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Xue H, Li J, Wang G, Zuo W, Zeng Y, Liu L. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Potentilla fruticosa L. Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185794. [PMID: 36144529 PMCID: PMC9504222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were prepared with choline chloride, betaine, and a variety of natural organic acids in order to find new environmentally-friendly green solvents to replace the traditional solvents. The NADESs were employed to extract flavonoids from Potentilla fruticosa L. (PFL) with the help of ultrasound. The eutectic solvent diluted with an appropriate amount of water improved the extraction ability of flavonoids due to the decrease of solution viscosity. The microstructure of the raw sample and the samples subjected to ultrasonic bath in different solutions were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the role of the NADESs in the extraction process. The DPPH method and glucose consumption method were used to study the antioxidant and hypoglycemic ability of flavonoid compounds in PFL. Single factor method and response surface methodology (RSM) were designed to analyze the effects of three extraction parameters, including solvent/solid ratio, ultrasonic power, and extraction time, on the extraction yield, antioxidant capacity, and hypoglycemic capacity, and the corresponding second-order polynomial prediction models were established. The optimal extraction conditions for the maximum extraction yield, antioxidant capacity, and hypoglycemic capacity were predicted by RSM, and the reliability of RSM simulation results was verified by a one-off experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xue
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jinping Li
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Guiyao Wang
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Wenming Zuo
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainable Development, Xining 810008, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Likuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Qing Hai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.L.)
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Pel P, Chae HS, Nhoek P, Kim YM, An CY, Yoo H, Kang M, Kim HW, Choi YH, Chin YW. Chemical Constituents from the Roots and Rhizomes of Sophora tonkinensis and Their Effects on Proprotein Convertase Substilisin/Kexin Type 9 Expression. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20952-20958. [PMID: 35755389 PMCID: PMC9219048 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to further investigate bioactive molecules from Sophora tonkinensis that can inhibit proprotein convertase substilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) expression. After interpreting NMR spectroscopic data and MS spectral data of all isolates, a new naturally occurring compound, 6-hydroxy-vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside (7), was identified along with 30 known compounds. The calculation of the gauge-including atomic orbital (GAIO) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) proposed the absolute configuration of 17 as (2S,3R)-methyl-2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)tartrate by comparing the calculated ECD with experimental data. All isolates were tested for their inhibitory effects on PCSK9 mRNA expression. Of the tested compounds, (+)-isolariciresinol (12) inhibited PCSK9 expression via downregulation of HNF1α and SREBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisey Pel
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Chae
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Piseth Nhoek
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chae-Yeong An
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hunseung Yoo
- Cheongju
Plant (S house), SK chemicals, 149, Sandan-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28445, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kang
- Pharma
R&D center/Drug E&A Team, SK Chemicals, 310 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13494, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- College
of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College
of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College
of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
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Luo Y, Jian Y, Liu Y, Jiang S, Muhammad D, Wang W. Flavanols from Nature: A Phytochemistry and Biological Activity Review. Molecules 2022; 27:719. [PMID: 35163984 PMCID: PMC8838462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavanols, a common class of secondary plant metabolites, exhibit several beneficial health properties by acting as antioxidant, anticarcinogen, cardioprotective, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and neuroprotective agents. Furthermore, some flavanols are considered functional ingredients in dairy products. Based on their structural features and health-promoting functions, flavanols have gained the attention of pharmacologists and botanists worldwide. This review collects and summarizes 121 flavanols comprising four categories: flavan-3-ols, flavan-4-ols, isoflavan-4-ols, and flavan-3,4-ols. The research of the various structural features and pharmacological activities of flavanols and their derivatives aims to lay the groundwork for subsequent research and expect to provide mentality and inspiration for the research. The current study provides a starting point for further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqing Jian
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-150-8486-8970 (Y.J.); +86-136-5743-8606 (W.W.)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (D.M.)
