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Ahmadi E, Ravanshad M, Xie J, Panigrahi R, Jubbal SS, Guru SK, Guangping G, Ziyaeyan M, Fingeroth J. Serotype-dependent recombinant adeno-associated vector (AAV) infection of Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-cells, towards recombinant AAV-based therapy of focal EBV + lymphoproliferative disorders. Virol J 2021; 18:223. [PMID: 34794463 PMCID: PMC8600692 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell proliferative disorders, such as post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), are increased among persons afflicted by T-cell compromise. Most are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) + and can first present with a focal lesion. Direct introduction of oncolytic viruses into localized tumors provides theoretical advantages over chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy by reducing systemic toxicity. Despite extensive study as a vehicle for gene therapy, adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have rarely been applied to human cancer research due to technical and theoretical obstacles. Moreover, human B-cells have historically been described as resistant to AAV infection. Nonetheless, advances using different recombinant (r)AAV serotypes with unique tropisms to deliver cytotoxic therapy suggested a localized anti-tumor approach was feasible. METHODS As a prelude to the development of a therapeutic vehicle, the ability of fifteen distinct EGFP-bearing rAAV serotypes to transduce human B-cells, including primary, immortalized, and B-cell tumor lines ± EBV was assessed by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and subsequently cell viability assay. RESULTS Rank order analysis revealed augmented transduction by rAAV6.2 and closely related virions. EBV infection of EBV-negative B-cell tumor lines and EBV immortalization of primary B-cells increased susceptibility to rAAV6.2 transduction. As a proof of concept, transduction by rAAV6.2 encoding herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1)-thymidine kinase (TK) eliminated TK-negative rhabdomyosarcoma cells and diminished viability of transduced B-cell lines upon incubation with ganciclovir. CONCLUSIONS rAAV serotypes differentially transduce human B-cell lines reversing the dogma that human B-cells are refractory to AAV infection. EBV + B-cells display increased susceptibility to rAAV6.2 infection, uncovering a new method for improved nucleic acid transfer into transfection-resistant B-cell lines. The introduction of a functional suicide gene into the rAAV6.2 genome identifies a candidate vector for the development of rAAV-based oncolytic therapy targeting focal EBV-bearing B-lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-331, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Mehrdad Ravanshad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Rajesh Panigrahi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sandeep S Jubbal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Guru
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Gao Guangping
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Joyce Fingeroth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Malvi P, Janostiak R, Nagarajan A, Cai G, Wajapeyee N. Loss of thymidine kinase 1 inhibits lung cancer growth and metastatic attributes by reducing GDF15 expression. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008439. [PMID: 31589613 PMCID: PMC6797230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations that are critical for cancer cell growth and metastasis are one of the key hallmarks of cancer. Here, we show that thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is significantly overexpressed in tumor samples from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients relative to normal controls, and this TK1 overexpression is associated with significantly reduced overall survival and cancer recurrence. Genetic knockdown of TK1 with short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) inhibits both the growth and metastatic attributes of LUAD cells in culture and in mice. We further show that transcriptional overexpression of TK1 in LUAD cells is driven, in part, by MAP kinase pathway in a transcription factor MAZ dependent manner. Using targeted and gene expression profiling-based approaches, we then show that loss of TK1 in LUAD cells results in reduced Rho GTPase activity and reduced expression of growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). Furthermore, ectopic expression of GDF15 can partially rescue TK1 knockdown-induced LUAD growth and metastasis inhibition, confirming its important role as a downstream mediator of TK1 function in LUAD. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that TK1 facilitates LUAD tumor and metastatic growth and represents a target for LUAD therapy. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in a number of different cancers. However, despite these data suggesting an important role for TK1 in cancer pathogenesis, no study thus far has analyzed the functional effect of TK1 inhibition on tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, we performed TK1 knockdown and found that this protein is necessary for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumor growth and metastasis. Notably, inhibition of another nucleotide kinase, deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), had no effect on LUAD tumor growth and metastatic attributes. We therefore performed experiments to determine if the TK1 mechanism of action in cancer is distinct from its previously reported role in DNA damage, DNA replication, and DNA repair. We found that TK1 can promote LUAD tumor growth and metastasis in a non-canonical manner by activating Rho GTPase activity and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) expression. Taken together, our data suggest that TK1 may represent a potential target for development of LUAD therapy, due to its critical role in maintaining lung tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Radoslav Janostiak
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arvindhan Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Guoping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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