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Mehta Y, Kaur D, Kaur U, Shree R, Singh P, Modi M, Lal V, Sehgal R. Efficiency of Cysticidal Therapy Impacted by the Host's Immune Response in Neurocysticercosis Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04377-0. [PMID: 39090352 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a neurological condition caused by the presence of cysts of Taenia solium in the brain, which manifests with a range of clinical symptoms. The severity of NCC and its prognosis following anti-helminth drug (AHD) treatment are closely linked to peripheral and local inflammation. The study aimed to analyse the efficiency of cysticidal therapy impacted by the host's immune response in NCC patients. A total of 104 patients were screened in this study, and blood samples were collected from 30 patients. The follow-up samples within 3 to 6 months of treatment were collected. Patients were categorised as Responder (R) and Non-Responder (NR). Cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α were estimated using ELISA kits in PBMC cells. T0 is the time point before the AHD treatment begins, and T1 is between 3 to 6 months after the treatment starts. The responder patients showed significantly lower IL-10 and IL-6 levels in the supernatants at T0 as compared to T1, while in non-responder patients, IL-10 and IL-6 levels were higher at T0 as compared to T1. The IFN-γ and TNF-α levels were found to be higher in the supernatants at T0 as compared to T1 in both the responder and non-responder patients. These observations imply that these cytokines might have an impact on the efficacy of AHD treatment in NCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashvi Mehta
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Davinder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Upninder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ritu Shree
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Paramjeet Singh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Neuroimaging & Interventional Neuroradiology Division, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Manish Modi
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vivek Lal
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Puducherry, 607402, India.
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Arora N, Keshri AK, Kaur R, Rawat SS, Kumar R, Mishra A, Prasad A. Taenia solium excretory secretory proteins (ESPs) suppresses TLR4/AKT mediated ROS formation in human macrophages via hsa-miR-125. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011858. [PMID: 38157380 PMCID: PMC10783723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth infections are a global health menace affecting 24% of the world population. They continue to increase global disease burden as their unclear pathology imposes serious challenges to patient management. Neurocysticercosis is classified as neglected tropical disease and is caused by larvae of helminthic cestode Taenia solium. The larvae infect humans and localize in central nervous system and cause NCC; a leading etiological agent of acquired epilepsy in the developing world. The parasite has an intricate antigenic make-up and causes active immune suppression in the residing host. It communicates with the host via its secretome which is complex mixture of proteins also called excretory secretory products (ESPs). Understanding the ESPs interaction with host can identify therapeutic intervention hot spots. In our research, we studied the effect of T. solium ESPs on human macrophages and investigated the post-translation switch involved in its immunopathogenesis. METHODOLOGY T. solium cysts were cultured in vitro to get ESPs and used for treating human macrophages. These macrophages were studied for cellular signaling and miR expression and quantification at transcript and protein level. CONCLUSION We found that T. solium cyst ESPs treatment to human macrophages leads to activation of Th2 immune response. A complex cytokine expression by macrophages was also observed with both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in milieu. But, at the same time ESPs modulated the macrophage function by altering the host miR expression as seen with altered ROS activity, apoptosis and phagocytosis. This leads to activated yet compromised functional macrophages, which provides a niche to support parasite survival. Thus T. solium secretome induces Th2 phenomenon in macrophages which may promote parasite's survival and delay their recognition by host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Arora
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anand K. Keshri
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suraj S. Rawat
