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Nie JB, Xie G, Chen H, Cong Y. Conflict of Interest in Scientific Research in China: A Socio-ethical Analysis of He Jiankui's Human Genome-editing Experiment. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2020; 17:191-201. [PMID: 32588181 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-020-09978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensive conflicts of interest (COI) at both individual and institutional levels are identifiable in scientific research and healthcare in China, as in many other parts of the world. A prominent new case from China is He Jiankui's experiment that produced the world's first gene-edited babies and that raises numerous ethical, political, socio-cultural, and transnational questions. Serious financial and other COI were involved in He's genetic adventure. Using He's infamous experiment as a case study, this paper explores the wider issue of financial and other COI in scientific research and healthcare in China, especially institutional conflict of interest (ICOI) and policy-related COI. Taking a socio-ethical perspective, it examines China's state policies and its massive efforts to transform and commercialize scientific research, the lack of policies and oversight mechanisms for regulating COI, as well as major ethical issues arising from COI including the undermining of public trust. Some practical suggestions are offered for institutional reform and institutional development so that COI, particularly ICOI, can be avoided or more effectively managed in scientific research in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bao Nie
- Bioethics Centre, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, PO, New Zealand.
| | - Guangkuan Xie
- School of Health Humanities, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hua Chen
- College of Marxism, Southern Medical University, 1023-1063 Shatai Road South, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yali Cong
- School of Health Humanities, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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Heidari Feidt R, Ienca M, Elger BS, Folcher M. Synthetic Biology and the Translational Imperative. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2019; 25:33-52. [PMID: 29255953 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-0011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances at the interface between the biological sciences and engineering are giving rise to emerging research fields such as synthetic biology. Harnessing the potential of synthetic biology requires timely and adequate translation into clinical practice. However, the translational research enterprise is currently facing fundamental obstacles that slow down the transition of scientific discoveries from the laboratory to the patient bedside. These obstacles including scarce financial resources and deficiency of organizational and logistic settings are widely discussed as primary impediments to translational research. In addition, a number of socio-ethical considerations inherent in translational research need to be addressed. As the translational capacity of synthetic biology is tightly linked to its social acceptance and ethical approval, ethical limitations may-together with financial and organizational problems-be co-determinants of suboptimal translation. Therefore, an early assessment of such limitations will contribute to proactively favor successful translation and prevent the promising potential of synthetic biology from remaining under-expressed. Through the discussion of two case-specific inventions in synthetic biology and their associated ethical implications, we illustrate the socio-ethical challenges ahead in the process of implementing synthetic biology into clinical practice. Since reducing the translational lag is essential for delivering the benefits of basic biomedical research to society at large and promoting global health, we advocate a moral obligation to accelerating translational research: the "translational imperative."
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Heidari Feidt
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, Universität Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Ienca
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, Universität Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Health Ethics & Policy Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Auf der Mauer 17, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernice Simone Elger
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, Universität Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Legal Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Folcher
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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Mandal J, Ponnambath DK, Parija SC. Ethics of translational medical research. Trop Parasitol 2017; 7:62-64. [PMID: 29114481 PMCID: PMC5652056 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_47_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational research is the science of application of basic research knowledge to develop novel methods of improving public health outcome. This review briefly discusses the various phases involved and the hurdles faced in the translational pathway, how translational science originated, and the infrastructures consigned for translational research. Translational research also faces numerous diverse ethical issues similar to those observed in biomedical research. The various types of ethical issues faced whereas conducting translational research are discussed briefly in this review to help researchers identify and prevent unethical practices while conducting or regulating translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jharna Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dinoop Korol Ponnambath
- Department of Microbiology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
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Bromley E, Mikesell L, Khodyakov D. Ethics and Science in the Participatory Era: A Vignette-Based Delphi Study. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2017; 12:295-309. [PMID: 28691559 DOI: 10.1177/1556264617717828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Participatory researchers rely on relationship-based ethical considerations to address ethical challenges, but little is known about how these considerations shape day-to-day decision-making. We presented vignettes describing ethical dilemmas to health researchers with varying degrees of experience in participatory research in an online modified-Delphi panel. Panelists rated potential solutions to dilemmas and provided rationales for choosing solutions in text boxes and discussion boards. Panelists agreed on a preferred solution for three of five vignettes. Panelists indicated that ethical research decision-making should be inclusive of diverse perspectives. Panelists prioritized scientific goals above participatory ones and viewed tenets of scientific validity as value-free. Panelists indicated that participatory research ethics would be difficult to codify, but that vignette-based learning could support didactic objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bromley
- 1 University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, CA, USA
