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Dembitsky VM. Naturally Occurring Norsteroids and Their Design and Pharmaceutical Application. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1021. [PMID: 38790983 PMCID: PMC11117879 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to introduce readers to the fascinating class of lipid molecules known as norsteroids, exploring their distribution across various biotopes and their biological activities. The review provides an in-depth analysis of various modified steroids, including A, B, C, and D-norsteroids, each characterized by distinct structural alterations. These modifications, which range from the removal of specific methyl groups to changes in the steroid core, result in unique molecular architectures that significantly impact their biological activity and therapeutic potential. The discussion on A, B, C, and D-norsteroids sheds light on their unique configurations and how these structural modifications influence their pharmacological properties. The review also presents examples from natural sources that produce a diverse array of steroids with distinct structures, including the aforementioned A, B, C, and D-nor variants. These compounds are sourced from marine organisms like sponges, soft corals, and starfish, as well as terrestrial entities such as plants, fungi, and bacteria. The exploration of these steroids encompasses their biosynthesis, ecological significance, and potential medical applications, highlighting a crucial area of interest in pharmacology and natural product chemistry. The review emphasizes the importance of researching these steroids for drug development, particularly in addressing diseases where conventional medications are inadequate or for conditions lacking sufficient therapeutic options. Examples of norsteroid synthesis are provided to illustrate the practical applications of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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Zhou J, Feng Z, Zhang W, Xu J. Evaluation of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of endophytic fungi extracts from mangrove plants Rhizophora stylosa and R. mucronata. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2733. [PMID: 35177749 PMCID: PMC8854691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove endophytic fungi are tolerant to numerous stresses and are inevitably capable of exhibiting excellent biological activity by producing impressive numbers of metabolites with special biological functions, based on previous work on the biological potential of mangrove-derived endophytic fungi. To obtain marked antimicrobial and cytotoxic fermentation products of culturable endophytic fungi from mangrove forests, our research evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of crude extracts of endophytic fungi from Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora mucronata. Forty-six fungal isolates were cultured on four different media, namely, dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek’s agar (CZA), rice medium (RM) and grain medium (GM) and harvested by ethyl acetate solvent at 40 days. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity by the microdilution method against the gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas adaceae (PA), gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (EF), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and pathogenic fungus Monilia albicans (MA). The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was evaluated by MTT assay using A549 human lung cancer cells, HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells, and HepG2 human hepatocellular cells. The results showed that rice medium could promote the secretion of antimicrobial and antitumour secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi in comparison with other cultivation media. Seventeen strains (68%) from R. stylosa exhibited inhibitory effects on indicators, especially N. protearum HHL46, which could inhibit the growth of four microbes with MIC values reaching 0.0625 mg/mL. Fifteen strains (71.4%) from R. mucronata displayed activities against human pathogenic microbes; in particular, Pestalotiopsis sp. HQD6 and N. protearum HQD5 could resist the growth of four microbes with MIC values ranging from 0.015 to 1 mg/mL. In the cytotoxicity assay, the extracts of 10 strains (40%), 9 strains (40%) and 13 strains (52%) of R. stylosa and 13 strains (61.9%), 10 strains (47.6%) and 10 strains (47.6%) of R. mucronata displayed cytotoxicity against A549, HeLa and HepG2 cancer cells with cell viability values ≤ 50%. Neopestalotiopsis protearum HHL46, Phomopsis longicolla HHL50, Botryosphaeria fusispora HQD83, Fusarium verticillioides HQD48 and Pestalotiopsis sp. HQD6 displayed significant antitumour activity with IC50 values below 20 μg/mL. These results highlighted the antimicrobial and antitumour potential of endophytic fungi from R. stylosa and R. mucronata and the possibility of exploiting their antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- One Health Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.,Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Feng
- One Health Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- One Health Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- One Health Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China. .,Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.
