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Edessa D, Kumsa FA, Dinsa G, Oljira L. Drug providers' perspectives on antibiotic misuse practices in eastern Ethiopia: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e085352. [PMID: 39209504 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibiotic misuse includes using them to treat colds and influenza, obtaining them without a prescription, not finishing the prescribed course and sharing them with others. Although drug providers are well positioned to advise clients on proper stewardship practices, antibiotic misuse continues to rise in Ethiopia. It necessitates an understanding of why drug providers failed to limit such risky behaviours. This study aimed to explore drug providers' perspectives on antibiotic misuse practices in eastern Ethiopia. SETTING The study was conducted in rural Haramaya district and Harar town, eastern Ethiopia. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS An exploratory qualitative study was undertaken between March and June 2023, among the 15 drug providers. In-depth interviews were conducted using pilot-tested, semistructured questions. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, translated into English and analysed thematically. The analyses considered the entire dataset and field notes. RESULTS The study identified self-medication pressures, non-prescribed dispensing motives, insufficient regulatory functions and a lack of specific antibiotic use policy as the key contributors to antibiotic misuse. We found previous usage experience, a desire to avoid extra costs and a lack of essential diagnostics and antibiotics in public institutions as the key drivers of non-prescribed antibiotic access from private drug suppliers. Non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing in pharmacies was driven by client satisfaction, financial gain, business survival and market competition from informal sellers. Antibiotic misuse in the setting has also been linked to traditional and ineffective dispensing audits, inadequate regulatory oversights and policy gaps. CONCLUSION This study highlights profits and oversimplified access to antibiotics as the main motivations for their misuse. It also identifies the traditional antibiotic dispensing audit as an inefficient regulatory operation. Hence, enforcing specific antibiotic usage policy guidance that entails an automated practice audit, a responsible office and insurance coverage for persons with financial limitations can help optimise antibiotic use while reducing resistance consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumessa Edessa
- School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fekede Asefa Kumsa
- School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Oak Ridge National Laboratory (UTHSC-ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Girmaye Dinsa
- School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lemessa Oljira
- School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Edessa D, Asefa Kumsa F, Dinsa G, Oljira L. Inappropriate antibiotic access practices at the community level in Eastern Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17751. [PMID: 39085272 PMCID: PMC11291666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Access to antibiotic medications is critical to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal for good health and well-being. However, non-prescribed and informal sources are implicated as the most common causes of inappropriate antibiotic access practices, resulting in untargeted therapy, which leads to antibiotic resistance. Hence, knowing antibiotic access practices at the community level is essential to target misuse sources. In this study, 2256 household representatives were surveyed between July and September 2023 to examine their antibiotic access practices. Of 1245 household members who received antibiotics, 45.6% did so inappropriately. Non-prescribed antibiotic access was more common among urban residents and individuals not enrolled in health insurance schemes. This means of antibiotic access was also more common among individuals concerned about distance, drug availability, and healthcare convenience at public facilities. In addition, women and rural individuals were more likely to get antibiotics from unauthorized sources. Unrestricted antibiotic dispensing practices in urban areas enabled their non-prescribed access, while unlicensed providers prevailed with this access practice in rural areas. In this regard, personal behaviors and healthcare-related gaps such as the lack of health insurance, inconvenience, and drug unavailability have led community members to seek antibiotics from unofficial and non-prescribed sources. Targeting the identified behavioral and institutional factors can enhance antibiotic access through prescriptions, hence reducing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumessa Edessa
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P. O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia.
