1
|
Farajpour M, Ebrahimi M, Sadat-Hosseini M, Al-Fekaiki DF, Baghizadeh A. Multivariate analysis of the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties in twenty-five accessions across three Achillea species. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11843. [PMID: 38783072 PMCID: PMC11116415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and total phenol content of aerial parts from 25 accessions of three Achillea species (Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, Achillea vermicularis Trin., and Achillea tenuifolia Lam.). The plants were collected from various natural habitats across Iran, encompassing regions such as Central, Western, Southern, Northern, Western, and Northwestern parts of the country. Subsequently, they were grown together under field conditions. The study revealed significant variation in essential oil yields among accessions of A. wilhelmsii, ranging from 0.01 to 0.107%, A. vermicularis with a range of 0.075 to 1.5%, and A. tenuifolia showing a variation of 0.1 to 2%. The study utilized Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, revealing 75, 49, and 75 compounds in the essential oils of A. wilhelmsii, A. tenuifolia, and A. vermicularis, respectively. Major components included camphor, 1,8-cineole, anethole, α-pinene, and phytol in A. wilhelmsii, 1,8-cineole, camphor, levo-carvone, and δ-terpinene in A. vermicularis, and β-cubebene, elixene, β-sesquiphellandrene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and δ-terpinene in A. tenuifolia. The essential oil compositions of A. wilhelmsii and A. vermicularis were predominantly characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes, whereas that of A. tenuifolia was characterized by sesquiterpenes. Cluster analysis grouped accessions into three clusters, with A. tenuifolia forming a distinct group. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) triplot (62.21% of total variance) confirmed these results and provided insights into compound contributions. Furthermore, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the accessions of three species were assessed over 2 years. A. tenuifolia exhibited the highest levels in both categories, with statistically significant linear regression between antioxidant activity and total phenol content for A. tenuifolia and A. wilhelmsii. These findings emphasize significant phytochemical diversity within Achillea species, positioning them as promising natural sources of antioxidants. Further exploration and selection of specific accessions within each species are crucial for unlocking their medicinal potential and supporting cultivation and conservation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Farajpour
- Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Ebrahimi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Abourihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sadat-Hosseini
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Dhia Falih Al-Fekaiki
- Department of Food Sciences, Agriculture College, Basrah University, 61004, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Amin Baghizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bao Z, Fan M, Hannachi K, Li T, Zhao J, Li Y, Qian H, Wang L. Antifungal activity of star anise extract against Penicillium roqueforti and Aspergillus niger for bread shelf life. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113225. [PMID: 37689961 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Because star anise is underutilized in the baking sector and the antifungal targets are unclear, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal effect and mechanism of star anise extract (SAE) on spoilage fungi in bread. SAE was prepared by ethanol extraction and 31 substances were identified by GC-MS, among which trans-anethole (62.62%), estragole (7.82%) and linalool (4.66%) were the major components. The antifungal activity of SAE and the three main components against Penicillium roqueforti and Aspergillus niger were determined by using the Oxford cup method and the sesqui-dilution method. The inhibition zones were 9.88 mm and 15.09 mm, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 125.00 μL/mL and 31.25 μL/mL. Trans-anethole and estragole both showed antifungal activity against Penicillium roqueforti and Aspergillus niger, while linalool only showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. Propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate staining analysis, leakage of cellular components (nucleic acids and proteins) and rise in ergosterol content indicated that SAE disrupted the integrity and permeability of the cell membrane. Malondialdehyde was increased after SAE treatment, indicating that SAE caused lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane, further confirming that it disrupted the cell membrane. At the same time, SAE interacted with membrane proteins and altered their conformation, resulting in cell membrane dysfunction. Finally, the shelf life test showed that SAE extended the shelf life of the bread by up to 6 days. In general, this study highlights the antifungal effect of SAE against Penicillium roqueforti and Aspergillus niger, which indicated that SAE can be used as an antifungal agent to extend the shelf life of bread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingcong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kanza Hannachi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- College of Cooking Science and Technology, Jiangsu College of Tourism, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mladenović M, Astolfi R, Tomašević N, Matić S, Božović M, Sapienza F, Ragno R. In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Antigenotoxic Features of a Series of 61 Essential Oils and Quantitative Composition-Activity Relationships Modeled through Machine Learning Algorithms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1815. [PMID: 37891894 PMCID: PMC10604248 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of essential oils (EOs) is an important and frequently studied property, yet it is not sufficiently understood in terms of the contribution of EOs mixtures' constituents and biological properties. In this study, a series of 61 commercial EOs were first evaluated as antioxidants in vitro, following as closely as possible the cellular pathways of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Hence, EOs were assessed for the ability either to chelate metal ions, thus interfering with ROS generation within the respiratory chain, or to neutralize 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and lipid peroxide radicals (LOO•), thereby halting lipid peroxidation, as well as to neutralize 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid cation radicals (ABTS•+) and hydroxyl radicals (OH•), thereby preventing the ROS species from damaging DNA nucleotides. Showing noteworthy potencies to neutralize all of the radicals at the ng/mL level, the active EOs were also characterized as protectors of DNA