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Fu C, Wan S, Yang P, Zhao X, Yan Y, Jiang S, Ali H. Identification of the Ilex macrocarpa anthracnose pathogen and the antifungal potential of the cell-free supernatant of Bacillus velezensis against Colletotrichum fioriniae. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1419436. [PMID: 38966396 PMCID: PMC11222323 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1419436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anthracnose is a significant fungal disease that affects tree growth and development, with Colletotrichum spp. exhibiting host non-specificity and targeting various organs, making disease control challenging. Methods This study aimed to identify the pathogenic species causing anthracnose in Ilex macrocarpa in Nanchong, Sichuan Province, and screen effective fungicides, particularly biological ones. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum fioriniae through morphological observation, pathogenicity assays, and molecular biological methods. Three biological and five chemical fungicides were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth and spore germination rate of the pathogen. Results The results indicated that prochloraz was the most effective chemical fungicide, while the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Bacillus velezensis had the most significant inhibitory effect among the biological fungicides. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the CFS of B. velezensis significantly reduced the expression of genes associated with ribosomes, genetic information processing, membrane lipid metabolism, and sphingolipid biosynthesis in C. fioriniae. Additionally, the glutathione pathway's expression of various genes, including key genes such as GST, GFA, Grx, TRR, and POD, was induced. Furthermore, the expression of 17 MFS transporters and 9 ABC transporters was increased. Autophagy-related ATGs were also affected by the B. velezensis CFS. Discussion These findings suggest that the B. velezensis CFS may inhibit C. fioriniae through interference with ribosomes, genetic information processing, cell membrane metabolism, and energy metabolism. These results provide potential target genes for the B. velezensis CFS and insights into the antifungal mechanism by which B. velezensis inhibits C. fioriniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Bamboo Pests Control and Resource Development, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, China
| | - Shushan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xizhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Yueyao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Shijiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Habib Ali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
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Marchese A, Balan B, Trippa DA, Bonanno F, Caruso T, Imperiale V, Marra FP, Giovino A. NGS transcriptomic analysis uncovers the possible resistance mechanisms of olive to Spilocea oleagina leaf spot infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1219580. [PMID: 37528972 PMCID: PMC10388255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1219580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Spilocea oleagina is a dangerous obligate fungal pathogen of olive, feared in the Mediterranean countries, causing Peacock's eye or leaf spot infection, which can lead to a serious yield loss of approximately 20% or higher depending on climatic conditions. Coping with this disease is much more problematic for organic farms. To date, knowledge on the genetic control of possible mechanisms of resistance/low susceptibility is quite limited. In this work, comparative transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was conducted in leaf tissues of a low susceptible cultivar Koroneiki and a high susceptible cultivar Nocellara del Belice, both tested in the field using the NaOH test, considering two stages-"zero sign of disease" and "evident sign of infection". Cultivars showed a very large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both stages. 'Koroneiki' showed an extensive hormonal crosstalk, involving Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene synergistically acting with Jasmonate, with early signaling of the disease and remarkable defense responses against Spilocea through the over-expression of many resistance gene analogs or pathogenesis-related (PR) genes: non-specific lipid-transfer genes (nsLTPs), LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase genes, GDSL esterase lipase, defensin Ec-AMP-D2-like, pathogenesis-related leaf protein 6-like, Thaumatin-like gene, Mildew resistance Locus O (MLO) gene, glycine-rich protein (GRP), MADS-box genes, STH-21-like, endochitinases, glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidases, and finally, many proteinases. Numerous genes involved in cell wall biogenesis, remodeling, and cell wall-based defense, including lignin synthesis, were also upregulated in the resistant cultivar, indicating the possible role of wall composition in disease resistance. It was remarkable that many transcription factors (TS), some of which involved in Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR), as well as some also involved in abiotic stress response, were found to be uniquely expressed in 'Koroneiki', while 'Nocellara del Belice' was lacking an effective system of defense, expressing genes that overlap with wounding responses, and, to a minor extent, genes related to phenylpropanoid and terpenoid pathways. Only a Thaumatin-like gene was found in both cultivars showing a similar expression. In this work, the genetic factors and mechanism underlying the putative resistance trait against this fungal pathogen were unraveled for the first time and possible target genes for breeding resistant olive genotypes were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Marchese
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bipin Balan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Floriana Bonanno
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziano Caruso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Imperiale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Giovino
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Palermo, Italy
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Diagnosis of Aspergillosis in Horses. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020161. [PMID: 36836276 PMCID: PMC9966232 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) may be a rare cause of granulomatous pneumonia in horses. The mortality of IPA is almost 100%; direct diagnostic tools in horses are needed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum samples were collected from 18 horses, including individuals suffering from IPA (n = 1), equine asthma (EA, n = 12), and 5 healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from another 6 healthy controls. Samples of BALF (n = 18) were analyzed for Aspergillus spp. DNA, fungal galactomannan (GM), ferricrocin (Fc), triacetylfusarinin C (TafC), and gliotoxin (Gtx). Analysis of 24 serum samples for (1,3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) and GM was performed. Median serum BDG levels were 131 pg/mL in controls and 1142 pg/mL in IPA. Similar trends were observed in BALF samples for GM (Area under the Curve (AUC) = 0.941) and DNA (AUC = 0.941). The fungal secondary metabolite Gtx was detected in IPA BALF and lung tissue samples (86 ng/mL and 2.17 ng/mg, AUC = 1).