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Fekede Asefa Kumsa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Oak Ridge National Laboratory (UTHSC-ORNL), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Girmaye Dinsa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Fenot Project, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lemessa Oljira
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Li Q, Wu J, Chen Z, Wang J, Gong Y, Yin X. Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and its related factors among the general public and health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in China. Am J Infect Control 2024; 52:759-764. [PMID: 38401644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is a common public health concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of SMA in the general public and health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify the associated factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 28, 2022, to November 6, 2022. Logistics regression analysis was used to examine the associated factors. RESULTS The rate of SMA was 10.25% in the general public and 12.69% in health professionals. For the public, those who perceived themselves as average or good health, had moderate antibiotic knowledge, and had easy access to nearby health facilities were less likely to SMA; while those who live in rural areas, found it easy to purchase antibiotics without prescriptions, and those who frequently encountered antibiotics recommended by pharmacy staff were more likely to SMA. For health professionals, those who were female, perceived themselves as good health, had moderate or high antibiotic knowledge, and had easy access to health facilities were less likely to SMA; while those who found it easy to purchase antibiotics without prescriptions were more likely to SMA. CONCLUSIONS SMA is prevalent in both the general public and health professionals. Promoting the rational use of antibiotics requires joint participation and effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinnan Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianxiong Wu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenyuan Chen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanhong Gong
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoxv Yin
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Ayenew W, Tessema TA, Anagaw YK, Siraj EA, Zewdie S, Simegn W, Limenh LW, Tafere C, Yayehrad AT. Prevalence and predictors of self-medication with antibiotics in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:61. [PMID: 38853267 PMCID: PMC11163721 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibiotic self-medication is a global public health concern contributing to antibiotic resistance. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to assess the prevalence of antibiotic self-medication and its associated factors in Ethiopia. METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted from MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science to identify relevant studies published between 2000 and 2024. Adult households, undergraduate university students and health care professionals who had taken antibiotics without a prescription in the household setting were included in this review. The primary outcome of this review is antibiotic self- medication. The random-effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence rates. The outcome measure was analyzed with STATA version 17 software. RESULTS A total of nine studies were included in the Meta-analysis, comprising a sample size of 5908 participants. The pooled prevalence of antibiotic self-medication among Ethiopians was found to be 46.14 with 95% Confidence Interval [35.71, 56.57]. The most frequently used classes of self-medicated antibiotics were penicillins, followed by tetracyclines. Community pharmacies were the source of information that individuals utilized. The most common reported reasons for antibiotic self-medication include previous experience of treating a similar illness, to save cost, lack of time and avoiding waiting time for medical services. Participants having less than high school educational level was the most commonly reported factor associated with self-medication antibiotics. CONCLUSION Antibiotic self-medication is a prevalent practice in Ethiopia. This underscores the need for targeted interventions such as educating people about the risks associated with using antibiotics without medical guidance, which results in a reduction in antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondim Ayenew
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Ayalew Tessema
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yeniewa Kerie Anagaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ebrahim Abdela Siraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Segenet Zewdie
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Liknaw Workie Limenh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Chernet Tafere
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ashagrachew Tewabe Yayehrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
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Shi HX, Tan X, Shu JQ, Zhou J, Dan SY, Yang L, Chen ZL. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medication and its influencing factors among residents in western China: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1303672. [PMID: 38439902 PMCID: PMC10909907 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1303672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to understand the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of drug use among residents in western China and its influencing factors for accurately designing the knowledge, contents, and methods of popular science activities for safe drug use among residents to provide a reference for conducting rational drug use educational activities and improving residents' level of safe drug use. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the KAP of medication among western China residents and its influencing factors from March to April 2023. Each question option was assigned a score according to logic, and the risk factors for resident medication safety KAP were explored through univariate and logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 7,557 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 96.7%. The average scores of KAP were 72.77 ± 22.91, 32.89 ± 10.64, and 71.27 ± 19.09, respectively. In the evaluation criteria of the questionnaire, the score of medication knowledge reached "good," and the score of attitude and practice was "average." Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that male sex and low education level were significant factors affecting the lack of drug knowledge among residents. Old age and low education level were the factors of poor attitude toward medication. The low condition of medical security was a factor in residents' irregular drug use behavior. Conclusion The overall level of rational drug use among residents in western China is good, but there are still some inconsistencies. Rational drug use education should be conducted according to the risk points of residents in drug safety KAP to further improve the level of rational drug use of residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-xia Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Karamay, Karamay Xinjiang, China
