Curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: antipathogenic and antiparasitic activities

Curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials as a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as a formidable challenge in modern medicine, characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and memory impairment. Despite extensive research, effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of curcumin, found in turmeric, have demonstrated promise. The poor bioavailability and rapid systemic clearance of this drug limit its clinical application. This comprehensive review explores the potential of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials as an innovative therapeutic avenue for AD. It delves into the preparation and characteristics of diverse polymeric nanomaterial platforms, including liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles. Emphasis is placed on how these platforms enhance curcumin's bioavailability and enable targeted delivery to the brain, addressing critical challenges in AD treatment. Mechanistic insights reveal how these nanomaterials modulate key AD pathological processes, including amyloid-beta aggregation, tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The review also highlighted the preclinical studies demonstrate reduced amyloid-beta plaques and neuroinflammation, alongside improved cognitive function, while clinical trials show promise in enhancing curcumin's bioavailability and efficacy in AD. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of clinical translation, such as regulatory issues, large-scale production, and long-term stability. By synthesizing recent advancements, this review underscores the potential of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials to offer a novel and effective therapeutic approach for AD, aiming to guide future research and development in this field.

Biomimetic Antifungal Materials: Countering the Challenge of Multidrug-Resistant Fungi

In light of rising public health threats like antifungal and antimicrobial resistance, alongside the slowdown in new antimicrobial development, biomimetics have shown promise as therapeutic agents. Multidrug-resistant fungi pose significant challenges as they quickly develop resistance, making traditional antifungals less effective. Developing new antifungals is also complicated by the need to target eukaryotic cells without harming the host. This review examines biomimetic antifungal materials that mimic natural biological mechanisms for targeted and efficient action. It covers a range of agents, including antifungal peptides, alginate-based antifungals, chitosan derivatives, nanoparticles, plant-derived polyphenols, and probiotic bacteria. These agents work through mechanisms such as disrupting cell membranes, generating reactive oxygen species, and inhibiting essential fungal processes. Despite their potential, challenges remain in terms of ensuring biocompatibility, optimizing delivery, and overcoming potential resistance. Production scalability and economic viability are also concerns. Future research should enhance the stability and efficacy of these materials, integrate multifunctional approaches, and develop sophisticated delivery systems. Interdisciplinary efforts are needed to understand interactions between these materials, fungal cells, and the host environment. Long-term health and environmental impacts, fungal resistance mechanisms, and standardized testing protocols require further study. In conclusion, while biomimetic antifungal materials represent a revolutionary approach to combating multidrug-resistant fungi, extensive research and development are needed to fully realize their potential.

Advances in Nanocarrier Systems for Overcoming Formulation Challenges of Curcumin: Current Insights

Curcumin, an organic phenolic molecule that is extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn, has undergone extensive evaluation for its diverse biological activities in both animals and humans. Despite its favorable characteristics, curcumin encounters various formulation challenges and stability issues that can be effectively addressed through the application of nanotechnology. Nano-based techniques specifically focused on enhancing solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy while mitigating toxicity, have been explored for curcumin. This review systematically presents information on the improvement of curcumin's beneficial properties when incorporated, either individually or in conjunction with other drugs, into diverse nanosystems such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. Additionally, the review examines ongoing clinical trials and recently granted patents, offering a thorough overview of the dynamic landscape in curcumin delivery. Researchers are currently exploring nanocarriers with crucial features such as surface modification, substantial loading capacity, biodegradability, compatibility, and autonomous targeting specificity and selectivity. Nevertheless, the utilization of nanocarriers for curcumin delivery is still in its initial phases, with regulatory approval pending and persistent safety concerns surrounding their use.

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that has affected more than 350 million people worldwide and can manifest itself in three different forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral. Furthermore, the current treatment options have drawbacks which compromise efficacy and patient compliance. To face this global health concern, new alternatives for the treatment of leishmaniasis have been explored. Curcumin, a polyphenol obtained from the rhizome of turmeric, exhibits leishmanicidal activity against different species of Leishmania spp. Although its mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated, its leishmanicidal potential may be associated with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it has limitations that compromise its clinical use. Conversely, nanotechnology has been used as a tool for solving biopharmaceutical challenges associated with drugs, such as curcumin. From a drug delivery standpoint, nanocarriers (1-1000 nm) can improve stability, increase solubility, promote intracellular delivery, and increase biological activity. Thus, this review offers a deep look into curcumin-loaded nanocarriers intended for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Nanomaterials as a Potential Target for Infectious Parasitic Agents

Despite the technological advancement in the era of personalized medicine and therapeutics development, infectious parasitic causative agents remain one of the most challenging areas of research and development. The disadvantages of conventional parasitic prevention and control are the emergence of multiple drug resistance as well as the non-specific targeting of intracellular parasites, which results in high dose concentration needs and subsequently intolerable cytotoxicity. Nanotechnology has attracted extensive interest to reduce medication therapy adverse effects including poor bioavailability and drug selectivity. Numerous nanomaterials-based delivery systems have previously been shown in animal models to be effective in the treatment of various parasitic infections. This review discusses a variety of nanomaterials-based antiparasitic procedures and techniques as well as the processes that allow them to be targeted to different parasitic infections. This review focuses on the key prerequisites for creating novel nanotechnology-based carriers as a potential option in parasite management, specifically in the context of human-related pathogenic parasitic agents.

The Golden Spice for Life: Turmeric with the Pharmacological Benefits of Curcuminoids Components, Including Curcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin, and Demethoxycurcumins

BACKGROUND

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, is a perennial rhizomatous plant of tropical and subtropical regions. The three major chemical components responsible for the biological activities of turmeric are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin.

METHODS

The literature search included review articles, analytical studies, randomized control experiments, and observations, which have been gathered from various sources, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. A review of the literature was carried out using the keywords: turmeric, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Iranian medicine, traditional Indian medicine, curcumin, curcuminoids, pharmaceutical benefits, turmerone, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. The main components of the rhizome of the leaf are α-turmerone, β-turmerone, and arturmerone.

