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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang N, Liu J, Zhang LT, Zhang ZQ, Li DQ. The mysteries of pharmacokinetics and in vivo metabolism of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz: A new perspective from MSOP method. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33234. [PMID: 39027462 PMCID: PMC11254595 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of flavonoids in Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz against inflammation, bacterial, and oxidation have been well-documented. Additionally, it is commonly consumed as tea. However, the in vivo mechanism of its main compounds has not been well elucidated. In this study, a highly selective and sensitive UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS method combined with Mass Spectrum-based Orthogonal Projection (MSOP) theory and four-step analytical strategy was established and validated to identify metabolites in rats following oral administration Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz extract. Furthermore, a sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the first time to analyze the pharmacokinetics of ten main flavonoids in rats. Notably, a total of 47 metabolites were identified in blood, bile, urine, and feces samples. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) values for oroxin A, oroxin B, baicalin, chrysin, baicalein, scutellarein, apigenin, quercetin oroxylin A and isorhamnetin were 2945.1 ± 11.23 ng/mL, 3123.9 ± 16.37 ng/mL, 130.40 ± 27.52 ng/mL, 117.20 ± 28.54 ng/mL, 64.12 ± 19.33 ng/mL, 97.22 ± 24.27 ng/mL, 145.22 ± 29.92 ng/mL, 45.19 ± 18.84 ng/mL, 67.32 ± 15.78 ng/mL and 128.44 ± 26.42 ng/mL. A double peak was observed in the drug-time curve of apigenin, due to enterohepatic recirculation. This study demonstrated that MSOP method provided more technical support for the identification of flavonoid metabolites in complex system than traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei province, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei province, China
| | - Na Wang
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Gucheng County, Hengshui, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei province, China
| | - Lan-tong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Zhi-qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei province, China
| | - De-qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei province, China
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Chen B, Hu X, Zhu X. Essential Rule Derived from Thermodynamics and Kinetics Studies of Benzopyran Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:8039. [PMID: 38138528 PMCID: PMC10745646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds with benzopyran as the core structure play an important role in the total synthesis of antioxidants, drugs, and natural products. Herein, the thermodynamic data of benzopyran compounds and their intermediates were measured and calculated by combining thermodynamics with kinetics. The mechanism of reactions between four benzopyran compounds and organic hydride acceptors was proven to be a one-step hydride transfer. The thermodynamic properties of these compounds and their corresponding intermediates were elucidated. The rationality and accuracy of the electrochemical measurement method were proved. Furthermore, the essential rule of unique structures being present between the C-H bond and para-substituent constants on the benzene ring, as shown in previous studies, was investigated. A simultaneous correlation between thermodynamics and kinetics was found for the hydride transfer reaction, in which the reaction site is connected with the substituent through the benzene ring, a double bond, or a N atom. The likely reason for the correlation between thermodynamic and kinetic is that the benzene ring, double bond, or N atom have the role of transferring the electronic effect. This finding can be applied to the calculation of the activation energy of hydride self-exchange reactions, the prediction of kinetic isotope effects, and explorations of selective reduction processes of hydride transfer in such organic hydride compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Anti–Zika Virus Activity and Isolation of Flavonoids from Ethanol Extracts of Curatella americana L. Leaves. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062546. [PMID: 36985517 PMCID: PMC10054362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ethnomedicinal plant Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae) is a common shrub in the Brazilian Cerrado, whose ethanolic extract showed significant in vitro anti–Zika virus activity by the MTT colorimetric method. Currently, there is no drug in clinical use specifically for the treatment of this virus; therefore, in this work, the antiviral and cytotoxic properties of the ethanolic extract, fractions, and compounds were evaluated. The ethanolic extract of the leaves showed no cytotoxicity for the human MRC-5 cell and was moderately cytotoxic for the Vero cell (CC50 161.5 ± 2.01 µg/mL). This extract inhibited the Zika virus multiplication cycle with an EC50 of 85.2 ± 1.65 µg/mL. This extract was fractionated using the liquid–liquid partition technique, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed significant activity against the Zika virus with an EC50 of 40.7 ± 2.33 µg/mL. From the ethyl acetate fraction, the flavonoids quercetin-3-O-hexosylgallate (1), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (2), and quercetin (5) were isolated, and in addition to these compounds, a mixture of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (3) and quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (4) was also obtained. The isolated compounds quercetin and quercetin-3-O-hexosylgallate inhibited the viral cytopathic effect at an EC50 of 18.6 ± 2.8 and 152.8 ± 2.0, respectively. Additionally, analyses by liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer allowed the identification of another 24 minor phenolic constituents present in the ethanolic extract and in the ethyl acetate fraction of this species.
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da Cruz AFG, Reis ACC, Sousa JAC, Vaz LBA, de Mello Silva B, de Brito Magalhães CL, Kohlhoff M, de Oliveira AB, Brandão GC. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identification and Characterization of Flavonoids from Fridericia chica Leaves Extract with Anti-Arbovirus Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:6043. [PMID: 36144777 PMCID: PMC9501042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts are complex mixtures that are difficult to characterize, and mass spectrometry is one of the main techniques currently used in dereplication processes. Fridericia chica is a species with medicinal uses in Latin American countries, used in the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Extracts of this plant species are characterized by the presence of anthocyanidins. In this study, using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography, it was possible to determine the molecular formula of thirty-nine flavonoids. Fragmentation analysis, ultraviolet spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance data allowed the partial characterization of the structures of these compounds. The spectral dataset allowed the identification of a series of flavones in addition to the desoxyanthocyanidins common in extracts of the species. The occurrence of some of the proposed structures is uncommon in extracts of species of the Bignoniaceae family, and they are reported for the first time in the extract of this species. Quantitative analyses of total flavonoids confirmed the high content of these constituents in the species, with 4.09 ± 0.34 mg/g of dry plant material. The extract under study showed low in vitro cytotoxicity with CC50 ≥ 296.7 ± 1.4 µg/mL for Vero, LLC-MK2 and MRC-5 cell lines. In antiviral activity assays, inhibition of the cytopathic effects of Dengue, Zika and Mayaro viruses was observed, with EC50 values ranging between 30.1 and 40.9 µg/mL. The best result was observed against the Mayaro virus, with an EC50 of 30.1 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Gomes da Cruz
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35.400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cotta Cardoso Reis
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35.400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jordano Augusto Carvalho Sousa
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35.400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luana Beatriz Araújo Vaz
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35.400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Breno de Mello Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35.400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Lopes de Brito Magalhães
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35.400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Markus Kohlhoff
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Belo Horizonte 30.190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Célio Brandão
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto 35.400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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