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Pratt B, Paul A, Hyder AA, Ali J. Ethics of health policy and systems research: a scoping review of the literature. Health Policy Plan 2017; 32:890-910. [DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Fort DG, Herr TM, Shaw PL, Gutzman KE, Starren JB. Mapping the evolving definitions of translational research. J Clin Transl Sci 2017; 1:60-66. [PMID: 28480056 PMCID: PMC5408839 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systematic review and analysis of definitions of translational research. MATERIALS AND METHODS The final corpus was comprised of 33 papers, each read by at least 2 reviewers. Definitions were mapped to a common set of research processes for presentation and analysis. Influence of papers and definitions was further evaluated using citation analysis and agglomerative clustering. RESULTS All definitions were mapped to common research processes, revealing most common labels for each process. Agglomerative clustering revealed 3 broad families of definitions. Citation analysis showed that the originating paper of each family has been cited ~10 times more than any other member. DISCUSSION Although there is little agreement between definitions, we were able to identify an emerging consensus 5-phase (T0-T4) definition for translational research. T1 involves processes that bring ideas from basic research through early testing in humans. T2 involves the establishment of effectiveness in humans and clinical guidelines. T3 primarily focuses on implementation and dissemination research while T4 focuses on outcomes and effectiveness in populations. T0 involves research such as genome-wide association studies which wrap back around to basic research. CONCLUSION We used systematic review and analysis to identify emerging consensus between definitions of translational research phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Fort
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy M. Herr
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pamela L. Shaw
- Galter Health Sciences Library, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen E. Gutzman
- Galter Health Sciences Library, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin B. Starren
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Health and Biomedical Informatics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Khodyakov D, Mikesell L, Schraiber R, Booth M, Bromley E. On using ethical principles of community-engaged research in translational science. Transl Res 2016; 171:52-62.e1. [PMID: 26773561 PMCID: PMC4833614 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of new discoveries into both clinical practice and the wider community calls for reliance on interdisciplinary translational teams that include researchers with different areas of expertise, representatives of health care systems and community organizations, and patients. Engaging new stakeholders in research, however, calls for a reconsideration or expansion of the meaning of ethics in translational research. We explored expert opinion on the applicability of ethical principles commonly practiced in community-engaged research (CEnR) to translational research. To do so, we conducted 2 online, modified-Delphi panels with 63 expert stakeholders who iteratively rated and discussed 9 ethical principles commonly used in CEnR in terms of their importance and feasibility for use in translational research. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method was used to analyze the data and determine agreement and disagreement among participating experts. Both panels agreed that ethical translational research should be "grounded in trust." Although the academic panel endorsed "culturally appropriate" and "forthcoming with community about study risks and benefits," the mixed academic-community panel endorsed "scientifically valid" and "ready to involve community in interpretation and dissemination" as important and feasible principles of ethical translational research. These findings suggest that in addition to protecting human subjects, contemporary translational science models need to account for the interests of, and owe ethical obligations to, members of the investigative team and the community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Khodyakov
- Behavioral/Social Scientist, The RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, Phone: +1-310-393-0411x 6159
| | - Lisa Mikesell
- Assistant Professor, Communication Department, School of Communication and Information, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, 4 Huntington Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1071
| | - Ron Schraiber
- Executive Director, The Well-Being Programs, Inc., 644 Knoll Drive, P.O. Box 1104, Crestline, CA 92324
| | - Marika Booth
- Statistical Project Associate, The RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, Phone: +1-310-393-0411x 6338
| | - Elizabeth Bromley
- Assistant Professor in Residence, Semel Institute Center for Health Services and Society, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Research Psychiatrist, Desert Pacific MIRECC, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, 10920 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024
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Sunderland ME, Nayak RU. Reengineering Biomedical Translational Research with Engineering Ethics. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2015; 21:1019-1031. [PMID: 24928281 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-014-9567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that translational research practitioners need to acquire special skills and knowledge that will enable them to anticipate, analyze, and manage a range of ethical issues. While there is a small but growing literature that addresses the ethics of translational research, there is a dearth of scholarship regarding how this might apply to engineers. In this paper we examine engineers as key translators and argue that they are well positioned to ask transformative ethical questions. Asking engineers to both broaden and deepen their consideration of ethics in their work, however, requires a shift in the way ethics is often portrayed and perceived in science and engineering communities. Rather than interpreting ethics as a roadblock to the success of translational research, we suggest that engineers should be encouraged to ask questions about the socio-ethical dimensions of their work. This requires expanding the conceptual framework of engineering beyond its traditional focus on "how" and "what" questions to also include "why" and "who" questions to facilitate the gathering of normative, socially-situated information. Empowering engineers to ask "why" and "who" questions should spur the development of technologies and practices that contribute to improving health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Sunderland
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, 4155 Etcheverry Hall, MC 1730, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1730, USA,
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Hoehn RS, Abbott DE. Beyond the bedside: A review of translational medicine in global health. World J Transl Med 2015; 4:1-10. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v4.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational research is a broad field of medicine with several key phases moving from scientific discovery to bench research and the hospital bedside, followed by evidence-based practice and population-level policy and programming. Understanding these phases is crucial when it comes to preventing and treating illness, especially in global health. Communities around the world struggle with a variety of health problems that are at some times similar and at others quite different. Three major world health issues help to outline the phases of translational research: vaccines, human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and non-communicable diseases. Laboratory research has excelled in many of these areas and is struggling in a few. Where successful therapies have been discovered there are often problems with appropriate use or dissemination to groups in need. Also, many diseases would be better prevented from a population health approach. This review highlights successes and struggles in the arena of global health, from smallpox eradication to the impending epidemic of cardiovascular disease, in an attempt to illustrate of the various phases of translational research.
