1
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Fitriani R, Happyana N, Hakim EH. Morushalunin D, a tri- O-bridged Diels-Alder type adduct from Morus alba var. shalun root cultures and the related precursors. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:756-764. [PMID: 38379372 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2314193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Three Diels-Alder type adducts (1-3) along with their precursors, including one 2-arylbenzofuran (4) and one stilbene (5), were isolated from the MeOH extract of M. alba var. shalun root cultures. Among them, 1 is a new Diels-Alder type adduct named morushalunin D. The molecular structures of 1-5 were elucidated based on spectroscopic data and comparison with the literatures. Cytotoxic properties of compounds 1-5 were evaluated against murine leukemia P-388 cells. Morushalunin D (1), mulberrofuran T (2), sorocein A (3), moracin M (4), and oxyresveratrol (5) were active, significantly inhibiting the growth of P-388 cells with IC50 values of 0.5, 1.0, 0.6, 2.0, and 3.3 μg/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizki Fitriani
- Natural Product Research Group, Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nizar Happyana
- Natural Product Research Group, Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Euis Holisotan Hakim
- Natural Product Research Group, Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
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2
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Pu H, Cao D, Zhou X, Li F, Wang L, Wang M. Isoprenylated Flavonoids and 2-Arylbenzofurans from the Root Bark of Morus alba L. and Their Cytotoxic Activity against HGC27 Cancer Cells. Molecules 2023; 29:30. [PMID: 38202613 PMCID: PMC10779849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Three new compounds (1, 11, and 12), together with 32 known ones, were isolated from the root bark of Morus alba L. using various chromatographic methods. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated based on 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS dataanalysis, while the known ones were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human gastric cancer HGC27 cells by CCK-8 assay. Among them, compounds 5, 8, 10, and 30 exhibited cytotoxic activities on HGC27 cells with IC50 values of 33.76 ± 2.64 μM, 28.94 ± 0.72 μM, 6.08 ± 0.34 μM, and 10.24 ± 0.89 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compound 10 was confirmed to reduce proliferation ability, increase apoptosis rate, and inhibit cell migration pathway by annexin V/PI double staining experiment, transwell experiment, and Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyi Pu
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.P.); (X.Z.); (F.L.); (L.W.)
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongyi Cao
- Pharmaceutical Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Xue Zhou
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.P.); (X.Z.); (F.L.); (L.W.)
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fu Li
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.P.); (X.Z.); (F.L.); (L.W.)
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.P.); (X.Z.); (F.L.); (L.W.)
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.P.); (X.Z.); (F.L.); (L.W.)
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Yang JY, Guo CS, Su L, Xu CX, Li RT, Zhong JD. Four undescribed triterpenes from the aerial parts of Verbena officinalis. Fitoterapia 2023; 170:105670. [PMID: 37690598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Verbena officinalis is used as a Chinese folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism and bronchitis. Herein, four undescribed triterpenes, officinalisoids A-D (1-4), together with thirty-three known compounds (5-37) were isolated from the aerial parts of V. officinalis. The chemical structures of the new compounds were determined by spectrometric data interpretation using NMR, HRESIMS, IR and UV spectroscopy. Biological evaluation results revealed that compound 30 exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 value of 6.07 μM (CC50 > 50 μM) and compound 12 showed moderate anti-dengue virus activity with the IC50 value of 24.55 μM (CC50 > 50 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Sheng Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Su
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiang Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Dong Zhong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Lv HW, Wang QL, Luo M, Zhu MD, Liang HM, Li WJ, Cai H, Zhou ZB, Wang H, Tong SQ, Li XN. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of natural prenylated flavonoids. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:207-272. [PMID: 37055613 PMCID: PMC10101826 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids are a special kind of flavonoid derivative possessing one or more prenyl groups in the parent nucleus of the flavonoid. The presence of the prenyl side chain enriched the structural diversity of flavonoids and increased their bioactivity and bioavailability. Prenylated flavonoids show a wide range of biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective effects, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities. In recent years, many compounds with significant activity have been discovered with the continuous excavation of the medicinal value of prenylated flavonoids, and have attracted the extensive attention of pharmacologists. This review summarizes recent progress on research into natural active prenylated flavonoids to promote new discoveries of their medicinal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Liang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Meng Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Di Zhu
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology University, 310014, Hang Zhou, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Hai Cai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Bo Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China.
| | - Xing-Nuo Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hang zhou, P. R. China.