RESULTS

The notable health benefits of turmeric are antioxidant activity, gastrointestinal effects, anticancer effects, cardiovascular and antidiabetic effects, antimicrobial activity, photoprotector activity, hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects, and appropriate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and inflammatory and edematic disorders.

DISCUSSION

Curcuminoids are phenolic compounds usually used as pigment spices with many health benefits, such as antiviral, antitumour, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, anticancer, and antifungal effects. Curcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and demethoxycurcumin are the major active and stable bioactive constituents of curcuminoids. Curcumin, which is a hydroponic polyphenol, and the main coloring agent in the rhizomes of turmeric, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anticarcinogenic activities, as well as beneficial effects for infectious diseases and Alzheimer's disease. Bisdemethoxycurcumin possesses antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-metastasis activities. Demethoxycurcumin, which is another major component, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anti-cancer activities and is the appropriate candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

CONCLUSION

The goal of this review is to highlight the health benefits of turmeric in both traditional and modern pharmaceutical sciences by considering the important roles of curcuminoids and other major chemical constituents of turmeric.

Boosting photo-induced antimicrobial activity of lignin nanoparticles with curcumin and zinc oxide

Lignin nanoparticles have gained increasing attention as a potential antimicrobial agent due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. However, the limited ability of lignin to act as an antibacterial is a major barrier to its widespread use. Thus, it is crucial to develop novel approaches to amplify lignin's biological capabilities in order to promote its effective utilization. In this study, we modified lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) with photo-active curcumin (Cur), zinc oxide (ZnO), or a combination of both to enhance their antimicrobial properties. The successful modifications of LNPs were confirmed using comprehensive characterization techniques. The antimicrobial efficacy of the modified LNPs was assessed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The results showed that the modification of LNPs with Cur and ZnO have much higher antibacterial and antibiofilm activities than unmodified LNPs. Moreover, photo illumination resulted in even higher antibacterial activity. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy revealed bacterial cells lysis and membrane damage by ZnO/Cur modified LNPs. Our research demonstrates that ZnO/Cur modified LNPs can serve as novel hybrid materials with enhanced antimicrobial capabilities. In addition, the photo-induced enhancement in antibacterial activity not only demonstrated the versatility of this hybrid material but also opened up interesting potential for bioinspired therapeutics agents.

Turmeric and Curcumin-Health-Promoting Properties in Humans versus Dogs

The growing popularity of the use of nutraceuticals in the prevention and alleviation of symptoms of many diseases in humans and dogs means that they are increasingly the subject of research. A representative of the nutraceutical that deserves special attention is turmeric. Turmeric belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and is grown extensively in Asia. It is a plant used as a spice and food coloring, and it is also used in traditional medicine. The biologically active factors that give turmeric its unusual properties and color are curcuminoids. It is a group of substances that includes curcumin, de-methoxycurcumin, and bis-demethoxycurcumin. Curcumin is used as a yellow-orange food coloring. The most important pro-health effects observed after taking curcuminoids include anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to characterize turmeric and its main substance, curcumin, in terms of their properties, advantages, and disadvantages, based on literature data.

The food and biomedical applications of curcumin-loaded electrospun nanofibers: A comprehensive review

Encapsulating curcumin (CUR) in nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, silica nanoparticles, protein-based nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanocrystals could be efficient for a variety of industrial and biomedical applications. Nanofibers containing CUR represent a stable polymer-drug carrier with excellent surface-to-volume ratios for loading and cell interactions, tailored porosity for controlled CUR release, and diverse properties that fit the requirements for numerous applications. Despite the mentioned benefits, electrospinning is not capable of producing fibers from multiple polymers and biopolymers, and the product's effectiveness might be affected by various machine- and material-dependent parameters like the voltage and the flow rate of the electrospinning process. This review delves into the current and innovative recent research on nanofibers containing CUR and their various applications.

Dual mechanism (sunlight/dark) of the self-assembly nitazoxanide drug on cellulose nanocrystal surface for destroying the Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts

Destruction of the cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) Oocysts is the main target of the work via the improvement effect of the nitazoxanide (NTZ) drug by increasing the drug adsorption process without changing the cell viability. The synthesis of a self-assembly nanocomposite (NCP) of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and NTZ drug was performed successfully via the chemical precipitation methods without utilizing the temperature. Also, the characterization of the fabricated NCP was achieved by different techniques to confirm the natural formation of the NCP. The efficient loading of the NTZ drug on the CMC surface and the release process of NCP was calculated by a UV-Visible spectroscopy device, and the loading efficiency is 37 %. The release efficiency is displayed at 66.3 % after 6 h, and 97 % after 48 h at pH 7.4 with NTZ pure, while the release efficiency of CNC@NTZ at the same pH is 61 % after 6 h, and 86 % after 48 h at pH 7.4. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of NCP was conducted on normal mouse liver cells (BNL) via the quick screening cytotoxicity method (SRB). The effect of NCP on C. parvum was detected with an in-vivo study in the dark and under sunlight conditions. Compared to the NTZ and CNC, the fabricated NCP was able to destroy 89.3 % of the oocyst wall after 96 h. Moreover, a sporulation inhibition percentage of 53.97 % ± 0.63 % was achieved by a maximum concentration of 7 mg/mL after 9.5 h. The results are very encouraging to use the modified NCP as an alternative NTZ drug, although further research is required in terms of clinical trials.