double strands from damage induced by peroxyl radicals (ROO•), emerging from 2,2'-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide (AAPH) as a source, and OH•, indicating some genome protectivity and antigenotoxicity effectiveness in vitro. The chemical compositions of the EOs associated with the obtained activities were then analyzed by means of machine learning (ML) classification algorithms to generate quantitative composition-activity relationships (QCARs) models (models published in the AI4EssOil database available online). The QCARs models enabled us to highlight the key features (EOSs' chemical compounds) for exerting the redox potencies and to define the partial dependencies of the features, viz. percentages in the mixture required to exert a given potency. The ML-based models explained either the positive or negative contribution of the most important chemical components: limonene, linalool, carvacrol, eucalyptol, α-pinene, thymol, caryophyllene, p-cymene, eugenol, and chrysanthone. Finally, the most potent EOs in vitro, Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.)) and Ceylon cinnamon peel (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl), were promptly administered in vivo to evaluate the rescue ability against redox damage caused by CCl4, thereby verifying their antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties either in the liver or in the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Mladenović
- Kragujevac Center for Computational Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, P.O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Roberta Astolfi
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Rome Sapienza University, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Nevena Tomašević
- Kragujevac Center for Computational Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, P.O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Sanja Matić
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Mijat Božović
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Džordža Vašingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Filippo Sapienza
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Rome Sapienza University, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Rome Sapienza University, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.A.); (F.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khammassi M, Habiba K, Mighri H, Mouna S, Oumayma K, Seçer E, Ismail A, Jamoussi B, Yassine M. Phytochemical Screening of Essential Oils and Methanol Extract Constituents of Wild Foeniculum vulgare Mill.: a Potential Natural Source for Bioactive Molecules. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
5
|
Medeiros MAA, Alves MS, Santos B, Silva EVA, Araújo FSM, Bezerra MMSL, Silva POA, Rêgo VGS, Pessôa HLF, Oliveira Filho AA. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of trans-anethole against Enterococcus cloacae and Enterococcus faecalis strains of food origin. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e269245. [PMID: 36629625 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.269245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to evaluate the antibacterial activity of trans-anethole against food-borne strains of Enterobacter cloacae and Enterococcus faecalis. The study was performed using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) methods, in addition, disc diffusion technique was used to evaluate the association of trans-anethole with synthetic antimicrobials. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for Adherence (MICA) testing was also performed. The results revealed that trans-anethole presents no antibacterial activity at any of the concentrations used against the E. cloacae strains tested. However, trans-anethole presented antibacterial effect against five of the six E. faecalis bacterial strains tested, with MIC values ranging from 500 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL. Further, when analyzing the MBC results against E. faecalis, it was observed that the compound presented values ranging from 500 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL. As for the associations, it was observed that trans-anethole when combined with the antimicrobials ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone presented synergistic effect against most strains of E. faecalis. However, both trans-anethole and the control chlorhexidine (0.12%) presented no antibiofilm effects against strains of E. faecalis. In short, trans-anethole presented potential antibacterial against E. faecalis strains of food origin, and may upon further study, it may be used alone or in association with synthetic antimicrobials to combat infections caused by this bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A A Medeiros
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - M S Alves
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - B Santos
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - E V A Silva
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - F S M Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - M M S L Bezerra
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - P O A Silva
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - V G S Rêgo
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - H L F Pessôa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteomic analysis of antifungal mechanism of star anise essential oil against Aspergillus niger and its application potential in prolonging bread shelf life. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Phytotoxic activity of Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) essential oil and its possible use as bio-herbicide. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
8
|
Mou L, Du X, Lu X, Lu Y, Li G, Li J. Component analysis and antifungal activity of three Chinese herbal essential oils and their application of postharvest preservation of peach fruit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
9
|
Mohammadhosseini M, Frezza C, Venditti A, Sarker SD. A Systematic Review on Phytochemistry, Ethnobotany and Biological Activities of the Genus Bunium L. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100317. [PMID: 34554642 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review article is to present, for the first time, an appraisal of the phytochemical, ethnobotanical and pharmacological data on Bunium species. The literature search was conducted using the Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The genus Bunium has been found to produce both essential oil (EO), mainly comprising monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and non-volatile components mainly coumarins and flavonoids. There are several pharmacological activities associated with the Bunium species, especially antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. The chemotaxonomic appraisal of the phytochemical pattern of the genus is in sink with the current classification of the family. Moreover, this review confirms the significant ethnobotanical and pharmacological potential of different Bunium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mohammadhosseini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Claudio Frezza
