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Xie B, Chen Y, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Luo H, Xu J, Song X. Targets Exploration of Hydroxychloroquine for Pigmentation and Cell Protection Effect in Melanocytes: The Clue for Vitiligo Treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1011-1024. [PMID: 35411132 PMCID: PMC8994563 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s350387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The treatment of vitiligo is often challenging to dermatologists. There is ample evidence to suggest that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is effective for vitiligo treatment; nonetheless, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, we sought to uncover the molecular targets of HCQ by an integrated network-based pharmacologic and transcriptomic approach. Methods The potential targets of HCQ were retrieved from databases based on the crystal structure. Targets related to vitiligo were screened and intersected with potential targets of HCQ. A protein-protein interaction network of the intersected targets was generated. Interactions between the targets were verified by molecular docking. Moreover, human vitiligo immortalized melanocytes (PIG3V) were evaluated after treatment with HCQ (1μg/mL) for 24h. The total RNA of PIG3V was extracted and determined by RNA-seq transcriptomics for differential gene expression analysis. Network pharmacology was then used to identify the relationships between putative targets of HCQ and differentially expressed genes. Results Molecular docking analysis revealed four putative key targets (ACHE, PNMT, MC1R, and VDR) of HCQ played important roles in vitiligo treatment. According to the transcriptomic results, the melanosomal biogenesis-related gene BLOC1S5 was upregulated 138005.020 fold after HCQ treatment. Genes related to protein repair (MSRB3) and anti-ultraviolet (UV) effect (UVSSA) were upregulated 4.253 and 2.603 fold, respectively, after HCQ treatment. Conclusion The expression of the BLOC1S5 gene is significantly upregulated, indicating upregulated melanosomal biogenesis after HCQ treatment. In addition, HCQ yields a protective effect on melanocytes by upregulating genes associated with damaged protein repair (MSRB3) and anti-UV effect (UVSSA). The protective effects of HCQ are mediated by binding to putative targets ACHE, PNMT, MC1R, and VDR according to network pharmacology and docking verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yebei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
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Xie B, Lu H, Xu J, Luo H, Hu Y, Chen Y, Geng Q, Song X. Targets of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A network pharmacology study. Joint Bone Spine 2020; 88:105099. [PMID: 33160044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2020.105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The predicted targets of HCQ and the proteins related to RA were returned from databases. Followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, the intersection of the two group of proteins was studied. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO) and KyotoEncyclopediaofGenesandGenomes (KEGG) enrichment was used to analyse these proteins in a macro perspective. Finally, the candidate targets were checked by molecular docking. RESULTS The results suggested that HCQ in the treatment of RA was mainly associated with 4 targets that are smoothened homolog (SMO), sphingosine kinase (SPHK) 1, SPHK2 and gatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), with their related 3276 proteins' network which regulate ErbB, HIF-1, NF-κB, FoxO, chemokines, MAPK, PI3K/Akt pathways and so forth. Biological process were mainly focused in the regulation of cell activation, myeloid leukocyte activation, regulated exocytosis and so forth. Molecular docking analysis showed that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking were the main forms of chemical force. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides protein targets affected by HCQ in the treatment of RA. SMO, SPHK1, SPHK2 and FAAH involving 3276 proteins become the multi-targets mechanism of HCQ in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Zhejiang Chinese medical university, The Third People's hospital of Hangzhou, West Lake road 38, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Zhejiang Chinese medical university, The Third People's hospital of Hangzhou, West Lake road 38, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese medical university, The Third People's hospital of Hangzhou, West Lake road 38, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Luo
- Zhejiang Chinese medical university, The Third People's hospital of Hangzhou, West Lake road 38, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yebei Hu
- Zhejiang Chinese medical university, The Third People's hospital of Hangzhou, West Lake road 38, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese medical university, The Third People's hospital of Hangzhou, West Lake road 38, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Geng
- Zhejiang Chinese medical university, The Third People's hospital of Hangzhou, West Lake road 38, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Zhejiang Chinese medical university, The Third People's hospital of Hangzhou, West Lake road 38, 310009 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Xie B, Geng Q, Xu J, Lu H, Luo H, Hu Y, Song X. The multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus based on network pharmacology. Lupus 2020; 29:1704-1711. [PMID: 32854577 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320952541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network pharmacology is used with bioinformatic tools to broaden the understanding of drugs' potential targets and the intersections with key genes of particular disease. Here we applied network pharmacology to collect testable hypotheses about the multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Firstly, we predicted the potential targets of HCQ. Secondly, we got the related genes of SLE returned from databases. Thirdly, the intersections of the potential targets (HCQ) and related genes (SLE) were analyzed with gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Finally, we validated our predictions of the potential targets by performing docking studies with HCQ. RESULTS The results suggest that the efficacy of HCQ against SLE is mainly associated with the targets of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and CDK1, which regulate PI3K/Akt/GSK3β as well as interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. Biological process of the network associated with the three targets is concentrated in the inhibition of immune response, negative regulation of gene expression and regulation of immune system process. Molecular docking analysis proves that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are the main forms of interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides protein targets affected by HCQ in the treatment of SLE. Three key targets (CDK2, ESR1 and CDK1) involving 1766 proteins become the multi-targets mechanism of HCQ in the treatment of SLE. As well, the research also provides a new idea for introducing network pharmacology into the evaluation of the drugs with multi-targets in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yebei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Xinqiang S, Yu Z, Ningning Y, Erqin D, Lei W, Hongtao D. Molecular mechanism of celastrol in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Life Sci 2019; 240:117063. [PMID: 31734262 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network pharmacology uses bioinformatics to broaden our understanding of drug actions and thereby advance drug discovery. Here we apply network pharmacology to generate testable hypotheses about the multi-target mechanism of celastrol against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS We reconstructed drug-target pathways and networks to predict the likely protein targets of celastrol and the main interactions between those targets and the drug. Then we validated our predictions of candidate targets by performing docking studies with celastrol. RESULTS The results suggest that celastrol acts against SLE by regulating the function of several signaling proteins, such as interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor, and matrix metalloprotein 9, which regulate signaling pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumor necrosis factor as well as apoptosis pathways. Celastrol is predicted to affect networks involved mainly in cytokine activity, cytokine receptor binding, receptor ligand activity, receptor regulator activity, and cofactor binding. Molecular docking analysis showed that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking were the main forms of interaction. CONCLUSIONS This network pharmacology strategy may be useful for discovery of multi-target drugs against complex diseases, specifically, it provides protein targets associated with SLE that may be further tested for therapeutic potential by celastrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xinqiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, China, 464000.
| | - Zhang Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yang Ningning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Dai Erqin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Wang Lei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Du Hongtao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
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