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5
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Luo SY, Zhu JY, Zou MF, Yin S, Tang GH. Mulberry Diels-Alder-type adducts: isolation, structure, bioactivity, and synthesis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:31. [PMID: 36050566 PMCID: PMC9436459 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry Diels-Alder-type adducts (MDAAs) are unique phenolic natural products biosynthetically derived from the intermolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of dienophiles (mainly chalcones) and dehydroprenylphenol dienes, which are exclusively distributed in moraceous plants. A total of 166 MDAAs with diverse skeletons have been isolated and identified since 1980. Structurally, the classic MDAAs characterized by the chalcone-skeleton dienophiles can be divided into eight groups (Types A - H), while others with non-chalcone dienophiles or some variations of classic MDAAs are non-classic MDAAs (Type I). These compounds have attracted significant attention of natural products and synthetic chemists due to their complex architectures, remarkable biological activities, and synthetic challenges. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the structural properties, bioactivities, and syntheses of MDAAs. Cited references were collected between 1980 and 2021 from the SciFinder, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Feng Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Silva DHADA, Barbosa HM, Silva JFDA, Moura CA, Gomes DA, Almeida JRGS, Lira EC. Antidiabetic properties of oral treatment of hexane and chloroform fractions of Morus nigra leaves in streptozotocin-induced rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20210744. [PMID: 34909830 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morus nigra L. has been widely used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. We evaluate the chemical composition and antidiabetic properties of the hexane (Hex-Mn) and chloroform (Chlo-Mn) fractions obtained by partition of the crude ethanolic extract from the leaves in rats. Chemical composition analysis of Hex-Mn and Chlor-Mn was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). In vivo and in vitro studies were carried out to compare the antidiabetic activities of the Hex-Mn and Chlor-Mn fractions. Most of the compounds identified in Hex-Mn were α-linolenic acid, stigmast-5-en-3-ol and linolenic acid ethyl ester, while in Chlor-Mn, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, palmitic acid and α-linolenic acid were mainly identified. Only Hex-Mn treatment reduced both fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. Additionally, Hex-Mn preserved body weight gain, preserved the hepatic glycogen content, and also reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitrite levels, as well as restored the superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, digestion of complex carbohydrates and intestinal glucose absorption was prevented by Hex-Mn treatment. Our results suggest that the antidiabetic activity of Hex-Mn may be explained, at least in part, by the insulin sensitivity increase, antioxidant properties and reduction in carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionísio H A DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Barbosa
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - July F DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Celuane A Moura
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas de Plantas Medicinais, Campus Petrolina/Centro, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n, 56304-205 Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Dayane A Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Av. da Engenharia, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jackson R G S Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas de Plantas Medicinais, Campus Petrolina/Centro, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n, 56304-205 Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Lira
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas de Plantas Medicinais, Campus Petrolina/Centro, Av. José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n, 56304-205 Petrolina, PE, Brazil
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7
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Ghirga F, Quaglio D, Mori M, Cammarone S, Iazzetti A, Goggiamani A, Ingallina C, Botta B, Calcaterra A. A unique high-diversity natural product collection as a reservoir of new therapeutic leads. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01210f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We review the successful application of computer-aided methods to screen a unique and high-diversity in house collection library composed of around 1000 individual natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ghirga
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 00161 Rome
- Italy
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs
- “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”
- The Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology
- Chemistry and Pharmacy
- “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”
- University of Siena
- 53100 Siena
| | - Silvia Cammarone
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs
- “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”
- The Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs
- “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”
- The Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Antonella Goggiamani
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs
- “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”
- The Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs
- “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”
- The Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs
- “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”
- The Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs
- “Department of Excellence 2018–2022”
- The Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
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8