| | - Jian-qin Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si-yuan Dan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ze-lian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Qu W, Wang X, Liu Y, Mao J, Liu M, Zhong Y, Gao B, Zhao M, Gao Y. Self-Medication with Antibiotics Among Children in China: A Cross-Sectional Study of Parents' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7683-7694. [PMID: 38144221 PMCID: PMC10741740 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s431034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) among children is a common practice in low-income and middle-income countries, which has accelerated antibacterial abuse. Objective This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of SMA among children in China, including parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards antibiotic use. Methods A cross-sectional study based on a structured questionnaire survey of parents was conducted in Nantong between July and September 2020. A total of 1699 respondents participated. Information on participants' demographic and family characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards antibiotics use was collected. Hierarchical binary logistic regression was used to examine the predictors of SMA among children. Results Among 1699 participants, 23.31% practiced SMA to their children in the past year. Cough (59.6%) was the most common symptom leading to self-medication and penicillins (85.4%) were the most commonly used drugs. Hierarchical regression indicated that parents with higher level of antibiotic knowledge scores (OR=1.163, 95% CI: 1.067-1.268) and buying antibiotics without a prescription from pharmacy (OR=1.475, 95% CI: 1.097-1.983) were more likely to practice SMA to their children both in urban and in rural areas. Storing antibiotics at home resulted in an increased likelihood of self-medication in urban areas but not in rural areas. In addition, there was also a higher probability of non-prescribed antibiotics in children without chronic diseases (OR=1.959, 95% CI:1.072-3.578). Conclusion The prevalence of SMA in children is high in China. Higher knowledge scores and practices of buying and storing non-prescribed antibiotics behaviors increased parents' antibiotic self-medication in their children. Practical and effective education intervention for children's rational use of antibiotics is urgently strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qu
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Health Development, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Mao
- Institute for Health Development, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengchi Liu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Zhong
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Health Development, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bella Gao
- Ulink College of Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuexia Gao
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Health Development, Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
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Sono TM, Yeika E, Cook A, Kalungia A, Opanga SA, Acolatse JEE, Sefah IA, Jelić AG, Campbell S, Lorenzetti G, Ul Mustafa Z, Marković-Peković V, Kurdi A, Anand Paramadhas BD, Rwegerera GM, Amu AA, Alabi ME, Wesangula E, Oluka M, Khuluza F, Chikowe I, Fadare JO, Ogunleye OO, Kibuule D, Hango E, Schellack N, Ramdas N, Massele A, Mudenda S, Hoxha I, Moore CE, Godman B, Meyer JC. Current rates of purchasing of antibiotics without a prescription across sub-Saharan Africa; rationale and potential programmes to reduce inappropriate dispensing and resistance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1025-1055. [PMID: 37740561 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2259106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global concern. Currently, the greatest mortality due to AMR is in Africa. A key driver continues to be high levels of dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription. AREAS COVERED A need to document current rates of dispensing, their rationale and potential ways forward including antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs). A narrative review was undertaken. The highest rates of antibiotic purchasing were in Eritrea (up to 89.2% of antibiotics dispensed), Ethiopia (up to 87.9%), Nigeria (up to 86.5%), Tanzania (up to 92.3%) and Zambia (up to 100% of pharmacies dispensing antibiotics without a prescription). However, considerable variation was seen with no dispensing in a minority of countries and situations. Key drivers of self-purchasing included high co-payment levels for physician consultations and antibiotic costs, travel costs, convenience of pharmacies, patient requests, limited knowledge of antibiotics and AMR and weak enforcement. ASPs have been introduced in some African countries along with quality targets to reduce inappropriate dispensing, centering on educating pharmacists and patients. EXPERT OPINION ASP activities need accelerating among community pharmacies alongside quality targets, with greater monitoring of pharmacists' activities to reduce inappropriate dispensing. Such activities, alongside educating patients and healthcare professionals, should enhance appropriate dispensing of antibiotics and reduce AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyani Milta Sono
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Schoolof Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Saselamani Pharmacy, Saselamani, South Africa
| | - Eugene Yeika
- Programs coordinator/Technical supervisor for HIV/Malaria, Delegation of Public Health, Cameroon
| | - Aislinn Cook
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aubrey Kalungia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sylvia A Opanga
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Israel Abebrese Sefah
- Pharmacy Practice Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Volta Region, Ho, Ghana
| | - Ana Golić Jelić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Stephen Campbell
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Schoolof Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Giulia Lorenzetti
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Zia Ul Mustafa
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy Services, District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital, Pakpattan, Pakistan
| | - Vanda Marković-Peković
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Schoolof Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Bene D Anand Paramadhas
- Department of Health Services Management, Central Medical Stores, Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- DestinyMedical and Research Solutions Proprietary Limited, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Adefolarin A Amu