Applications of Curcumin and Its Nanoforms in the Treatment of Cancer

Due to the diverse medicinal and pharmacokinetic properties of turmeric, it is well-known in the therapeutic, pharmaceutic, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and dietary industries. It gained importance due to its multitude of properties, such as wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, cytoprotective, anti-aging, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects. Even though the natural healing effect of turmeric has been known to Indians as early as 2500 BCE, the global demand for turmeric has increased only recently. A major reason for the beneficiary activities of turmeric is the presence of the yellow-colored polyphenolic compound called curcumin. Many studies have been carried out on the various properties of curcumin and its derivatives. Despite its low bioavailability, curcumin has been effectively used for the treatment of many diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurological diseases, diabetes, arthritis, and cancer. The advent of nanobiotechnology has further opened wide opportunities to explore and expand the use of curcumin in the medical field. Nanoformulations using curcumin and its derivatives helped to design new treatment modalities, specifically in cancer, because of the better bioavailability and solubility of nanocurcumin when compared to natural curcumin. This review deals with the various applications of curcumin nanoparticles in cancer therapy and broadly tries to understand how it affect the immunological status of the cancer cell.

Research Progress of Protein-Based Bioactive Substance Nanoparticles

Bioactive substances exhibit various physiological activities-such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities-and have great potential for application in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. However, the low solubility, chemical instability, and low bioavailability of bioactive substances limit their application in the food industry. Using nanotechnology to prepare protein nanoparticles to encapsulate and deliver active substances is a promising approach due to the abundance, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of proteins. Common protein-based nanocarriers include nano-emulsions, nano-gels, nanoparticles, and nano complexes. In this review, we give an overview of protein-based nanoparticle fabrication methods, highlighting their pros and cons. Additionally, we discuss the applications and current issues regarding the utilization of protein-based nanoparticles in the food industry. Finally, we provide perspectives on future development directions, with a focus on classifying bioactive substances and their functional properties.

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Release Behavior and Phytopathogens Control by Mancozeb-Loaded Guar Gum Nanoemulsions for Sustainable Agriculture

Chemical fungicides are the backbone of modern agriculture, but an alternative formulation is necessary for sustainable crop production to address human health issues and soil/water environmental pollution. So, a green chemistry approach was used to form guar gum nanoemulsions (NEs) of 186.5-394.1 nm containing the chemical fungicide mancozeb and was characterized using various physio-chemical techniques. An 84.5% inhibition was shown by 1.5 mg/mL mancozeb-loaded NEs (GG-1.5) against A. alternata, comparable to commercial mancozeb (86.5 ± 0.7%). The highest mycelial inhibition was exhibited against S. lycopersici and S. sclerotiorum. In tomatoes and potatoes, NEs showed superior antifungal efficacy in pot conditions besides plant growth parameters (germination percentage, root/shoot ratio and dry biomass). About 98% of the commercial mancozeb was released in just two h, while only about 43% of mancozeb was released from nanoemulsions (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5) for the same time. The most significant results for cell viability were seen at 1.0 mg/mL concentration of treatment, where wide gaps in cell viability were observed for commercial mancozeb (21.67%) and NEs treatments (63.83-71.88%). Thus, this study may help to combat the soil and water pollution menace of harmful chemical pesticides besides protecting vegetable crops.

Pluronic-phosphatidylcholine mixed polymeric nanomicellar formulation for curcumin drug bioavailability: Design, fabrication, characterization and in vitro bioinvestigations

Curcumin (CUR), obtained from turmeric, has biological advantages, but low aqueous solubility restricts its pharmaceutical applications. In the present work, a mixed polymeric nanomicellar formulation composed of bioactive Pluronic P123, Pluronic F68, and biocompatible phosphatidylcholine (PC) was designed and examined as the nanovehicles for overcoming the major barriers of poor bioavailability related to CUR. The CUR-incorporated P123/F68/PC mixed nanomicellar formulation (CUR-PFPC) was fabricated by the thin film technique and investigated in vitro. The fabrication of CUR-PFPC was optimized through D-optimal design. CUR-PFPC morphology, size distribution, zeta potential, drug encapsulating and incorporation efficiency, compatibility, and crystallinity were characterized using DLS, TEM, FTIR, XRD, and DSC analysis. Moreover, the cumulative drug release, antioxidant assays, and antimicrobial properties of formulations were also examined. The CUR-PFPC formulation exhibited a micellar size of 67.43 nm, a zeta potential of −15.1 mV, a PDI of 0.528, and a spherical shape. The mixed micellar formulation showed excellent compatibility and stability. The in vitro release profile of the CUR-PFPC reached over 60% in comparison to the 95% release of CUR, indicating a slow and sustained release. The DPPH assay showed that the CUR-PFPC had 96% antioxidant activity. Results show that the CUR-PFPC has powerful antibacterial and antifungal properties, which separates it from the free CUR. These findings suggest that the fabricated CUR-PFPC mixed polymeric nanomicellar formulation is thermodynamically and kinetically stable and may be considered a novel nanovehicle for hydrophobic antimicrobial drugs like CUR.

Graphical Abstract

[Formula: see text]

The Antimicrobial Activity of Curcumin and Xanthohumol on Bacterial Biofilms Developed over Dental Implant Surfaces

In search for natural products with antimicrobial properties for use in the prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of curcumin and xanthohumol, using an in vitro multi-species dynamic biofilm model including Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The antimicrobial activities of curcumin (5 mM) and xanthohumol (100 μM) extracts, and the respective controls, were evaluated with 72-h biofilms formed over dental implants by their submersion for 60 seconds. The evaluation was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the data analysis, comparisons were tested applying ANOVA tests with post-hoc Bonferroni corrections to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of both extracts. With qPCR, statistically significant reductions in bacterial counts were observed for curcumin and xanthohumol, when compared to the negative control. The results with CLSM and SEM were consistent with those reported with qPCR. It was concluded that both curcumin and xanthohumol have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the six bacterial species included in the dynamic in vitro biofilm model used.