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, 'Sapienza' Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venditti
- Dipartimento di Chimica: 'Sapienza', Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Center for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Merad N, Andreu V, Chaib S, de Carvalho Augusto R, Duval D, Bertrand C, Boumghar Y, Pichette A, Djabou N. Essential Oils from Two Apiaceae Species as Potential Agents in Organic Crops Protection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060636. [PMID: 34073295 PMCID: PMC8228736 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical composition and herbicidal, antifungal, antibacterial and molluscicidal activities of essential oils from Choukzerk, Eryngium triquetrum, and Alexander, Smyrnium olusatrum, from western Algeria were characterized. Capillary GC-FID and GC/MS were used to investigate chemical composition of both essential oils, and the antifungal, antibacterial, molluscicidal and herbicidal activities were determined by % inhibition. Collective essential oil of E. triquetrum was dominated by falcarinol (74.8%) and octane (5.6%). The collective essential oil of S. olusatrum was dominated by furanoeremophilone (31.5%), furanodiene+curzurene (19.3%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (11%). The E. triquetrum oil was tested and a pure falcarinol (99%) showed virtuous herbicidal and antibacterial activities against potato blackleg disease, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and Gram-negative soil bacterium, Pseudomonas cichorii (85 and 100% inhibition, respectively), and high ecotoxic activity against brine shrimp, Artemia salina, and the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, with an IC50 of 0.35 µg/mL and 0.61 µg/mL, respectively. Essential oil of S. olusatrum showed interesting antibacterial and ecotoxic activity and good herbicidal activity against watercress seeds, Lepidium sativum (74% inhibition of photosynthesis, 80% mortality on growth test on model watercress), while the furanoeremophilone isolated from the oil (99% pure) showed moderate herbicidal activity. Both oils showed excellent antifungal activity against Fusarium. Both oils and especially falcarinol demonstrated good potential as new biocontrol agents in organic crop protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadjiya Merad
- Laboratoire COSNA, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, BP 119, Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria;
| | - Vanessa Andreu
- AKINAO, 52 Avenue. Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (V.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Slimane Chaib
- Université de Perpignan, PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX, 66860 Perpignan, France;
| | - Ronaldo de Carvalho Augusto
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX, 66860 Perpignan, France; (R.d.C.A.); (D.D.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, CNRS, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - David Duval
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX, 66860 Perpignan, France; (R.d.C.A.); (D.D.)
| | - Cédric Bertrand
- AKINAO, 52 Avenue. Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (V.A.); (C.B.)
- Université de Perpignan, PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX, 66860 Perpignan, France;
| | - Yacine Boumghar
- CÉPROCQ, College of Maisonneuve, 6220 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1N 1C1, Canada
- Correspondence: (Y.B.); (N.D.)
| | - André Pichette
- Centre de Recherche sur la Boréalie (CREB), Laboratoire LASEVE, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), 555, Boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada;
| | - Nassim Djabou
- Laboratoire COSNA, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, BP 119, Université de Tlemcen, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria;
- Correspondence: (Y.B.); (N.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nezhadasad Aghbash B, Dehghan G, Movafeghi A, Talebpour AH, Pouresmaeil M, Maggi F, Sabzi Nojadeh M. Chemical compositions and biological activity of essential oils from four populations of Satureja macrantha C.A.Mey. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2020.1871085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Movafeghi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Talebpour
- Research Division of Natural Resources, East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pouresmaeil
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mohsen Sabzi Nojadeh
- Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Ahar, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Radical Scavenging Activity of Essential Oils from Satureja macrantha C.A.Mey. at Different Growth Stages. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040494. [PMID: 32295101 PMCID: PMC7230864 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) from medicinal and aromatic plants are interesting products to be used as natural food preservatives. The EOs from the genus Satureja are reported to inhibit foodborne pathogens being worthy of use as food preservatives. Satureja macrantha is found in Western and Northwest Iran and commonly used as a food flavoring agent and for the treatment of urinary diseases. The objective of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of S. macrantha EOs at different growth stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages) and to evaluate their biological activities. Chemical compositions were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution method against the foodborne pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC23922), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212) (Gram-positive), Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC13046) and Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was estimated using the DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assays. The yields of S. macrantha EOs were in the range of 1.4–1.8%, thus scalable for the manufacture of food preservatives on an industrial level. The main compounds of EOs were carvacrol (42.7–48.2%), thymol (0.2–16.5%), p-cymene (10.1–14.7%) and γ-terpinene (7.9–9.1%) in all phenological stages examined. The strongest antibacterial activity (MICs = 5–20 µg/mL) of the EOs was recorded in samples obtained during the flowering stage where carvacrol (42.7%) and thymol (16.5) were present both at high percentages. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity was found to be slightly higher in the other stages. As the EO obtained at flowering showed the best inhibitory properties against foodborne pathogenic bacteria, it is suggested that plants at this stage can be selected as main sources of food preservative agents.
Collapse
|