- Pharmacy Department, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini
| | - Mobolaji Eniola Alabi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences,University of Kwazulu-natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Evelyn Wesangula
- East Central and Southern Africa Health Community, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Margaret Oluka
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Felix Khuluza
- Pharmacy Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) (formerly College of Medicine), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ibrahim Chikowe
- Pharmacy Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS) (formerly College of Medicine), Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Joseph O Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O Ogunleye
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Uganda
| | - Dan Kibuule
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Ester Hango
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Natalie Schellack
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, SouthAfrica
| | - Nishana Ramdas
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Schoolof Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amos Massele
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hurbert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Meicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Iris Hoxha
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Catrin E Moore
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Schoolof Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Johanna C Meyer
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, Schoolof Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
- South African Vaccination and Immunisation Centre, Sefako Makgatho HealthSciences University, Garankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Sampedro Restrepo M, González Gaviria M, Arango Bolaños S, Higuita-Gutiérrez LF. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Antibacterial and Their Resistance in Medellín-Colombia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1101. [PMID: 37508197 PMCID: PMC10376581 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) profile on bacterial resistance and antibiotic in the general population of Medellín. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2022, with 902 participants selected through stratified sampling with proportional allocation of different sectors of the city. The KAP scale was developed through a literature review, elimination of duplicate items, validity assessment, and reliability evaluation using Cronbach's alpha. Each item was presented with absolute and relative frequencies on a Likert scale, with a total score ranging from 0 to 100, where a higher score indicates better knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Comparisons were made using Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, and linear regression. RESULTS The knowledge score median was 73.3 (IQR 63.3-93.3), with 36.9% reporting that antibiotics can be stopped once symptoms improve and 26.1% considering them as analgesics or antipyretics. The attitudes score was 83.3 (IQR 73.3-93.3), with 95.3% expressing concern about the impact on their health or that of their family and over 90% agreeing that more information is needed on antibiotic resistance. The practice score was the lowest at 63.9 (IQR 50-75), with 48% having been prescribed antibiotics at the pharmacy and 42.6% taking them to treat flu symptoms. Economic status (β 2.645), education in health-related areas (β 6.224), gender (β 2.892), and education level (β 3.257) determined knowledge. Knowledge (β 0.387), gender (β 2.807), and education level (β 0.686) influenced attitudes, but practices were only determined by Knowledge (β 0.084) attitudes (β 0.552) and age group (β 2.858). CONCLUSIONS Knowledge about antibiotics and bacterial resistance does not significantly influence the practices of the population. Therefore, interventions aimed at improving knowledge need to be reconsidered as they may not contribute to the appropriate use of antibiotics and prevention of resistance to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Felipe Higuita-Gutiérrez
- School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050012, Colombia
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Ahmed I, King R, Akter S, Akter R, Aggarwal VR. Determinants of antibiotic self-medication: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:1007-1017. [PMID: 37019706 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreasing the prevalence of antibiotic self-medication among the public requires proper understanding of the risk factors involved. However, the determinants of antibiotic self-medication are not well defined. OBJECTIVES To identify patient and health system-related determinants of antibiotic self-medication among the public. METHODS A systematic review of quantitative observational studies and qualitative studies was undertaken. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies on determinants of antibiotic self-medication. The data were analyzed using meta-analysis, descriptive analysis, and thematic analysis. RESULTS Sixty-eight studies were included in the review. From meta-analyses, male sex (pooled odds ratio [POR]: 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-1.75), lack of satisfaction with healthcare services/physicians (POR: 3.53, 95% CI: 2.26-4.75) were associated with antibiotic self-medication. In subgroup analysis, lower age was directly associated with self-medication in high-income countries (POR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.10-2.36). In low- and middle-income countries, people with greater knowledge of antibiotics were less likely to self-medicate (POR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.08-0.47). Patient-related determinants identified from descriptive and qualitative studies included previous experience with antibiotics and similar symptoms, perceived low severity of disease, intention to save time and get better quickly, cultural beliefs about curative power of antibiotics, advice from family/friends, and having home stock of antibiotics. Health system-related determinants included high cost of consulting physicians and low cost of self-medication, lack of access to physician/medical care, lack of trust/confidence in physicians, greater trust in pharmacists, long distance of physicians/healthcare facilities, long waiting time at healthcare facilities, easy access to antibiotics from pharmacies, and convenience associated with self-medication. CONCLUSIONS Patient and health system-related determinants are associated with antibiotic self-medication. Interventions to decrease antibiotic self-medication should incorporate community programs along with appropriate policies and healthcare reforms targeting these determinants with specific attention to population at high risk of self-medication.