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Dembitsky VM, Gloriozova TA, Poroikov VV. Antitumor Profile of Carbon-Bridged Steroids (CBS) and Triterpenoids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:324. [PMID: 34205074 PMCID: PMC8228860 DOI: 10.3390/md19060324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the rare group of carbon-bridged steroids (CBS) and triterpenoids found in various natural sources such as green, yellow-green, and red algae, marine sponges, soft corals, ascidians, starfish, and other marine invertebrates. In addition, this group of rare lipids is found in amoebas, fungi, fungal endophytes, and plants. For convenience, the presented CBS and triterpenoids are divided into four groups, which include: (a) CBS and triterpenoids containing a cyclopropane group; (b) CBS and triterpenoids with cyclopropane ring in the side chain; (c) CBS and triterpenoids containing a cyclobutane group; (d) CBS and triterpenoids containing cyclopentane, cyclohexane or cycloheptane moieties. For the comparative characterization of the antitumor profile, we have added several semi- and synthetic CBS and triterpenoids, with various additional rings, to identify possible promising sources for pharmacologists and the pharmaceutical industry. About 300 CBS and triterpenoids are presented in this review, which demonstrate a wide range of biological activities, but the most pronounced antitumor profile. The review summarizes biological activities both determined experimentally and estimated using the well-known PASS software. According to the data obtained, two-thirds of CBS and triterpenoids show moderate activity levels with a confidence level of 70 to 90%; however, one third of these lipids demonstrate strong antitumor activity with a confidence level exceeding 90%. Several CBS and triterpenoids, from different lipid groups, demonstrate selective action on different types of tumor cells such as renal cancer, sarcoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, lymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, liver cancer, and genitourinary cancer with varying degrees of confidence. In addition, the review presents graphical images of the antitumor profile of both individual CBS and triterpenoids groups and individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M. Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
| | - Tatyana A. Gloriozova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Bldg. 8, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.G.); (V.V.P.)
| | - Vladimir V. Poroikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Bldg. 8, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., 119121 Moscow, Russia; (T.A.G.); (V.V.P.)
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Micropropagation of Tricholepis roylei Hook. F.-a point endemic species of the Western Himalaya. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:40. [PMID: 32776183 PMCID: PMC7415789 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Tricholepis roylei Hook. f. is a bushy annual shrub of the Asteraceae family and point endemic species of the Western Himalaya. T. roylei is a critically endangered species and factors like poor seed germination and habitat destruction are further rendering the species towards extinction. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to document the seed germination potential of the species and to establish a reproducible in vitro propagation and mass multiplication protocol for the ex situ conservation of T. roylei germplasm. Results Seeds of T. roylei were collected from Sangdha, Himachal Pradesh, India, and were sown in different substrates under open and controlled conditions. Though the overall seed germination potential of the species was reported to be very low and maximum 45% germination was observed in cocopeat substrate after 26 days of incubation. Half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enriched with 6-benzylaminopurine (4.4 μM l−1) and naphthalene acetic acid (1.0 μM l-1) was observed to be the optimum medium for shoot induction in shoot tip explants of T. roylei. Maximum 98.89% shoot formation was observed with 28.42 shoots per culture and 4.4-cm shoot length, respectively. The healthy shoots (4.0 cm) were transferred onto rooting media (1/4, 1/2 and full MS) and roots were developed after 8 weeks of incubation in the half-strength MS medium. Half MS augmented with 4.9 μM l−1 indole butyric acid was observed to be optimum for the root development and an average of 10.2 roots per shoot with 4.0-cm length was obtained. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized under greenhouse conditions and subsequently established in the field, with a recorded survival rate of 90%. The plants acclimatized to the open environment were also planted in the wild under the habitat rehabilitation and species recovery programme. Conclusion The seed germination study envisages that the seed germination potential of the species is very poor and might be one of the probable factors responsible for the shrinkage of T. roylei population in the wild. The standardized micropropagation protocol can be helpful for the ex situ conservation of germplasm and rehabilitation of species in the wild. Moreover, the study could be helpful in elucidating the phytochemical and molecular analysis of species.