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Wei T, Zheng N, Zheng H, Chen Y, Hong P, Liu W, Liu M. Proteomic Perspective of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilm Extracellular Matrix in Response to Itraconazole. Med Mycol 2022; 60:myac084. [PMID: 36243954 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus makes a major challenge to the chemotherapy for invasive aspergillosis, whereas cyp51A gene mutation is the most dominant mechanism for azole resistance. Moreover, biofilm contributes to drug resistance for A. fumigatus, and extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential to protect live cells from antifungal drugs. Therefore, we performed a comparative proteomic study on the biofilm ECM of both the wild-type and azole-resistant strains of A. fumigatus under azole pressure. In total, 2377 proteins were identified, of which 480 and 604 proteins with differential expression were obtained from the wild-type and azole-resistant A. fumigatus in exposure to itraconazole respectively (fold change > 2 or < 0.5, P-value < 0.05). We found that a high proportion of regulated proteins were located in cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. Meanwhile, GO and KEGG analyses revealed that metabolic process and ribosome pathway were significantly enriched. Particularly, differentially expressed proteins in response to azole pressure of both the wild-type and resistant strains were further analyzed. Our results indicated that these changes in biofilm ECM proteins were related to ergosterol synthesis, oxidative stress, efflux pumps, DNA repair, DNA replication, and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Wei
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hailin Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Pianpian Hong
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Weida Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Musang Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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Zhu Y, Fang C, Shi Y, Shan Y, Liu X, Liang Y, Huang L, Liu X, Liu C, Zhao Y, Fan S, Zhang X. Candida albicans Multilocus Sequence Typing Clade I Contributes to the Clinical Phenotype of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:837536. [PMID: 35433756 PMCID: PMC9010739 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.837536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most frequent fungal species responsible for vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which exhibits distinct genetic diversity that is linked with the clinical phenotype. This study aimed to assess the genotypes and clinical characteristics of different C. albicans isolates from VVC patients. Based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), clade 1 was identified as the largest C. albicans group, which appeared most frequently in recurrent VVC and treatment failure cases. Further study of antifungal susceptibility demonstrated that MLST clade 1 strains presented significantly higher drug resistance ability than non-clade 1 strains, which result from the overexpression of MDR1. The mRNA and protein expression levels of virulence-related genes were also significantly higher in clade 1 isolates than in non-clade 1 isolates. Proteomic analysis indicated that the protein stabilization pathway was significantly enriched in clade 1 strains and that RPS4 was a central regulator of proteins involved in stress resistance, adherence, and DNA repair, which all contribute to the resistance and virulence of MLST clade 1 strains. This study was the first attempt to compare the correlation mechanisms between C. albicans MLST clade 1 and non-clade 1 strains and the clinical phenotype, which is of great significance for VVC classification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Yu Shi
- Clinical College of Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingying Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiheng Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liting Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shangrong Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological Disease, Shenzhen, China
- Shangrong Fan
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological Disease, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowei Zhang
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