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Banu MG, Zewdu Geberemedhin E. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy farms and personnel in selected towns of West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277805. [PMID: 36409697 PMCID: PMC9678306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the foodborne disease-causing bacterial pathogens. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected towns of the West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia from December 2020 to April 2021. The objectives of the study were to estimate the occurrence and load of S. aureus in raw cows' milk, the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the S. aureus isolates, and assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the farmers on factors of antimicrobial resistance. A total of 311 samples from raw cows' milk (212), milkers' hands (44), and milking buckets (55) swabs were collected and tested. The disc diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the factors of milk contamination with S. aureus and antimicrobial resistance. The Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, and logistic regression analysis were used for data analyses. The result indicated that 16.72% (52/311) (95% CI: 12.75-21.34%) of the samples were positive for S. aureus. The occurrence of S. aureus was 22.73%, 16.51%, and 12.73% in milkers' hand swabs, cow milk, and milking bucket swabs, respectively. The mean count of S. aureus from raw cows' milk was 4.3± 1.45 log10 CFU/ml. About 88% of S aureus isolates were resistant to ampicillin while 82.9% and 70.7% of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime respectively. The majority of the S. aureus isolates (61%) showed multi-drug resistance. The odds of S. aureus isolation from the milk of cows were significantly high in older cows (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 5.54; p = 0.001), in late lactation stages (AOR: 3.6; p = 0.012), and in farms where house cleaning was done twice per week (AOR: 8.7; p = 0.001). A high percentage of farmers had insufficient knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about the factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, the poor milk hygienic practices, high rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and inadequate KAP of farmers about factors of AMR suggest potential public health risks thus requiring training and surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Endrias Zewdu Geberemedhin
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
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Edessa D, Assefa N, Dessie Y, Asefa F, Dinsa G, Oljira L. Non-prescribed antibiotic use for children at community levels in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:57. [PMID: 36180895 PMCID: PMC9524137 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-prescribed antibiotic use is an emerging risky practice around the globe. An inappropriate use involving nonprescription access is one cause of the rapid increase in antibiotic resistance. Children commonly encounter many self-limiting illnesses for which they frequently use antibiotics without prescription. However, no specific and conclusive evidence exists to inform actions against this unsafe practice. We thus aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of non-prescribed antibiotic use for children at community levels in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS A systematic search of records was conducted from PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google scholar. Eligible English-language publications were original articles which reported on community-based non-prescribed antibiotic use for children and conducted in low- and middle-income countries. Study features and the number of antibiotics used without prescriptions were extracted and pooled for effect sizes employing a random-effects model. The pooled proportion of non-prescribed antibiotic use was estimated as a percentage. RESULTS In this analysis, we included a total of 39 articles consisting of 40,450 participants. Of these, 16,315 participants used non-prescribed antibiotics. The pooled percentage for this use of non-prescribed antibiotics was 45% (95% CI: 40-50%). The estimate was considerably higher in studies involving simulated patient methods (56%; 95% CI: 49-62%) than those studies with community surveys (40%; 95% CI: 34-46%) (P = 0.001). It was also varied by the recall period of antibiotics use-56% (95% CI: 50-62%) for instantly observed practice, 36% (95% CI: 22-50%) for within two week recall, 35% (95% CI: 26-45%) for 1-6 months recall, and 46% (95% CI: 37-54%) for more than six months recall (P = 0.001). Primary access points for the non-prescribed antibiotic uses were retail drug outlets. CONCLUSIONS We found that nearly half of the antibiotics used for children in community settings were without prescriptions. For these unsafe practices, caregivers accessed antibiotics mainly from drug outlets. Hence, context-specific educational and regulatory interventions at these outlets and the community levels are the first steps to improving antibiotic usage for children in low- and middle-income countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021288971 (PROSPERO). https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021288971 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumessa Edessa
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. .,School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Nega Assefa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Yadeta Dessie
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fekede Asefa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.,Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Oak Ridge National Laboratory (UTHSC-ORNL, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Girmaye Dinsa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lemessa Oljira