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Kim TI, Kwon EB, Oh YC, Go Y, Choi JG. Mori ramulus and its Major Component Morusin Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication and the Virus-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 49:163-179. [PMID: 33371809 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is ubiquitous in many populations despite the use of acyclovir or related nucleoside analogs for treating infection. Drug resistance impairs the treatment of HSV-infected individuals who have immune deficits, underscoring the need for new safe and effective antiviral agents. Mori ramulus (the young twig of Morus alba L.) has long been used to treat diseases in Korea, Japan, and China. Recent studies have reported multiple pharmacological activities of Mori ramulus and its constituent morusin, but their effects on HSV-1 remain unknown. Here, we found that treatment with Mori ramulus ethanol extract (MRE) significantly reduced the replication of fluorescently labeled HSV-1 in Vero cells and inhibited the expression of HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein D (gD) and tegument protein VP16. MRE, furthermore, blocked HSV-1-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and this mediated the inhibition of viral replication. We identified morusin as the active antiviral component of MRE and found that morusin post-treatment was sufficient to inhibit viral gD and VP16 in addition to HSV-1-induced ROS production. Therefore, the inhibition of HSV-1-induced ROS may explain the antiviral activity of MRE against HSV-1. MRE or its component morusin may be potentially developed for anti-HSV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae In Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bin Kwon
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chang Oh
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Go
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
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9
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Won YS, Seo KI. Sanggenol L promotes apoptotic cell death in melanoma skin cancer cells through activation of caspase cascades and apoptosis-inducing factor. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111221. [PMID: 32084496 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sanggenol L is one component of root bark of Morus alba. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of sanggenol L effects on melanoma cells are not well known. Recently, melanoma is the most common skin cancer with a high mortality rate not only in United States, but also in East Asia. Therefore, safe and effective treatments for melanoma treatment are required. In this study, we investigated whether or not sanggenol L possesses anti-cancer activity in human and mouse melanoma skin cancer cells. Sanggenol L treatment exerted significant cell growth inhibitory effects and inhibited colony formation capacity against B16, SK-MEL-2, and SK-MEL-28 melanoma skin cancer cells, whereas HaCaT human epithelial keratinocyte cells was unaffected by sanggenol L treatment. Sanggenol L treatment resulted in apoptotic cell death in melanoma skin cancer cells, which was characterized by accumulation of apoptotic cells, nuclear condensation, and apoptotic bodies. We also showed that sanggenol L treatment induced caspase-dependent apoptosis (up-regulation of Bax and cleaved-PARP or down-regulation of Bid, Bcl-2, procaspse-3, -8, and -9), induction of caspase-independent apoptosis (up-regulation of AIF and Endo G on cytosol) in melanoma skin cancer cells. These results suggest that sanggenol L induces caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis in melanoma skin cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Seon Won
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Il Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Khan T, Ali M, Khan A, Nisar P, Jan SA, Afridi S, Shinwari ZK. Anticancer Plants: A Review of the Active Phytochemicals, Applications in Animal Models, and Regulatory Aspects. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E47. [PMID: 31892257 PMCID: PMC7022400 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising burden of cancer worldwide calls for an alternative treatment solution. Herbal medicine provides a very feasible alternative to western medicine against cancer. This article reviews the selected plant species with active phytochemicals, the animal models used for these studies, and their regulatory aspects. This study is based on a meticulous literature review conducted through the search of relevant keywords in databases, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Twenty plants were selected based on defined selection criteria for their potent anticancer compounds. The detailed analysis of the research studies revealed that plants play an indispensable role in fighting different cancers such as breast, stomach, oral, colon, lung, hepatic, cervical, and blood cancer cell lines. The in vitro studies showed cancer cell inhibition through DNA damage and activation of apoptosis-inducing enzymes by the secondary metabolites in the plant extracts. Studies that reported in vivo activities of these plants showed remarkable results in the inhibition of cancer in animal models. Further studies should be performed on exploring more plants, their active compounds, and the mechanism of anticancer actions for use as standard herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Buner, Sowari 17290, Pakistan;
| | - Parveen Nisar
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Sohail Ahmad Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan;
| | - Shakeeb Afridi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
- National Council for Tibb, Islamabad, Pakistan
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11
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Fitriani R, Happyana N, Hakim EH. Potential cytotoxic Diels-Alder type adducts from liquid medium of Morus Alba var. shalun root cultures. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2274-2278. [PMID: 31554425 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1667353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new Diels-Alder type adduct named morushalunin (1), together with three similar compounds, guangsangon E (2), chalcomoracin (3), and kuwanon J (4) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of liquid medium of Morus alba var. shalun root cultures. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data, including 1D, 2D NMR, and MS data. Cytotoxic properties of compounds 1-4 were evaluated against murine leukemia P-388 cells. Morushalunin (1), guangsangon E (2), and chalcomoracin (3) were found to have significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values 0.7, 2.5, and 1.7 μg/mL, respectively, while kuwanon J (4) showed weak cytotoxicity (IC50 = 5.9 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizki Fitriani
- Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Natural Product Research Group, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Nizar Happyana
- Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Natural Product Research Group, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Euis Holisotan Hakim
- Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Natural Product Research Group, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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12
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Nastić N, Borrás-Linares I, Lozano-Sánchez J, Švarc-Gajić J, Segura-Carretero A. Optimization of the extraction of phytochemicals from black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) leaves. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Osyanin VA, Osipov DV, Demidov MR, Krasnikov PE, Klimochkin YN. Synthesis of symmetrical chromeno[2,3-b]chromenes on the basis of о-quinone methides and 1,1-bis(morpholino)ethene. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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周 萍, 董 晓, 汤 平. [Sanggenon C induces apoptosis of prostate cancer PC3 cells by activating caspase 3 and caspase 9 pathways]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1206-1210. [PMID: 28951363 PMCID: PMC6765487 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Sanggenon C in inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer PC3 cell line and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS The proliferation of PC3 cells treated for 24 h with 1, 5, 20, 50, and 100 µmol/L sanggenon C or treated with 20 µmol/L Sanggenon C for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h was evaluated using MTT assay. Flow cytometry was performed for analysis of apoptosis of PC3 cells after exposure to sanggenon C with different treatment protocols, and the activity of caspase 3 was detected using spectrofluorometry. The inhibitory effect of sanggenon C on PC3 cells pretreated with DMSO, z-DEVD-fmk, z-LEHD-fmk or z-IETD-fmk for 1 h was detected by MTT assay. RESULTS Sanggenon C inhibited the proliferation of PC3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P<0.05 except for 1 µmol/L group) with a 24-h IC50 of 18.76 µmol/L. Sanggenon C at 20 µmol/L caused inhibition rates of PC3 cells of 10.57%, 27.09%, 51.88%, 80.73% and 87.99% after treatment for 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively (P<0.05), and resulted in apoptosis rates of 7.43%, 20.91% and 37.56% at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Sanggenon C significantly increased caspase-3 activity in the cells, and its effect on PC3 cell proliferation was partially reversed by caspase 3 and caspase 9 inhibitors. CONCLUSION Sanggenon C can dose-dependently induce growth inhibition and apoptosis of PC3 cells possibly by activating caspase 9 and caspase 3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- 萍 周
- 广州医科大学 基础医学研究中心,广东 广州 511436Basic Medical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436
| | - 晓先 董
- 广州医科大学 病理生理学教研室,广东 广州 511436Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - 平 汤
- 广州市第一人民医院泌尿外科,广东 广州 510180Department of Urology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
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15
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Li HX, Jo E, Myung CS, Kim YH, Yang SY. Lipolytic effect of compounds isolated from leaves of mulberry (Morus alba L.) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1963-1966. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1354190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eunji Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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16
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Li M, Wu X, Wang X, Shen T, Ren D. Two novel compounds from the root bark of Morus alba L. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:36-42. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1327862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xuewei Wu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Ren
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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17
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Cao YG, Zheng XK, Yang FF, Li F, Qi M, Zhang YL, Zhao X, Kuang HX, Feng WS. Two new phenolic constituents from the root bark of Morus alba L. and their cardioprotective activity. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:391-398. [PMID: 28349742 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1309535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new biphenyl-furocoumarin, named morescoumarin A (1), and a new prenylated flavanone, named morflavanone A (2) were isolated from the root bark of Morus alba L., together with four known compounds (3-6). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. The cardioprotective effects of these compounds against doxorubicin-induced cell death were evaluated by MTT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gang Cao
- a School of Pharmacy , Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Harbin , P.R. China.,b School of Pharmacy , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ke Zheng
- b School of Pharmacy , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Yang
- b School of Pharmacy , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- b School of Pharmacy , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Man Qi
- b School of Pharmacy , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- b School of Pharmacy , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- b School of Pharmacy , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- a School of Pharmacy , Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Harbin , P.R. China
| | - Wei-Sheng Feng
- b School of Pharmacy , Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
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18
