a wide variety of biological activity with diverse functions. This review encompasses the recent reports on endophytic actinobacterial species diversity, in planta habitats and mechanisms underlying their mode of entry into plants. Besides, their metabolic potential, novel bioactive compounds they produce and mechanisms to unravel their hidden metabolic repertoire by activation of cryptic or silent biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for eliciting novel secondary metabolite production are discussed. The study also reviews the classical conservative techniques (chemical/biological/physical elicitation, co-culturing) as well as modern microbiology tools (e.g. next generation sequencing) that are being gainfully employed to uncover the vast hidden scaffolds for novel secondary metabolites produced by these endophytes, which would subsequently herald a revolution in drug engineering. The potential role of these endophytes in the agro-environment as promising biological candidates for inhibition of phytopathogens and the way forward to thoroughly exploit this unique microbial community by inducing expression of cryptic BGCs for encoding unseen products with novel therapeutic properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Dinesh
- a ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research , Kozhikode, Kerala , India
| | | | - Sheeja T E
- a ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research , Kozhikode, Kerala , India
| | | | - Hamza Srambikkal
- a ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research , Kozhikode, Kerala , India
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19
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Chen J, Grodowitz MJ. Tyramides in male alates of black imported fire ants Solenopsis richteri. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:169-172. [PMID: 26749056 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- National Biological Control Laboratory, Southeast Area, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael J Grodowitz
- National Biological Control Laboratory, Southeast Area, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
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Shishlyannikova TA, Kuzmin AV, Fedorova GA, Shishlyannikov SM, Lipko IA, Sukhanova EV, Belkova NL. Ionofore antibiotic polynactin produced by Streptomyces sp. 156A isolated from Lake Baikal. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:639-644. [PMID: 27486824 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1217203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton V. Kuzmin
- Siberian Branch, Limnological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Galina A. Fedorova
- Siberian Branch, Limnological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | | | - Irina A. Lipko
- Siberian Branch, Limnological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Elena V. Sukhanova
- Siberian Branch, Limnological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Natalia L. Belkova
- Siberian Branch, Limnological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
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21
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Fu S, Wang F, Li H, Bao Y, Yang Y, Shen H, Lin B, Zhou G. Secondary metabolites from marine-derived Streptomyces antibioticus strain H74-21. Nat Prod Res 2016; 30:2460-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1201668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Fu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Bao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Shen
- Key Laboratory of New Technique for Plant Protection in Guangdong, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Birun Lin
- Key Laboratory of New Technique for Plant Protection in Guangdong, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxiong Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Liang Y, Chen L, Ye X, Anjum K, Lian XY, Zhang Z. New streptophenazines from marine Streptomyces sp. 182SMLY. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:411-417. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1169419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xuewei Ye
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Komal Anjum
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Lian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
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23
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Xu MF, Jia OY, Wang SJ, Zhu Q. A new bioactive diterpenoid from pestalotiopsis adusta, an endophytic fungus from clerodendrum canescens. Nat Prod Res 2016; 30:2642-2647. [PMID: 30919698 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1138297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the culture extract of Pestalotiopsis adusta, an endophytic fungus isolated from the medicinal plant Clerodendrum canescens, led to the isolation of one new, (10S)-12,16-epoxy-17(15→16)-abeo-3,5,8,12,15-abietapentaen-2,7,11,14-tetraone (1), and four known diterpenoids, teuvincenone F (2), uncinatone (3), coleon U (4), coleon U-12-methyl ether (5). These structures were identified by using spectroscopic methods, including UV, MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. This is the first report of these compounds being isolated from a Pestalotiopsis species. The cytotoxic activities of the compounds were evaluated, and compounds 1 and 3 demonstrated cytotoxic activities against the HL-60 tumour cell line (IC50 < 20 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Xu
- a Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Ou-Ya Jia
- a Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Jia Wang
- a Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhu
- a Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou , P.R. China
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24
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Masand M, Jose PA, Menghani E, Jebakumar SRD. Continuing hunt for endophytic actinomycetes as a source of novel biologically active metabolites. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1863-75. [PMID: 26410426 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant pathogens and persistent agrochemicals mount the detrimental threats against human health and welfare. Exploitation of beneficial microorganisms and their metabolic inventions is most promising way to tackle these two problems. Since the successive discoveries of penicillin and streptomycin in 1940s, numerous biologically active metabolites have been discovered from different microorganisms, especially actinomycetes. In recent years, actinomycetes that inhabit unexplored environments have received significant attention due to their broad diversity and distinctive metabolic potential with medical, agricultural and industrial importance. In this scenario, endophytic actinomycetes that inhabit living tissues of plants are emerging as a potential source of novel bioactive compounds for the discovery of drug leads. Also, endophytic actinomycetes are considered as bio-inoculants to improve crop performance through organic farming practices. Further efforts on exploring the endophytic actinomycetes associated with the plants warrant the likelihood of discovering new taxa and their metabolites with novel chemical structures and biotechnological importance. This mini-review highlights the recent achievements in isolation of endophytic actinomycetes and an assortment of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeta Masand
- School of Life sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Polpass Arul Jose
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India. .,Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India.
| | - Ekta Menghani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, JECRC University, Jaipur, India
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