Temperature Induced Gelation and Antimicrobial Properties of Pluronic F127 Based Systems

Different formulations containing Pluronic F127 and polysaccharides (chitosan, sodium alginate, gellan gum, and κ-carrageenan) were investigated as potential injectable gels that behave as free-flowing liquid with reduced viscosity at low temperatures and displayed solid-like properties at 37 °C. In addition, ZnO nanoparticles, lysozyme, or curcumin were added for testing the antimicrobial properties of the thermal-sensitive gels. Rheological investigations evidenced small changes in transition temperature and kinetics of gelation at 37 °C in presence of polysaccharides. However, the gel formation is very delayed in the presence of curcumin. The antimicrobial properties of Pluronic F127 gels are very modest even by adding chitosan, lysozyme, or ZnO nanoparticles. A remarkable enhancement of antimicrobial activity was observed in the presence of curcumin. Chitosan addition to Pluronic/curcumin systems improves their viscoelasticity, antimicrobial activity, and stability in time. The balance between viscoelastic and antimicrobial characteristics needs to be considered in the formulation of Pluronic F127 gels suitable for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

The Influence of Turmeric and Curcumin on Female Reproductive Processes

The present review summarizes the available knowledge concerning the action of curcumin, the best-known polyphenol among the rhizomes of Curcumas, on female reproductive processes and their dysfunctions. Curcumin affects a number of physiological processes, including female reproduction (puberty, reproductive aging, ovarian follicullogenesis and oogenesis, and fecundity). Curcumin can affect these processes via changes in the release and reception of pituitary and ovarian hormones, growth factors and cytokines. Furthermore, it can influence the response of ovarian cells to these substances and external environmental factors. Finally, curcumin can affect oxidative processes within the ovary and numerous intracellular signalling pathways related to ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis. These effects suggest the applicability of curcumin for stimulation of female reproductive processes in vivo and in vitro, as well as for the prevention, mitigation, and treatment of various reproductive disorders from ovarian insufficiency and infertility to polycystic ovarian syndrome and ovarian cancer.

Bioactive Effects of Curcumin in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Along with the Most Effective Isolation Techniques and Type of Nanoformulations

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with African countries being the worst affected by this deadly virus. Curcumin (CUR) is a Curcuma longa-derived polyphenol that has attracted the attention of researchers due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. CUR also demonstrates anti-HIV effects by acting as a possible inhibitor of gp120 binding, integrase, protease, and topoisomerase II activities, besides also exerting a protective action against HIV-associated diseases. However, its effectiveness is limited due to its poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and systemic elimination. Nanoformulations have been shown to be useful to enhance curcumin’s bioavailability and its effectiveness as an anti-HIV agent. In this sense, bioactive effects of CUR in HIV infection are carefully reviewed, along with the most effective isolation techniques and type of nanoformulations available.

pH-responsive curcumin-based nanoscale ZIF-8 combining chemophotodynamic therapy for excellent antibacterial activity

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a highly attractive therapy due to its advantages of being a non-antibiotic procedure for reducing drug-resistant microbes. Curcumin (CCM) has been considered as a natural photosensitizer for PDT with prominent antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-proliferative activity. However, its excellent biological and pharmacological activities are limited because of its low solubility, rapid metabolization and instability. Herein, we reported a promising agent based on CCM-incorporated into zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF@CCM). The as-prepared nanoparticle exhibited high drug loading capability (11.57%) and drug loading encapsulation (82.76%). Additionally, ZIF@CCM displayed a pH-responsive drug release behavior and chemophotodynamic therapy for excellent antibacterial activity. The underlying mechanism elucidated that Zn²⁺ released from ZIF-8 increased the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane with leakages of K⁺. The overproduction of extracellular ROS further resulted in the disrupted bacterial cell membrane and distorted bacterial morphology. Thus, ZIF@CCM-mediated photodynamic activation might be a promising treatment strategy for microbial inactivation.

Antimicrobial Potential of Curcumin: Therapeutic Potential and Challenges to Clinical Applications

Curcumin is a bioactive compound that is extracted from Curcuma longa and that is known for its antimicrobial properties. Curcuminoids are the main constituents of curcumin that exhibit antioxidant properties. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial actions against a wide range of bacteria, even those resistant to antibiotics. Curcumin has been shown to be effective against the microorganisms that are responsible for surgical infections and implant-related bone infections, primarily Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The efficacy of curcumin against Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, alone or in combination with other classic antibiotics, is one of its most promising antibacterial effects. Curcumin is known to have antifungal action against numerous fungi that are responsible for a variety of infections, including dermatophytosis. Candidemia and candidiasis caused by Candida species have also been reported to be treated using curcumin. Life-threatening diseases and infections caused by viruses can be counteracted by curcumin, recognizing its antiviral potential. In combination therapy with other phytochemicals, curcumin shows synergistic effects, and this approach appears to be suitable for the eradication of antibiotic-resistant microbes and promising for achieving co-loaded antimicrobial pro-regenerative coatings for orthopedic implant biomaterials. Poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid degradation are the main disadvantages of curcumin. The use of nanotechnologies for the delivery of curcumin could increase the prospects for its clinical application, mainly in orthopedics and other surgical scenarios. Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles revealed antimicrobial properties against S. aureus in periprosthetic joint infections.

Impact of Plant-Based Foods and Nutraceuticals on Toxoplasma gondii Cysts: Nutritional Therapy as a Viable Approach for Managing Chronic Brain Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that mainly infects warm-blooded animals including humans. T. gondii can encyst and persist chronically in the brain, leading to a broad spectrum of neurological sequelae. Despite the associated health threats, no clinical drug is currently available to eliminate T. gondii cysts. In a continuous effort to uncover novel therapeutic agents for these cysts, the potential of nutritional products has been explored. Herein, we describe findings from in vitro and in vivo studies that support the efficacy of plant-based foods and nutraceuticals against brain cyst burden and cerebral pathologies associated with chronic toxoplasmosis. Finally, we discuss strategies to increase the translatability of preclinical studies and nutritional products to address whether nutritional therapy can be beneficial for coping with chronic T. gondii infections in humans.