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Yang J, Zhang X, Jin Q, Gu L, Liu X, Li J, Ni Y. Effect of meteorological parameters and regions on accumulation pattern of phenolic compounds in different mulberry cultivars grown in China. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:1091-1096. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1274895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiufang Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Jin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Gu
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xuanjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingming Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanying Ni
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Wei H, Zhu JJ, Liu XQ, Feng WH, Wang ZM, Yan LH. Review of bioactive compounds from root barks of Morus plants (Sang-Bai-Pi) and their pharmacological effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2016.1212320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, Jishou University, College of Hunan Province, 416000 Jishou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Hong Feng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hua Yan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700 Beijing, China
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20
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Jeong JW, Lee HH, Lee KW, Kim KY, Kim SG, Hong SH, Kim GY, Park C, Kim HK, Choi YW, Choi YH. Mori folium inhibits interleukin-1β-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in SW1353 human chondrocytes. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:452-60. [PMID: 26707272 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Mori folium, the leaves of Morus alba L., has long been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes, protect the liver, and lower blood pressure; however, the role of Mori folium in OA is not yet fully understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Mori folium water extract (MF) inhibited the catabolic effects of IL-1β in vitro, and also whether it inhibited the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through the attenuation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in SW1353 human chondrocytes. MMP proteins in culture medium were determined using a cytokine‑specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated using Griess reagent and ELISA. Subsequently, the mRNA and protein levels of MMPs, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB and MAPKs were examined by RT-qPCR and/or western blot analysis. The results indicate that MF significantly reduced the IL-1β‑induced release of MMP-1 and -13 in SW1353 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of MMP-1 and -13 mRNA and protein expression in a concentration‑dependent manner at concentrations with no cytotoxicity. MF also attenuated the IL-1β-induced production of NO and PGE2, and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, we noted that MF markedly suppressed the IL-1β‑induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which correlated with the inhibitory effects of MF on inhibitor-κB (IκB) degradation, and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was selectively restored by MF upon IL-1β stimulation. These results indicate that MF inhibited the production and expression of MMP-1 and -13 and inflammatory mediators, at least in part, through suppressing the activation of either NF-κB or p38 MAPK in IL-1β-treated SW1353 chondrocytes. Therefore, the novel findings of the present study suggest that MF is a potential therapeutic choice for chondroprotection against the collagen matrix breakdown in the cartilage of diseased tissues, such as those found in patients with arthritic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyeon Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Goo Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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de Oliveira AM, Mesquita MDS, da Silva GC, de Oliveira Lima E, de Medeiros PL, Paiva PMG, de Souza IA, Napoleão TH. Evaluation of Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of an Ethanolic Extract from Leaves of Morus alba L. (Moraceae). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:513978. [PMID: 26246840 PMCID: PMC4515285 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluated an ethanolic extract from Morus alba leaves for toxicity to Artemia salina, oral toxicity to mice, and antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenes in the extract, which did not show toxicity to A. salina nauplii. No mortality and behavioral alterations were detected for mice treated with the extract (300 and 2000 mg/kg b.w.) for 14 days. However, animals that received the highest dose showed reduced MCV and MCHC as well as increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. In treatments with the extract at both 300 and 2000 mg/kg, there was a reduction in number of leukocytes, with decrease in percentage of lymphocytes and increase in proportion of segmented cells. Histopathological analysis of organs from mice treated with the extract at 2000 mg/kg revealed turgidity of contorted tubules in kidneys, presence of leukocyte infiltration around the liver centrilobular vein, and high dispersion of the spleen white pulp. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Aspergillus flavus. In conclusion, the extract contains antimicrobial agents and was not lethal for mice when ingested; however, its use requires caution because it promoted biochemical, hematological, and histopathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Macário de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Cancerologia Experimental, Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Matheus da Silva Mesquita
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Cancerologia Experimental, Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cavalcante da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Cancerologia Experimental, Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Paloma Lys de Medeiros
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ivone Antônia de Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Cancerologia Experimental, Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
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