Chemical Composition of Buddleja polystachya Aerial Parts and its Bioactivity against Aedes aegypti

Buddleja officinalis Maxim.: A review of its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential for ophthalmic diseases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buddleja officinalis Maxim. (B. officinalis), commonly known as "Menghua" "Yangerduo" is a widely recognized traditional herbal medicine in China, Korea, and Vietnam. For thousands of years, it has been used to treat dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, keratitis, eye ulcers, eye pain, cough, asthma, hemoptysis, and other medical conditions.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review article aims to provide a concise summary of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, medicinal potential, and application of B. officinalis in treating ophthalmic diseases and critically evaluates the existing literature to establish a scientific basis for its reasonable utilization and further investigation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The information reviewed in this study was collected from various electronic resources, including the Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar.

RESULTS

To date, 80 structurally diverse compounds have been isolated and characterized from B. officinalis, primarily flavonoids, phenylethanoids, triterpenoids, and monoterpenes. Extracts and compounds derived from B. officinalis have been reported to possess broad pharmacological effects including anti-dry eye disease, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, improving osteoporosis and treatment of skin diseases. This review provides a reference for the future studies on of B. officinalis.

CONCLUSIONS

As a natural medicinal plant, B. officinalis is worthy of further development in botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential for ophthalmic diseases. Although some components have demonstrated multiple pharmacological activities, their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Further studies on the underlying molecular basis and mechanism of action are warranted.

Medicinal plants utilized in the management of epilepsy in Ethiopia: ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry

Epilepsy is a common central nervous system (CNS) disorder that affects 50 million people worldwide. Patients with status epilepticus (SE) suffer from devastating comorbidities and a high incidence of mortalities. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstream treatment options for the symptomatic relief of epilepsy. The incidence of refractory epilepsy and the dose-dependent neurotoxicity of AEDs such as fatigue, cognitive impairment, dizziness, attention-deficit behavior, and other side effects are the major bottlenecks in epilepsy treatment. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), epilepsy patients failed to adhere to the AEDs regimens and consider other options such as complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to relieve pain due to status epilepticus (SE). Plant-based CAMs are widely employed for the treatment of epilepsy across the globe including Ethiopia. The current review documented around 96 plant species (PS) that are often used for the treatment of epilepsy in Ethiopia. It also described the in vivo anticonvulsant activities and toxicity profiles of the antiepileptic medicinal plants (MPs). Moreover, the phytochemical constituents of MPs with profound anticonvulsant effects were also assessed. The result reiterated that a lot has to be done to show the association between herbal-based epilepsy treatment and in vivo pharmacological activities of MPs regarding their mechanism of action (MOA), toxicity profiles, and bioactive constituents so that they can advance into the clinics and serve as a treatment option for epilepsy.

In vivo evaluation of 80% methanolic leaves crude extract and solvent fractions of buddleja polystachya fresen (buddlejaceae) for wound healing activity in normal and diabetic mice

In diabetes mellitus, the wound healing process is impaired and delayed. Plants are actively investigated for safe, effective, and well-tolerated treatment options for wound. The plant Buddleja polystachya has a traditional claim for the treatment of wound. Fresh leaves are crushed and given for topical application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of hydro-alcoholic extract and solvent fractions of leaves of B. polystachya fresen (Buddlejaceae) in normal and diabetic mice.

METHOD

B. polystachya leaves were extracted using 80% methanol and further fractionated using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water. The wound healing activity was tested using excision, incision, and diabetic wound models. Area of wound contraction, time of epithelialization, and wound breaking strength were determined.

RESULT

Treatment with 5% w/w (P < 0 0.05) and 10% w/w (P < 0.001) crude extract of B. polystachya significantly lowered wound area as compared to simple ointment. Treatment of excision wound with 5% w/w and 10% w/w of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of B. polystachya significantly lowered wound area and epithelization period (P < 0.05). The 10% w/w extract of B. polystachya showed a significant area of diabetic wound contraction compared to 5% w/w extract and simple ointment. The 10% w/w and 5% w/w extracts of B. polystachya significantly increased wound breaking strength compared to untreated and simple ointment groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The crude and the solvent fractions of B. Polystachya leaves possess wound healing activities as evidenced by an increase in tensile strength and wound contraction rate and decrease in the epithelialization period. This finding supports the traditional claims of B. polystachya for the healing of wounds.

Plant Natural Products for the Control of Aedes aegypti: The Main Vector of Important Arboviruses

The mosquito species Aedes aegypti is one of the main vectors of arboviruses, including dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Considering the deficiency or absence of vaccines to prevent these diseases, vector control remains an important strategy. The use of plant natural product-based insecticides constitutes an alternative to chemical insecticides as they are degraded more easily and are less harmful to the environment, not to mention their lower toxicity to non-target insects. This review details plant species and their secondary metabolites that have demonstrated insecticidal properties (ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, repellent and ovipositional effects) against the mosquito, together with their mechanisms of action. In particular, essential oils and some of their chemical constituents such as terpenoids and phenylpropanoids offer distinct advantages. Thiophenes, amides and alkaloids also possess high larvicidal and adulticidal activities, adding to the wealth of plant natural products with potential in vector control applications.

A new diterpene and bioactivities of labdanes isolated from Buddleja marrubiifolia

The new labdane [(3R*,4aR*,7S*,10aS*,10bR*)-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,10a-tetramethyl-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho-[2,1-b]-pyran-7-yl]-methylbenzoate together with other 7 labdanes were isolated from the aerial parts of Buddleja marrubiifolia. Compound structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Some compounds showed moderate to weak antimicrobial activity towards a panel of bacterial and fungal pathogens. In addition, trans-biformene (2) and ribenol acetate (8) showed to be highly cytotoxic with LC50 < 1 µg/mL, the other compounds showed moderate cytotoxic effect with a LC50 range of 6.008-15.26 µg/mL. For all isolated compounds, no inflammatory response was observed.

Iridoids: Research Advances in Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Pharmacokinetics

Iridoids are a class of active compounds that widely exist in the plant kingdom. In recent years, with advances in phytochemical research, many compounds with novel structure and outstanding activity have been identified. Iridoid compounds have been confirmed to mainly exist as the prototype and aglycone and Ι and II metabolites, by biological transformation. These metabolites have been shown to have neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities. This review summarizes the new structures and activities of iridoids identified locally and globally, and explains their pharmacokinetics from the aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion according to the differences in their structures, thus providing a theoretical basis for further rational development and utilization of iridoids and their metabolites.