Azeotropic Distillation-Induced Self-Assembly of Mesostructured Spherical Nanoparticles as Drug Cargos for Controlled Release of Curcumin

Methods of large-scale controllable production of uniform monodispersed spherical nanoparticles have been one of the research directions of scientists in recent years. In this paper, we report an azeotropic distillation-induced evaporation self-assembly method as a universal method, and monodispersed hydrophobic ordered mesoporous silica nanospheres (MHSs) were successfully synthesized by this method, using triethoxymethylsilane (MTES) as the silica precursor and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the template. SEM and TEM images showed good monodispersity, sphericity, and uniform diameter. Meanwhile, SAXS and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements demonstrated a highly ordered lamellar mesostructure with a large pore volume. The model drug, curcumin was successfully encapsulated in MHSs for drug delivery testing, and their adsorption capacity was 3.45 mg g−1, which greatly improved the stability of curcumin. The release time when net release rate of curcumin reached 50% was extended to 6 days.

Development of oral curcumin based on pH-responsive transmembrane peptide-cyclodextrin derivative nanoparticles for hepatoma

Herein, a pH-responsive cyclodextrin derivative (R6H4-CMβCD) with cell-penetrating ability was successfully synthesized, and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles (R6H4-CMβCD@CUR NPs, RCCNPs) were developed to improve its efficacy in hepatoma. RCCNPs could improve the cell uptake compared with CMβCD@CUR NPs (CCNPs) and were internalized into cells mainly through endocytosis mediated by reticulin and macropinocytosis. Furthermore, the accumulation of RCCNPs in hepatoma cells at pH 6.4 was higher than that at pH 7.4, indicating a pH-responsive uptake. Additionally, RCCNPs could escape from the lysosomes via the "proton sponge effect", and a high apoptosis rate was detected. Importantly, in vivo experiments revealed that orally administered RCCNPs could exert excellent anti-cancer effects in tumor-bearing mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining did not show significant histological changes in the major organs. Thus, our findings indicate the potential of R6H4-CMβCD as a nanopharmaceutical material, and RCCNPs as an effective delivery system for oral curcumin in cancer management.

Prospects of Curcumin Nanoformulations in Cancer Management

There is increasing interest in the use of natural compounds with beneficial pharmacological effects for managing diseases. Curcumin (CUR) is a phytochemical that is reportedly effective against some cancers through its ability to regulate signaling pathways and protein expression in cancer development and progression. Unfortunately, its use is limited due to its hydrophobicity, low bioavailability, chemical instability, photodegradation, and fast metabolism. Nanoparticles (NPs) are drug delivery systems that can increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and improve drug targeting to cancer cells via different mechanisms and formulation techniques. In this review, we have discussed various CUR-NPs that have been evaluated for their potential use in treating cancers. Formulations reviewed include lipid, gold, zinc oxide, magnetic, polymeric, and silica NPs, as well as micelles, dendrimers, nanogels, cyclodextrin complexes, and liposomes, with an emphasis on their formulation and characteristics. CUR incorporation into the NPs enhanced its pharmaceutical and therapeutic significance with respect to solubility, absorption, bioavailability, stability, plasma half-life, targeted delivery, and anticancer effect. Our review shows that several CUR-NPs have promising anticancer activity; however, clinical reports on them are limited. We believe that clinical trials must be conducted on CUR-NPs to ensure their effective translation into clinical applications.

Biomedical Applications and Bioavailability of Curcumin-An Updated Overview

Curcumin, a yellow-colored molecule derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been identified as the bioactive compound responsible for numerous pharmacological activities of turmeric, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, etc. Nevertheless, the clinical application of curcumin is inadequate due to its low solubility, poor absorption, rapid metabolism and elimination. Advancements in recent research have shown several components and techniques to increase the bioavailability of curcumin. Combining with adjuvants, encapsulating in carriers and formulating in nanoforms, in combination with other bioactive agents, synthetic derivatives and structural analogs of curcumin, have shown increased efficiency and bioavailability, thereby augmenting the range of applications of curcumin. The scope for incorporating biotechnology and nanotechnology in amending the current drawbacks would help in expanding the biomedical applications and clinical efficacy of curcumin. Therefore, in this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the plethora of therapeutic potentials of curcumin, their drawbacks in efficient clinical applications and the recent advancements in improving curcumin's bioavailability for effective use in various biomedical applications.

Degradation product of curcumin restrain Salmonella typhimurium virulent protein L-asparaginase

OBJECTIVES

Salmonella typhimurium is a pathogen responsible for causing a wide range of infectious diseases. The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in this microbe is a big challenge. L-asparaginase (less explored drug target) is selected as a drug target because it is actively involved in the virulence mechanism. To block this virulent enzyme, curcumin that is traditionally renowned for its medicinal properties was examined. However, its pharmacological behavior and targeting property is less understood because of its poor bioavailability. Therefore, the present work explores the antimicrobial effect of both curcumin and its degradation product against the MDR pathogen.

METHODS

Molecular docking studies were carried out to evaluate the inhibitory effect of curcumin and its degradation product against the L-asparaginase enzyme using Schrodinger Maestro interface tools. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) profile of all the test ligands was also performed.

RESULTS

The docking score of curcumin was -5.465 kcal/mol while its degradation product curcumin glucuronide has the lowest i.e., -6.240 kcal/mol. All the test ligands showed better or comparable docking scores with respect to control (Ciprofloxacin). Arg 142 and Asn 84 amino acid residues of L-asparaginase were found to be interacting with test ligands inside the binding pocket of the target protein. ADME/toxicology study also indicated the potency of curcumin/curcumin degradation products as a potent inhibitor.

CONCLUSIONS

It was found that both curcumin and its degradation products have the potential to inhibit Salmonella. This information could be valuable for futuristic drug candidate development against this pathogen and could be a potential lead for mitigation of MDR.