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Yin X, Gong Y, Sun N, Li D, Wu J, Wang J, Qiu L, Li H. Prevalence of inappropriate use behaviors of antibiotics and related factors among chinese antibiotic users: an online cross-sectional survey. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:689. [PMID: 35964018 PMCID: PMC9375431 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inappropriate use of antibiotics could have a profound negative impact on individual and community. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of inappropriate use behaviors of antibiotics in Chinese antibiotic users and explored their related factors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 1, 2018 to September 30, 2018. A structured questionnaire was widely distributed on the online survey platform (Questionnaire Star, https://www.wjx.cn) and was used to collect data from respondents in China on demographic and sociological characteristics, antibiotic use and related knowledge. Main outcomes included self-medication with antibiotics (SMA), self-storage with antibiotics (SSA), and non-adherence to antibiotic treatment (NAAT). Logistic regression was used to identify the related factors of above inappropriate use behaviors of antibiotics. Results Of the 15,526 participants, 37.1% reported SMA in the past 6 months, 67.9% reported SSA in the past 6 months, and 48.3%, 15.2%, 25.5% and 78.0% of respondents said that they had missed antibiotics, increased antibiotic dosage, decreased antibiotic dosage, and discontinued antibiotics once symptoms disappear, respectively. Overall, 53.3% reported NAAT during this period. After adjusting for other variables, multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that those aged 30–44 years old, with higher levels of education, poorer status of self-perceived health, or lower levels of antibiotic knowledge were more likely to have these inappropriate use behaviors of SMA, SSA, and NAAT (P < 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of SMA, SSA, and NAAT is high in China. Developing a nationwide action plan for the rational use of antibiotics among publics, including national media publicity, online and offline health education, and medication guidance from general practitioners, is urgently needed. Self-medication with antibiotics, self-storage with antibiotics, and non-adherence to antibiotic treatment are important performances of inappropriate use behaviors of antibiotics. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of inappropriate use behaviors of antibiotics among Chinese antibiotic users were between 37.1% and 67.9%. A nationwide action plan for rational use of antibiotics is urgently needed in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Yin
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Gong
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Sun
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiong Wu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Qiu
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Li
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, People's Republic of China.
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Mallah N, Orsini N, Figueiras A, Takkouche B. Income level and antibiotic misuse: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2022; 23:1015-1035. [PMID: 34845563 PMCID: PMC9304051 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-021-01416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the association between income and antibiotic misuse including unprescribed use, storage of antibiotics and non-adherence. METHODS We identified pertinent studies through database search, and manual examination of reference lists of selected articles and review reports. We performed a dose-response meta-analysis of income, both continuous and categorical, in relation to antibiotic misuse. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated under a random-effects random effects model. RESULTS Fifty-seven studies from 22 countries of different economic class were included. Overall, the data are in agreement with a flat linear association between income standardized to socio-economic indicators and antibiotic misuse (OR per 1 unit increment = 1.00, p-value = 0.954, p-value non-linearity = 0.429). Data were compatible with no association between medium and high income with general antibiotic misuse (OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.89, 1.20 and OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.82, 1.29). Medium income was associated with 19% higher odds of antibiotic storage (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.07, 1.32) and 18% higher odds of any aspect of antibiotic misuse in African studies (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.00, 1.39). High income was associated with 51% lower odds of non-adherence to antibiotic treatment (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.34, 0.60). High income was also associated with 11% higher odds of any antibiotic misuse in upper-middle wealth countries (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.00, 1.22). CONCLUSIONS The association between income and antibiotic misuse varies by type of misuse and country wellness. Understanding the socioeconomic properties of antibiotic misuse should prove useful in developing related intervention programs and health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmeen Mallah
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bahi Takkouche
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Paul GK, Swapon MS, Kaderi Kibria KM. Knowledge, awareness, and attitudes toward antibiotic resistance and practice of self-medication among university students in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:115. [PMID: 35677264 PMCID: PMC9170193 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_602_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of self-medication is high in Bangladesh due to easy access and poor regulatory controls over these drugs. Our study aimed to assess the attitude of university students in Bangladesh toward antibiotic usage, especially their knowledge and awareness about antibiotics and their resistance. We also evaluated the determinants behind their attempts at drug intake without prescription. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University that included information from randomly selected 200 students from 15 departments using a structured questionnaire. The statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS software (version 21) and R programming. RESULTS The study revealed that 61.0% of the students use self-medication at different times or always; 32.5% of the respondents keep antibiotics for future use, and 38% of the students think it is right to stop antibiotics when symptoms are improving. Half of the participants (47.5%) use antibiotics based on their previous experience. The criteria of antibiotic selection have a significant relationship with knowledge about antibiotic resistance (P = 0.017) and altered prescribed medicine without doctor's advice (P < 0.001). The multivariate analysis indicates that respondents who know about antibiotic resistance select antibiotics from the community pharmacists with respect to their own experience 5.102 times higher than those who do not know about antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSIONS The study mainly explored the knowledge gaps of the students on the options that are responsible for antibiotic resistance in the community and found that students have mid-level knowledge (66%) about antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowranga Kumar Paul