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute for Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Kaur R, Arora N, Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Singh G, Kumar R, Prasad A. Recognition of immune reactive proteins as a potential multiepitope vaccine candidate of Taenia solium cysticerci through proteomic approach. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1587-1602. [PMID: 37697970 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Metacestode, the larva of Taenia solium, is the causative agent for neurocysticercosis (NCC), which causes epilepsy. The unavailability of a vaccine against human NCC is a major cause for its widespread prevalence across the globe. Therefore, the development of a reliable vaccine against NCC is the need of the hour. Employing a combination of proteomics and immunoinformatics, we endeavored to formulate a vaccine candidate. The immune reactive cyst fluid antigens of T. solium were identified by immune-blotting two-dimensional gels with NCC patient's sera, followed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization analysis. We performed a detailed proteomic study of these immune reactive proteins by utilizing immune-informatics tools, identified the nontoxic, nonallergic, B-cell epitopes, and collected epitopes with the least sequence homology with human and other Taenia species. These epitopes were joined through linkers to construct a multiepitope vaccine. Different physiochemical parameters such as molecular weight (23.82 kDa), instability (39.91), and aliphatic index (49.61) were calculated to ensure the stability of the linked peptides vaccine. The vaccine demonstrated stable interactions with different immune receptors like Toll-like receptor 4 and IgG confirming that it will effectively stimulate the host immune response. We anticipate that our designed B-cell linear epitope-based vaccine will show promising results in in vitro and in vivo assays. This study provides a platform that would be useful to develop other suitable vaccine candidates to prevent helminthic neglected tropical diseases in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suraj S Rawat
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anand K Keshri
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Dayanad Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- CSIR-Institute for Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Indian Knowledge System and Mental Health Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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He W, Sun X, Luo B, Liu M, Li L, Fan X, Ye J, Zhou B. Regulation of piglet T-cell immune responses by thioredoxin peroxidase from Cysticercus cellulosae excretory-secretory antigens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019810. [PMID: 36466695 PMCID: PMC9718028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium (T. solium) cysticercosis is a serious threat to human health and animal husbandry. During parasitization, Cysticercus cellulosae (C. cellulosae) can excrete and secrete antigens that modulate the host's T-cell immune responses. However, the composition of C. cellulosae excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) is complex. This study sought to identify the key molecules in C. cellulosae ESAs involved in regulating T-cell immune responses. Thus, we screened for thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), with the highest differential expression, as the key target by label-free quantification proteomics of C. cellulosae and its ESAs. In addition, we verified whether TPx protein mainly exists in C. cellulosae ESAs. The TPx recombinant protein was prepared by eukaryotic expression, and ESAs were used as the experimental group to further investigate the effect of TPx protein on the immune response of piglet T cells in vitro. TPx protein induced an increase in CD4+ T cells in piglet peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while CD8+ T cells did not change significantly. This resulted in an imbalance in the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio and an increase in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the PBMCs. In addition, TPx protein initiated T helper 2 (Th2)-type immune responses by secreting IL-4 and IL-10 and suppressed Th1/Th17-type immune responses. The results showed that ESAs were involved in regulating piglet T-cell immune responses cells. This suggests that TPx protein found in ESAs plays an essential role to help the parasite evade host immune attack. Moreover, this lays a foundation for the subsequent exploration of the mechanism through which TPx protein regulates signaling molecules to influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Biying Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Dhanda SK, Malviya J, Gupta S. Not all T cell epitopes are equally desired: a review of in silico tools for the prediction of cytokine-inducing potential of T-cell epitopes. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6692551. [PMID: 36070623 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of protective or harmful T cell response induced by any antigenic epitope is important in designing any immunotherapeutic molecule. The understanding of cytokine induction potential also helps us to monitor antigen-specific cellular immune responses and rational vaccine design. The classical immunoinformatics tools served well for prediction of B cell and T cell epitopes. However, in the last decade, the prediction algorithms for T cell epitope inducing specific cytokines have also been developed and appreciated in the scientific community. This review summarizes the current status of such tools, their applications, background algorithms, their use in experimental setup and functionalities available in the tools/web servers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA-38015.,Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
| | - Jitendra Malviya
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Science, IES University Bhopal, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- NGS & Bioinformatics Division, 3B BlackBio Biotech India Ltd., 7-C, Industrial Area, Govindpura, Bhopal, India
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