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Abstract
The label 'Translational Research' (TR) has become ever more popular in the biomedical domain in recent years. It is usually presented as an attempt to bridge a supposed gap between knowledge produced at the lab bench and its use at the clinical bedside. This is claimed to help society harvest the benefits of its investments in scientific research. The rhetorical as well as moral force of the label TR obscure, however, that it is actually used in very different ways. In this paper, we analyse the scientific discourse on TR, with the aim to disentangle and critically evaluate the different meanings of the label. We start with a brief reconstruction of the history of the concept. Subsequently, we unravel how the label is actually used in a sample of scientific publications on TR and examine the presuppositions implied by different views of TR. We argue that it is useful to distinguish different views of TR on the basis of three dimensions, related to (1) the construction of the 'translational gap'; (2) the model of the translational process; and (3) the cause of the perceived translational gap. We conclude that the motive to make society benefit from its investments in biomedical science may be laudable, but that it is doubtful whether the dominant views of TR will contribute to this end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura van der Laan
- Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AD, Enschede, The Netherlands,
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11
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Bærøe K. Translational ethics: an analytical framework of translational movements between theory and practice and a sketch of a comprehensive approach. BMC Med Ethics 2014; 15:71. [PMID: 25267434 PMCID: PMC4254389 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-15-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Translational research in medicine requires researchers to identify the steps to transfer basic scientific discoveries from laboratory benches to bedside decision-making, and eventually into clinical practice. On a parallel track, philosophical work in ethics has not been obliged to identify the steps to translate theoretical conclusions into adequate practice. The medical ethicist A. Cribb suggested some years ago that it is now time to debate ‘the business of translational’ in medical ethics. Despite the very interesting and useful perspective on the field of medical ethics launched by Cribb, the debate is still missing. In this paper, I take up Cribb’s invitation and discuss further analytic distinctions needed to base an ethics aiming to translate between theory and practice. Discussion The analytic distinctions needed to base an ethics aiming to translate between theory and practice are identified as ‘movements of translation’. I explore briefly what would constitute success and limitations to these intended translational movements by addressing the challenges of the epistemological gap between philosophical and practical ethics. The categories of translational movements I suggest can serve as a starting point for a systematic, collective self-inspection and discussion of the merits and limitations of the various academic and practical activities that bioethicists are engaged in. I further propose that translational ethics could be considered as a new discipline of ethical work constructively structured around compositions of translational movements. Summary Breaking the idea of translational ethics into distinct translational movements provide us with a nuanced set of conditions to explore and discuss the justification and limitations of various efforts carried out in the field of bioethics. In this sense, the proposed framework could be a useful vehicle for augmented collective, self-reflexivity among both philosophers and practitioners who are ‘doing bioethics’. Also, carefully designed, overall approaches combining justified, self-reflexive philosophical and practical efforts according to the suggested distinctions could be expected to realise – or at least improve a facilitation of – translation of ethics across the theory-practice gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bærøe
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, Postboks 7804, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Zhang Y, Diao T, Wang L. Quantitative evaluation of translational medicine based on scientometric analysis and information extraction. Clin Transl Sci 2014; 7:465-9. [PMID: 25079489 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Designed to advance the two-way translational process between basic research and clinical practice, translational medicine has become one of the most important areas in biomedicine. The quantitative evaluation of translational medicine is valuable for the decision making of global translational medical research and funding. Using the scientometric analysis and information extraction techniques, this study quantitatively analyzed the scientific articles on translational medicine. The results showed that translational medicine had significant scientific output and impact, specific core field and institute, and outstanding academic status and benefit. While it is not considered in this study, the patent data are another important indicators that should be integrated in the relevant research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Health Administration and Medical Information, Beijing, China
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13
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Oerlemans AJM, van Hoek MEC, van Leeuwen E, van der Burg S, Dekkers WJM. Towards a richer debate on tissue engineering: a consideration on the basis of NEST-ethics. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2013; 19:963-81. [PMID: 23229374 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-012-9419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In their 2007 paper, Swierstra and Rip identify characteristic tropes and patterns of moral argumentation in the debate about the ethics of new and emerging science and technologies (or "NEST-ethics"). Taking their NEST-ethics structure as a starting point, we considered the debate about tissue engineering (TE), and argue what aspects we think ought to be a part of a rich and high-quality debate of TE. The debate surrounding TE seems to be predominantly a debate among experts. When considering the NEST-ethics arguments that deal directly with technology, we can generally conclude that consequentialist arguments are by far the most prominently featured in discussions of TE. In addition, many papers discuss principles, rights and duties relevant to aspects of TE, both in a positive and in a critical sense. Justice arguments are only sporadically made, some "good life" arguments are used, others less so (such as the explicit articulation of perceived limits, or the technology as a technological fix for a social problem). Missing topics in the discussion, at least from the perspective of NEST-ethics, are second "level" arguments-those referring to techno-moral change connected to tissue engineering. Currently, the discussion about tissue engineering mostly focuses on its so-called "hard impacts"-quantifiable risks and benefits of the technology. Its "soft impacts"-effects that cannot easily be quantified, such as changes to experience, habits and perceptions, should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Oerlemans
- Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gonzales R, Handley MA, Ackerman S, Oʼsullivan PS. A framework for training health professionals in implementation and dissemination science. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2012; 87:271-8. [PMID: 22373617 PMCID: PMC3307591 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e3182449d33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe a conceptual framework for implementation and dissemination science (IDS) and propose competencies for IDS training. Their framework is designed to facilitate the application of theories and methods from the distinct domains of clinical disciplines (e.g., medicine, public health), population sciences (e.g., biostatistics, epidemiology), and translational disciplines (e.g., social and behavioral sciences, business administration education). They explore three principles that guided the development of their conceptual framework: Behavior change among organizations and/or individuals (providers, patients) is inherent in the translation process; engagement of stakeholder organizations, health care delivery systems, and individuals is imperative to achieve effective translation and sustained improvements; and IDS research is iterative, benefiting from cycles and collaborative, bidirectional relationships. The authors propose seven domains for IDS training-team science, context identification, literature identification and assessment, community engagement, intervention design and research implementation, evaluation of effect of translational activity, behavioral change communication strategies-and define 12 IDS training competencies within these domains. As a model, they describe specific courses introduced at the University of California, San Francisco, which they designed to develop these competencies. The authors encourage other training programs and institutions to use or adapt the design principles, conceptual framework, and proposed competencies to evaluate their current IDS training needs and to support new program development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Gonzales
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, USA.
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15
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Freedland KE, Mohr DC, Davidson KW, Schwartz JE. Usual and unusual care: existing practice control groups in randomized controlled trials of behavioral interventions. Psychosom Med 2011; 73:323-35. [PMID: 21536837 PMCID: PMC3091006 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e318218e1fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of existing practice control groups in randomized controlled trials of behavioral interventions and the role of extrinsic health care services in the design and conduct of behavioral trials. METHOD Selective qualitative review. RESULTS Extrinsic health care services, also known as nonstudy care, have important but under-recognized effects on the design and conduct of behavioral trials. Usual care, treatment-as-usual, standard of care, and other existing practice control groups pose a variety of methodological and ethical challenges, but they play a vital role in behavioral intervention research. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the need for a scientific consensus statement on control groups in behavioral trials.
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Chen JY, Carter M. Bioethics and post-approval research in translational science. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:35-37. [PMID: 20694904 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.494220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiin-Yu Chen
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for the Medical Humanities, Galveston, TX 77555-1311, USA.
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Solomon MZ. The ethical urgency of advancing implementation science. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:31-32. [PMID: 20694902 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.494230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mildred Z Solomon
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Global Health&SocialMedicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lipworth W, Kerridge I. Impediments to "T2" research: are ethics really to blame? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:39-40. [PMID: 20694906 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.492889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lipworth
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
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Sofaer N, Eyal N. Translational research beyond approval: a two-stage ethics review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:W1-W3. [PMID: 20694895 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.500199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neema Sofaer
- King's College London, Centre of Medical Law and Ethics, UK.
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Lynch J, Mitchell M. Community engagement and the ethics of global, translational research: a response to Sofaer and Eyal. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:37-38. [PMID: 20694905 PMCID: PMC2919777 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.494223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Lynch
- Department of Communication, University of Cincinnati, USA.
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Allen B. Ethical analysis of translational research is more complex than distinguishing T1 from T2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:33-35. [PMID: 20694903 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.494227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bill Allen
- University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA.
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Mukherjee J. Post-approval translational research itself has diverse ethics. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:43-44. [PMID: 20694908 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.496525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joia Mukherjee
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lang T. Diverse ethics of translational research in the developing world. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:41-42. [PMID: 20694907 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.497418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trudie Lang
- University of Oxford, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Headington, United Kingdom.
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