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Wang M, Tan J, Chen J, Xie T, Lin LM, Zhong LL, Cai XJ, Wu QS. Three new ester glycosides with cytotoxic activity from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4409-4416. [PMID: 32272852 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1721488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three new ester glycosides, named as Caesateroside A (1), Caesateroside B (2) and Caesateroside C (3) were obtained from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan. The new structures of compounds 1-3 were elucidated by analyzing their 1 D NMR, 2 D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra. Compounds 1-3 showed weak-moderate cytotoxicity against Hela and HepG-2 human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Genaral Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Liang-Mo Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Li-Li Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Xing-Jun Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Genaral Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Qiong-Shi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
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Secondary Metabolites from the Endophytic Fungus Fusarium equiseti and Their Antibacterial Activities. Chem Nat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-019-02915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Five New Cucurbitane-Type Triterpenoid Glycosides from the Rhizomes of Hemsleya penxianensis with Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162937. [PMID: 31412677 PMCID: PMC6720345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new cucurbitane-typetriterpenoid glycosides, named Xuedanoside F–J (1–5), were obtained from the rhizomes of Hemsleya penxianensis (Xue dan), which belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae. These new compounds were elucidated byspectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS spectra. Additionally, all the isolates were evaluated for cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (Hela, MCF-7, and A-549) with the IC50 ranging from 2.25 to 49.44 µM in vitro with treatment 48 h and showed low cytotoxicity in human normal liver L-02 cells (IC50 > 50 µM). Compound 5 showed the most significant cytotoxic activity with the IC50 value of 2.25, 4.72, and 5.33 µM in 48 h, respectively.
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Bai W, Yang HY, Jiao XZ, Feng KN, Chen JJ, Gao K. Structurally Diverse Highly Oxygenated Triterpenoids from the Roots of Ailanthus altissima and Their Cytotoxicity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1777-1785. [PMID: 30106297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ten new triterpenoids, ailanaltiolides A-J (1-10), and three known analogues (11-13) were isolated from the roots of Ailanthus altissima. Compounds 1-7 are apotirucallane-type, compounds 8 and 9 are tirucallane-type, and compound 10 is a trinordammarane-type triterpenoid. This is the first study indicating the genus Ailanthus as a potential source for apotirucallane derivatives, which contain an α,β-unsaturated-ε-lactone A-ring and diversely modified C-17 side chains. Spectroscopic data interpretation, electronic circular dichroism analysis, and X-ray crystallographic data defined the structures and absolute configurations of these triterpenoids. Compounds 2, 7, and 8 showed cytotoxicity against four tumor cell lines (HeLa, 786-O, HepG2, and A549). In particular, compound 2 exhibited the highest activity against 786-O cells with an IC50 value of 8.2 μM in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Zhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Na Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
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Chen DL, Li G, Liu YY, Ma GX, Zheng W, Sun XB, Xu XD. A new cadinane sesquiterpenoid glucoside with cytotoxicity from Abelmoschus sagittifolius. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:1699-1704. [PMID: 29409349 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1431635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new cadinane sesquiterpenoid glucoside, 2β,7,3-trihydroxycalamenene 3-O-β-d-glucoside (1) together with six known compounds, N-(p-trans-coumaroyl)-N-methyl tyramine (2), Cleomiscosin A (3), 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10,15-heptadecadienoic acid (4), Cytochalasin B (5), Marmesinin (6) and N-(p-trans-coumaroyl) tyramine (7) were obtained from the stem bark of Abelmoschus sagittifolius. The new structure of compound 1 was elucidated by analysing its 1H and 13C-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY and HR-ESI-MS spectra. Compounds 1-7 showed moderate cytotoxicity against Hela and HepG-2 human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Chen
- a Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine) , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Wanning , China
| | - Guang Li
- b Yunnan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Xishuangbanna , China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- a Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine) , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Wanning , China
| | - Guo-Xu Ma
- a Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine) , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Wanning , China.,c Institute of Medicinal Plant Development , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Zheng
- a Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine) , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Wanning , China
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- c Institute of Medicinal Plant Development , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xu-Dong Xu
- c Institute of Medicinal Plant Development , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
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