- Department of Statistics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shalauddin Swapon
- Department of Statistics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - K. M. Kaderi Kibria
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
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15
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Simegn W, Moges G. Antibiotics Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors Among Residents in Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2022; 16:2159-2170. [PMID: 35999841 PMCID: PMC9393019 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s370925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking antibiotics without prescription would result in the emergency of antibiotics resistance. The aim of this study was to assess antibiotics self-medication practice and associated factors among residents in Dessie City, Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional was employed from June to July 2021. A total of 407 participants have been selected from each Kebele by stratified and systematic random sampling techniques. The collected data were checked, translated and exported into SPSS version 26. Results were organized using frequency and percentage tables. Bi-variate and multi-variable logistic regressions were used to test the association of independent variables with antibiotics self-medication practice. RESULTS Four hundred and seven participants enrolled with a response of 96.7%. One hundred and fifty-two (37.3%) were females, and 115 (28.3%) respondents have taken antibiotics in the last 6 months. The prevalence of antibiotics self-medication practice was 55.3% (95% CI: 50.6-60.2). Amoxicillin (45%), Ciprofloxacin (36%), and Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (24%) were commonly used antibiotics. Cough (34.4), fever (30.7), cold and flu (29.0), diarrhea (21.9) and headache (18.7) were the most reported conditions that necessitate antibiotics self-medication. Educational level (8-10 grade) (AOR = 4.10, 95% CI: 1.28, 13.12), using mass media as a source of information (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.24, 4.27), relying on previous experience for source of information (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.23, 3.31), having awareness of antibiotics resistance (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.34, 4.50) and good knowledge of antimicrobial resistance (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.97) were significantly associated with antibiotics self-medication practice. CONCLUSION Antibiotics self-medication practice among residents was high. Educational status, using mass media and previous experiences as sources of information on antibiotics, having awareness of antibiotics resistance, and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance were significantly associated with self medication of antibiotics. Attention should be given by the stakeholders to reduce self medication practice with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Wudneh Simegn, Email
| | - Getachew Moges
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Yin X, Mu K, Yang H, Wang J, Chen Z, Jiang N, Yang F, Zhang G, Wu J. Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and its related factors among Chinese residents: a cross-sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:89. [PMID: 34090536 PMCID: PMC8180170 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is one of the most common forms of inappropriate use of antibiotics. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) in China and evaluate the related factors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Wuhan, Hubei, China from July 1, 2019 to July 31, 2019. Participants were recruited in public places to answer a structured questionnaire. The information of participants’ social demographic characteristics, antibiotic knowledge and health beliefs were collected. Binary Logistics regression analysis was used to examine the associated factors of SMA. Results Of the 3206 participants, 10.32% reported SMA in the past 6 months. Participants who with middle or high perceived barriers to seek health care services showed a higher likelihood of SMA (P < 0.05). Participants who with middle or high perceived threats of self-medication, and who with middle or high self-efficacy to overcome obstacles showed a lower likelihood of SMA (P < 0.05). Conclusions Compared with developed countries, the prevalence of SMA in China is still higher. Measures to conduct public health education and improve the accessibility of health services are crucial to decrease the overall self-medication rate in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-021-00954-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Yin
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ketao Mu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Yang
- Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyuan Chen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjie Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guopeng Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianxiong Wu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Yeika EV, Ingelbeen B, Kemah BL, Wirsiy FS, Fomengia JN, van der Sande MAB. Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors associated with self-medication with antibiotics in Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:862-881. [PMID: 33942448 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the prevalence, reasons, sources and factors associated with self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) within Africa. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis. An electronic search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases was performed for observational studies conducted between January 2005 and February 2020. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts using the PRISMA flowchart and performed quality assessment of eligible studies. Both qualitative and quantitative syntheses were carried out. RESULTS Forty studies from 19 countries were eligible for qualitative synthesis. The prevalence of SMA in Africa ranged from 12.1% to 93.9% with a median prevalence of 55.7% (IQR 41-75%). Western Africa was the sub-region with the highest reported prevalence of 70.1% (IQR 48.3-82.1%), followed by Northern Africa with 48.1% (IQR 41.1-64.3%). We identified 27 antibiotics used for self-medication from 13 different antibiotic classes. Most frequently used antibiotics were penicillins (31 studies), tetracyclines (25 studies) and fluoroquinolones (23 studies). 41% of these antibiotics belong to the WHO Watch Group. The most frequent indications for SMA were upper respiratory tract infections (27 studies), gastrointestinal tract symptoms (25 studies) and febrile illnesses (18 studies). Common sources of antibiotics used for self-medication were community pharmacies (31 studies), family/friends (20 studies), leftover antibiotics (19 studies) and patent medicine stores (18 studies). The most frequently reported factor associated with SMA was no education/low educational status (nine studies). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of SMA is high in Africa and varies across sub-regions with the highest prevalence reported in Western Africa. Drivers of SMA are complex, comprising of socio-economic factors and insufficient access to health care coupled with poorly implemented policies regulating antibiotic sales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brecht Ingelbeen