Effect of curcumin on sperm parameters after the cryopreservation

OBJECTIVE

Cryopreservation refers to the cooling of cells and tissues to sub-zero temperatures in order to stop all biologic activity and preserve them for future use. Human sperm cryopreservation is an important tool for assisted reproductive technology and male fertility preservation. However, cryopreservation significantly reduces the quality of spermatozoa. The antioxidant effects of curcumin on different cells have been widely reported. This study was aimed to evaluate changes in post-thaw viability, morphology, motility, chromatin condensation and DNA integrity in response to the addition of curcumin to human sperm freezing extender.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Semen of 23 normozoospermic men was collected and each sample was divided into three equal aliquots: Control, DMSO, Curcumin. The samples were analyzed freshly for viability (Eosin Y), morphology (Diff-Quick), motility (following WHO standarts), sperm chromatin packaging (aniline blue) and DNA integrity (acridine orange). The control group remained untreated and was mixed with cryopreservation medium (in-house 1:1). The DMSO group was mixed with cryopreservation medium containing 0.1% DMSO. The curcumin group was mixed with cryopreservation medium containing 10 µM curcumin. Samples stained with Diff-Quick and aniline blue were examined under light microscope, samples stained with Eosin Y were examined under phase-contrast microscope and samples stained with acridine orange were examined under fluorescence microscope. Ten days after cryopreservation, samples were thawed and pre-freeze analyses repeated.

RESULTS

Obtained results showed that cryopreservation significantly (P < 0.001) reduces sperm parameters. In Curcumin group, progressive motility, sperm chromatin condensation and DNA integrity significantly (P < 0.001) increased after the thawing process, as compared with the control and the DMSO group.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the addition of curcumin to cryopreservation medium improves post-thaw progressive motility, sperm chromatin condensation and DNA integrity. It seems that curcumin ameliorates detrimental effects of cryopreservation on human spermatozoa. Further research is needed on the use of curcumin and other antioxidant substances in sperm cryopreservation.

Curcumin, the active substance of turmeric: its effects on health and ways to improve its bioavailability

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a spice utilized widely in India, China, and Southeast Asia as an aromatic stimulant, a food preservative, and coloring material. The commonly used names of turmeric are castor saffron, turmeric, and saffron root. Turmeric is a yellow-orange polyphenolic natural substance derived from C. longa rhizomes. It has been used to treat common inflammatory diseases, tumors, biliary diseases, anorexia, cough, topical wounds, diabetic injuries, liver disorders, rheumatism, and sinusitis. Extensive studies on the biological properties and pharmacological consequences of turmeric extracts have been conducted in recent years. Curcumin, the primary yellow biocomponent of turmeric, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifibrotic, immunomodulatory, and antifungal properties. Defense assessment tests showed that curcumin is tolerated well at high doses, without adverse effects. Thus, curcumin is a highly active biological material with the potential to treat different diseases in modern medicine. This review article focuses on curcumin's biological characteristics. The most popular methods for curcumin encapsulation are also discussed. Several effective techniques and approaches have been proposed for curcuminoid capsulation, including nanocomplexing, gelation, complex coacervation, electrospraying, and solvent-free pH-driven encapsulation. This review also highlights curcumin's chemical properties, allowing the readers to expand their perspectives on its use in the development of functional products with health-promoting properties. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Curcumin Nanoparticles as Promising Therapeutic Agents for Drug Targets

Curcuma longa is very well-known medicinal plant not only in the Asian hemisphere but also known across the globe for its therapeutic and medicinal benefits. The active moiety of Curcuma longa is curcumin and has gained importance in various treatments of various disorders such as antibacterial, antiprotozoal, cancer, obesity, diabetics and wound healing applications. Several techniques had been exploited as reported by researchers for increasing the therapeutic potential and its pharmacological activity. Here, the dictum is the new room for the development of physicochemical, as well as biological, studies for the efficacy in target specificity. Here, we discussed nanoformulation techniques, which lend support to upgrade the characters to the curcumin such as enhancing bioavailability, increasing solubility, modifying metabolisms, and target specificity, prolonged circulation, enhanced permeation. Our manuscript tried to seek the attention of the researcher by framing some solutions of some existing troubleshoots of this bioactive component for enhanced applications and making the formulations feasible at an industrial production scale. This manuscript focuses on recent inventions as well, which can further be implemented at the community level.

Curcumin-loaded nanocomplexes: Acute and chronic toxicity studies in mice and hamsters

We recently developed a modified solid dispersion of curcumin-loaded nanocomplexes (CNCs) in gums which promoted the prolonged and sustained release of curcumin. However, its safety assessment has not yet been investigated. Here, acute and chronic toxicities of CNCs were assayed using mice and hamsters. CNCs were orally administered to the animals. Doses of CNCs used for acute toxicity testing were 0.1, 1.1, 11.0 g/kg body weight for mice and 0.2, 2.1 and 21.4 g/kg body weight for hamsters. Doses of CNCs for chronic toxicity testing were 0.09, 0.27, 0.8 g/kg body weight/day for mice and 0.18, 0.54 and 1.61 g/kg body weight/day for hamsters. This regimen was followed daily for 6 months. Low and medium doses of CNCs did not induce any side effects in acute and chronic toxicity tests in either animal species. However, in acute toxicity testing, the organ-weight to body-weight ratio of spleen was significantly increased in mice treated with 11 g/kg body weight along with elevated levels of some biochemical parameters. There was a significant increase in organ-weight to body-weight ratios of stomach, liver and heart in hamsters treated with 21.4 g/kg body weight, but no elevated levels of biochemical parameters. Oral LD50 of CNCs in mice and hamsters were 8.9 and 16.8 g/kg body weight (equivalent to 2.5 and 4.7 g curcumin/kg body weight), respectively. Daily CNCs high-dose treatment for 6 months significantly increased organ-weight to body-weight ratios of stomach and intestine in mice and of lung and heart in hamsters. Elevated levels of glucose, total protein, ALT, AST and globulin in mice, and increased levels of AST, but decrease in cholesterol, in hamsters were concurrently observed with inflammation in liver and lung. These abnormalities were resolved within 28 days after cessation of treatment. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of CNCs was determined at 0.27 and 0.54 g/kg body weight/day in mice and hamsters. In conclusion, toxicity of high-dose CNCs treatment was graded as very low, possibly due to the components of the nanocomplex.