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Qin Y, Liu W, Zhang X, Adamowski JF, Biswas A. Leaf Stoichiometry of Potentilla fruticosa Across Elevations in China's Qilian Mountains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:814059. [PMID: 35283932 PMCID: PMC8907977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.814059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As an individual plant species can develop its own leaf stoichiometry to adapt to environmental changes, this stoichiometry can provide critical information about a plant species' growth and its potential management in the ecosystem housing it. However, leaf stoichiometry is largely undocumented in regions with large environmental changes arising from differences in elevation. The leaf stoichiometry of Potentilla fruticosa L., a major alpine shrub playing an important role in supporting ecosystem functions and services in China's Qilian Mountains (Northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau), was investigated at different elevations (2,400, 2,600, 2,800, 3,000, 3,200, 3,500, and 3,800 m). At each elevation, leaf elemental (C, N, and P) concentrations were measured in P. fruticosa leaves sampled from three plots (10 × 10 m), and edaphic properties were assessed in nine quadrats (1 × 1 m, three quadrats per plot). Temperature and precipitation were calculated using an empirical formula. Maximum and minimum leaf carbon (C) concentrations ([C] leaf ) of 524 ± 5.88 and 403 ± 3.01 g kg-1 were measured at 2,600 and 3,500 m, respectively. Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration ([N] leaf ) showed a generally increasing trend with elevation and peaked at 3,500 m (27.33 ± 0.26 g kg-1). Leaf phosphorus (P) concentration ([P] leaf ) varied slightly from 2,400 to 3,200 m and then dropped to a minimum (0.60 ± 0.10 g kg-1) at 3800 m. The [C] leaf :[N] leaf , [C] leaf :[P] leaf , and [N] leaf :[P] leaf varied little from 2,400 to 3,000 m but fluctuated somewhat at higher elevations. The main factors affecting P. fruticosa leaf stoichiometry were soil organic C, pH, and soil total P, and the main limiting element for the growth of P. fruticosa in the study area was P. In conclusion, changes in elevation affected leaf stoichiometry of P. fruticosa mainly due to altered soil properties, and addressing phosphorus limitation, especially at higher elevations mainly due to losses caused by high precipitation and sparse vegetation, is a key measure to promote P. fruticosa growth in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institution of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Qilian Mountains Eco-environment Research Center in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institution of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Qilian Mountains Eco-environment Research Center in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liu,
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institution of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jan F. Adamowski
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Asim Biswas
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Chae HS, Pel P, Cho J, Kim YM, An CY, Huh J, Choi YH, Kim J, Chin YW. Identification of neolignans with PCSK9 downregulatory and LDLR upregulatory activities from Penthorum chinense and the potential in cholesterol uptake by transcriptional regulation of LDLR via SREBP2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114265. [PMID: 34111537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Penthorum chinense has been used in East Asia for the treatment of cholecystitis, infectious hepatitis, jaundice and to treat liver problems. Recent evidences provided the potential for the clinical use of P. chinense in the treatment of metabolic disease. AIM OF THE STUDY Based on the traditional use and recent evidences, we investigated the effects of constituents from P. chinense with modulation on proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression, and the effect of the most active substance on cholesterol uptake, and genes relevant to lipid metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The isolation of compounds from the BuOH-soluble extract of 80% methanol extract of P. chinense was conducted using chromatographic methods and the structures were established by interpreting spectroscopic data. Quantitative real time-PCR, and Western blot analysis were performed to monitor the regulatory activity on PCSK9 and LDLR expression. PCSK9-LDLR binding interaction was also tested. The cholesterol uptake in hepatocyte was measured using 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI)-labeled LDL cholesterol. Additionally, gene network analysis of LDLR and responses of its target proteins were carried out to discover genes germane to the effect of active compound on HepG2 cells. Moreover, we performed protein-protein interaction analysis via String and constructed the compound target network using Cytoscape. RESULTS Two new neolignans and 37 known compounds were characterized from P. chinense. Of the isolated compounds, (7'E,8S)-2',4,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-2,4'-epoxy-8,5'-neolign-7'-en-7-one (3), penthorin A (4) and methyl gallate (25) were found to suppress PCSK9 mRNA expression with IC50 values of 5.13, 15.56 and 11.66 μM, respectively. However, all the isolated compounds were found to be inactive in PCSK9-LDLR interaction assay. Additionally, a dibenzoxepine-type lignan analog, (7'E,8S)-2',4,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-2,4'-epoxy-8,5'-neolign-7'-en-7-one (3) demonstrated to upregulate LDLR mRNA and protein expression via transcriptional factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2). Furthermore, (7'E,8S)-2',4,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-2,4'-epoxy-8,5'-neolign-7'-en-7-one (3) increase the LDL-cholesterol uptake in DiI-LDL assay. CONCLUSION (7'E,8S)-2',4,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-2,4'-epoxy-8,5'-neolign-7'-en-7-one (3) seemed to increase potentially cholesterol uptake via the downregulation of PCSK9 and the activation of LDLR in hepatocytes. Moreover, SREBP2 was found to play an important role in regulation of PCSK9 and LDLR by (7'E,8S)-2',4,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-2,4'-epoxy-8,5'-neolign-7'-en-7-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pisey Pel
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chae-Yeong An
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungmoo Huh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kumari S, Seth A, Sharma S, Attri C. A holistic overview of different species of Potentilla a medicinally important plant along with their pharmaceutical significance: A review. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Augustynowicz D, Latté KP, Tomczyk M. Recent phytochemical and pharmacological advances in the genus Potentilla L. sensu lato - An update covering the period from 2009 to 2020. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113412. [PMID: 32987127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Potentilla plants are still common herbal medicines used in folk medicine. This review provides an update of research undertaken on Potentilla from 2009 until 2020. AIM OF THE STUDY This comprehensive review considers biological updates, recent advances in phytochemical and pharmacological research, and toxicological reports on Potentilla sensu lato based on available data since 2009. METHODS A literature search was conducted using available databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Google Scholar. RESULTS Until now, more than 210 new and known compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes and phenolic compounds, have been confirmed and elucidated for numerous Potentilla species, i.e., in the underground and aerial parts of this genus. Modern pharmacology studies have revealed that those structures are responsible for a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-neoplastic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antibacterial and anti-yeast effects. CONCLUSIONS However, in vitro studies must be re-considered due to the discovery of urolithins and their origins, including microbiota, which can lead to different results when applying Potentilla species and their extracts to in vivo conditions. Thus, future research should focus more on in vivo and particularly clinical studies to confirm the validity and safety of traditional uses. Particularly, the use of Potentilla alba extracts in the treatment of thyroid gland disorders should be further explored to confirm the underlying mechanism of their action, efficacy and safety. In addition, more clinical studies should focus on Potentilla erecta rhizome extracts for application as herbal remedies against dysentery, diarrhoea and inflammation of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Augustynowicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230, Białystok, Poland.
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