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ben-Lawrence Kemah
- University Hospitals North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.,Health Education & Research Organization, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Joseph Nkeangu Fomengia
- École de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Sintieh Research Academy, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marianne A B van der Sande
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rezaei S, Hajizadeh M, Ahmadi S, Ebrahimi M, Karami Matin B. Socioeconomic Inequality in Self-Medication in Iran: Cross-Sectional Analyses at the National and Subnational Levels. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2020; 12:411-421. [PMID: 32848432 PMCID: PMC7425653 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s252244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication (SM) is a public health concern globally. This study aimed to measure socioeconomic inequality in SM and identify its main determinants among Iranian households. Methods A total of 38,859 households from the 2018 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) were included in the study. Data on SM, household size, age, gender and education status of the head of household, monthly household’s expenditures (as a proxy for socioeconomic status), health insurance coverage and living areas and provinces were obtained for the survey. The concentration curve and the normalized concentration index (Cn) were used to quantify the magnitude of socioeconomic inequality in SM among Iranian households. The Cn was decomposed to identify the main determinants of socioeconomic inequality in SM in Iran. Results The results indicated that 18.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.7% to 18.5%) of households in Iran had SM practice in the past month. The results suggested a higher concentration of SM among the rich households (Cn= 0.0466; 95% CI= 0.0321 to 0.0612) in Iran. The concentration of SM among high SES households was also found in urban (0.0311; 95% CI=0.0112 to 0.0510) and rural (= 0.0513; 95% CI=0.0301 to 0.0726) areas. SM was concentrated among the rich households in Tehran, Qom, Esfahan, Ardebil, Golestan, and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces. In contrast, a higher concentration of SM was found among the poor households in Semnan, North Khorasan, Kerman, Bushehr, and South Khorasan provinces. The decomposition revealed SES of household, itself, as the main contributing factor to the concentration of SM among the wealthy households. Conclusion This study demonstrated that SM is more concentrated among socioeconomically advantaged households in Iran. Thus, effective evidence-based interventions should be implemented to improve awareness about SM and its negative consequences. Further studies are required to investigate the consequences of SM practice among people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satar Rezaei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hajizadeh
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sina Ahmadi
- Department of Social Welfare Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behzad Karami Matin
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Khan FU, Khan FU, Hayat K, Chang J, Saeed A, Khan Z, Ashraf M, Rasheed UM, Atif N, Ji W, Aziz MM, Fang Y. Knowledge, attitude and practices among consumers toward antibiotics use and antibiotic resistance in Swat, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:937-946. [PMID: 32516001 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1769477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Inappropriate use of antibiotics is one of the main causes of antibiotic resistance around the globe. The present study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among consumers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2019 to September 2019. The participants visiting community pharmacies to buy the antibiotics were approached by data collectors. The descriptive analysis, Kruskal Wallis, and Mann-Whitney statistical tests were used for data analysis through SPSS. Results: 399 participants at three pharmacies with male (n = 352, 88.2%), age (years) group between 34 to 41(n = 138, 34.6%), uneducated (n = 128, 32.1%), and higher education (n = 76, 19.0%) level of the participants were noted. Poor to moderate knowledge were observed; participants were unaware of the risk and misuse of antibiotics at all three pharmacies. By some means, a positive attitude noted, but the storage of antibiotics at home (Median = 2, IQR = 2) was preferred to use when needed. Most of the respondents didn't follow the actual dosage regimen as prescribed (n = 266, 66.7%, p < 0.05). Conclusion: A lack of knowledge and malpractices toward antibiotics use among consumers were observed. Education and awareness of the public about antibiotic resistance is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
| | - Farman Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
| | - Khezar Hayat
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
| | - Amna Saeed
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
| | - Zakir Khan
- Departmentof Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad , Pakistan.,Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Cukurova University , Adana, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Usman Malik Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
| | - Naveel Atif
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
| | - Muhammad Majid Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research , Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor , Xi'an, China
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