A comprehensive review of the therapeutic potential of curcumin nanoformulations

Today, due to the prevalence of various diseases such as the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), diabetes, central nervous system diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and so on, extensive studies have been conducted on therapeutic properties of natural and synthetic agents. A literature review on herbal medicine and commercial products in the global market showed that curcumin (Cur) has many therapeutic benefits compared to other natural ingredients. Despite the unique properties of Cur, its use in clinical trials is very limited. The poor biopharmaceutical properties of Cur such as short half-life in plasma, low bioavailability, poor absorption, rapid metabolism, very low solubility (at acidic and physiological pH), and the chemical instability in body fluids are major concerns associated with the clinical applications of Cur. Recently, nanoformulations are emerging as approaches to develop and improve the therapeutic efficacy of various drugs. Many studies have shown that Cur nanoformulations have tremendous therapeutic potential against various diseases such as SARS-CoV-2, cancer, inflammatory, osteoporosis, and so on. These nanoformulations can inhibit many diseases through several cellular and molecular mechanisms. However, successful long-term clinical results are required to confirm their safety and clinical efficacy. The present review aims to update and explain the therapeutic potential of Cur nanoformulations.

Assessment of antibacterial and antifungal potential of Curcuma longa and synthesized nanoparticles: A comparative study

Curcumin nanoparticles were most recently considered in medical research because of their antibacterial properties. The main objective of the study was to develop the green synthesis and antibacterial activity of curcumin nanoparticles using Curcuma longa. The processing of curcumin nanoparticles was carried out after the collection, identification, and extraction of curcumin. The effect of a sample on the synthesis of nanoparticles, such as curcumin aqueous concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg/ml) and curcumin nanoparticles (5, 10, and 20 mg/ml), and the antibacterial effect of these nanoparticles on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the fungal strain Aspergillus niger. For examining antibacterial and anti-fungal activity disc diffusion method was performed, followed by the zone of inhibition. According to X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis, nanoparticles have spherical shapes and size of 42.64 nm. Results showed that a high dose of 20 mg/ml curcumin nanoparticles have more antibacterial activity than curcumin extracts in E. coli as it showed the largest diameter of zone of inhibition as compared to other doses. Other bacterial and fungal strains also showed significant results but E. coli was most prominent. The biosynthesis of curcumin nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of C. longa is a clean, inexpensive, and safe method that has not been used any toxic substance and consequently does not have side effects. Since several pathogenic species have acquired antibiotic resistance, the combination of curcumin with various nanoparticles would be beneficial in the cure of pathogenic diseases.

Soybean lecithin-stabilized oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions increase the stability and in vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive nutrients

This study was proposed to investigate the possibility of co-delivering essential oils and lipophilic nutrients via lecithin stabilized emulsions. Emulsions with different droplet sizes (62.5-105 nm), zeta potentials (-33.7 to -58.6 mV), and PdI values (0.155-0.275) were successfully prepared. Incorporation of curcumin into emulsions significantly improved its water solubility (1700-fold), thermal and photochemical stability. The droplet size of curcumin-loaded emulsions did not change over 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestion caused significant changes in the droplet size and interfacial properties of curcumin-loaded emulsions. The bioaccessibility of encapsulated curcumin was 4.79-10.6-fold higher than that of free molecule. This is mainly attributed to the different solubility of curcumin in essential oils, which also showed different bioaccessibility. The findings suggested that emulsions can be novel carriers for co-delivering essential oils and lipophilic nutrients with increased stability and bioaccessibility.

Toward Regulatory Effects of Curcumin on Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Across Different Diseases: A Review

Immune response, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis are juts a few of cellular events that are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in cells. A number of studies have documented that TGF-β undergoes abnormal expression in different diseases, e.g., diabetes, cancer, fibrosis, asthma, arthritis, among others. This has led to great fascination into this signaling pathway and developing agents with modulatory impact on TGF-β. Curcumin, a natural-based compound, is obtained from rhizome and roots of turmeric plant. It has a number of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetes and so on. Noteworthy, it has been demonstrated that curcumin affects different molecular signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Nrf2, AMPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase and so on. In the present review, we evaluate the potential of curcumin in regulation of TGF-β signaling pathway to corelate it with therapeutic impacts of curcumin. By modulation of TGF-β (both upregulation and down-regulation), curcumin ameliorates fibrosis, neurological disorders, liver disease, diabetes and asthma. Besides, curcumin targets TGF-β signaling pathway which is capable of suppressing proliferation of tumor cells and invading cancer cells.

The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins

Mycotoxins present a great concern to food safety and security due to their adverse health and socio-economic impacts. The necessity to formulate novel strategies that can mitigate the economic and health effects associated with mycotoxin contamination of food and feed commodities without any impact on public health, quality and nutritional value of food and feed, economy and trade industry become imperative. Various strategies have been adopted to mitigate mycotoxin contamination but often fall short of the required efficacy. One of the promising approaches is the use of bioactive plant components/metabolites synergistically with mycotoxin-absorbing components in order to limit exposure to these toxins and associated negative health effects. In particular, is the fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges encapsulated with bioactive compounds of plant origin to inhibit toxigenic fungi and decontaminate mycotoxins in food and feed without leaving any health and environmental hazard to the consumers. The present paper reviews the use of botanicals extracts and their phytochemicals coupled with β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge technology to inhibit toxigenic fungal invasion and detoxify mycotoxins.

Curcumin Loaded Nanoliposomes Localization by Nanoscale Characterization

Curcumin is a hydrophobic drug gaining growing attention because of its high availability, its innocuity, and its anticancer, antitumoral, and antioxidative activity. However, its poor ‎‎bioavailability in the human body, caused by its low aqueous solubility and fast degradation, ‎‎presents a big hurdle for its oral administration. Here, we used nano-vesicles made of ‎‎phospholipids to carry and protect curcumin in its membrane. Various curcumin amounts were ‎‎encapsulated in the produced phospholipid system to form drug-loaded liposomes. ‎Curcumin's ‎concentration was evaluated using UV-visible measurements. The maximal ‎amount of curcumin ‎that could be added to liposomes was assessed. Nuclear magnetic ‎resonance (NMR) analyses ‎were used to determine curcumin's interactions and localization ‎within the phospholipid ‎membrane of the liposomes. X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic ‎force microscopy (AFM) ‎experiments were performed to characterize the membrane structure ‎and organization, as well as its ‎mechanical properties at the nanoscale. Conservation of the membrane's properties is found with ‎the addition of curcumin in various ‎amounts before saturation, allowing the preparation of a ‎defined nanocarrier with desired ‎amounts of the drug.

Potent in vivo antimalarial activity of water-soluble artemisinin nano-preparations

Artemisinin is a remarkable compound whose derivatives and combinations with multiple drugs have been utilized at the forefront of malaria treatment. However, the inherent issues of the parent compound such as poor bioavailability, short serum half-life, and high first-pass metabolism partially limit further applications of this drug. In this study, we enhanced the aqueous phase solubility of artemisinin by encapsulating it in two nanocarriers based on the polymer polycaprolactone (ART-PCL) and lipid-based Large Unilamellar Vesicles (ART-LIPO) respectively. Both nanoformulations exhibit in vitro parasite killing activity against Plasmodium falciparum with the ART-LIPO performing at comparable efficacy to the control drug solubilized in ethanol. These water-soluble formulations showed potent in vivo antimalarial activity as well in the mouse model of malaria at equivalent doses of the parent drug. Additionally, the artemisinin-PCL nanoformulation used in combination with either pyrimethamine or chloroquine increased the survival of the Plasmodium berghei infected mice for more than 34 days and effectively cured the mice of the infection. We highlight the potential for polymer and liposome-based nanocarriers in improving not only the aqueous phase solubility of artemisinin but also concomitantly retaining its therapeutic efficacy in vivo as well.

Curcumin, a Natural Antimicrobial Agent with Strain-Specific Activity

Curcumin, a principal bioactive substance of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), is reported as a strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agent. However, its antimicrobial properties require further detailed investigations into clinical and multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. In this work, we tested curcumin's efficacy against over 100 strains of pathogens belonging to 19 species. This activity was determined by the broth microdilution method and by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Our findings confirmed a much greater sensitivity of Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. This study exhibited a significantly larger variation in the curcumin activity than previous works and suggested that numerous clinical strains of widespread pathogens have a poor sensitivity to curcumin. Similarly, the MICs of the MDR types of Staphylococcus aureus, S. haemolyticus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis were high (≥2000 µg/mL). However, curcumin was effective against some species and strains: Streptococcus pyogenes (median MIC = 31.25 µg/mL), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (250 µg/mL), Acinetobacter lwoffii (250 µg/mL), and individual strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (62.5 µg/mL). The sensitivity of species was not associated with its affiliation to the genus, and it could differ a lot (e.g., S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae and A. lwoffii, A. baumannii). Hence, curcumin can be considered as a promising antibacterial agent, but with a very selective activity.

A Systematic Literature Review of Curcumin with Promising Antileishmanial Activity

BACKGROUND

Curcumin (CUR) is a bright yellow chemical and it is used as an additive in foods. Recently CUR and its associated bioactive compounds have received much attention in the literature review. The aim of this systematic review is to overview the antileishmanial properties of CUR and its mechanism; perhaps the results of this study will be used for therapeutic and preventive purposes.

METHODS

Following the PRISMA guidelines, international databases were systematically searched for studies published until September 2019. Articles related to the subject were selected and included in this systematic review.

RESULTS

A total of 15 articles met our eligibility criteria. Then, the effect of CUR and its associated bioactive compounds on Leishmania species was evaluated. In most studies, CUR/derivatives were tested on L. major and in vitro condition. Most investigations were conducted on the promastigote rather than the more relevant intracellular amastigote stage. Our results showed that CUR overcomes the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on Leishmania parasites.

CONCLUSION

This review indicated that CUR derivatives, instead of CUR alone showed a high potential to serve as an effective herbal drug against leishmaniasis. Moreover, we concluded that the antileishmanial activity of CUR/bioactive compounds is mostly due to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Nanocurcumin: A Promising Candidate for Therapeutic Applications

Curcuma longa is an important medicinal plant and a spice in Asia. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a hydrophobic bioactive ingredient found in a rhizome of the C. longa. It has drawn immense attention in recent years for its variety of biological and pharmacological action. However, its low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and rapid metabolism represent major drawbacks for its successful therapeutic applications. Hence, researchers have attempted to enhance the biological and pharmacological activity of curcumin and overcome its drawbacks by efficient delivery systems, particularly nanoencapsulation. Research efforts so far and data from the available literature have shown a satisfactory potential of nanorange formulations of curcumin (Nanocurcumin), it increases all the biological and pharmacological benefits of curcumin, which was not significantly possible earlier. For the synthesis of nanocurcumin, an array of techniques has been developed and each technique has its own advantages and individual characteristics. The two most popular and effective techniques are ionic gelation and antisolvent precipitation. So far, many curcumin nanoformulations have been developed to enhance curcumin delivery, thereby overcoming the low therapeutic effects. However, most of the nanoformulation of curcumin remained at the concept level evidence, thus, several questions and challenges still exist to recommend the nanocurcumin as a promising candidate for therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the different curcumin nanoformulation and nanocurcumin implications for different therapeutic applications as well as the status of ongoing clinical trials and patents. We also discuss the research gap and future research directions needed to propose curcumin as a promising therapeutic candidate.