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Guo F, Lu R, Kong W, Anwar M, Feng Y. DNA mismatch repair system regulates the expression of PD-L1 through DNMTs in cervical cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:25. [PMID: 38200495 PMCID: PMC10782574 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) is a potential clinical application of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor. We aimed to study the mechanism of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system regulating the expression of PD-L1 in CC through DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs). METHODS We collected pathological specimens from 118 cases of CC to analyze the relationship between PD-L1 expression and DNMTs in different MMR states. RNA interference (RNAi) technique was used to simulate the formation of CC cell line with MMR deficiency (dMMR) state, and subcutaneous tumor formation experiment was carried out in nude mice to verify the relationship between PD-L1 expression and DNMTs in MMR state. RESULTS The PD-L1 positive rate in 118 cases of CC was 58.47%, while the microsatellite instability (MSI) status accounted for 5.93%. There was a significant difference in the expression of PD-L1 between patients within the dMMR and MMR proficient (pMMR) groups (χ2 = 21.405, P < 0.001). Subcutaneous inoculation after infection of Siha cells led to successful tumorigenesis in nude mice, accompanied by a significant increase in the level of PD-L1 expression in the mouse tumors, while the expression level of MLH1 and MSH2 protein decreased significantly. We also found that PD-L1 expression was closely related to the expression of DNMTs. CONCLUSION PD-L1 is universal expressed on the surface of CC cells, dMMR status enhances the expression of PD-L1 on the surface of CC cells, dMMR states of CC are related to the demethylation status of the PD-L1 gene promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation of Tumor Hospital affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ruijiao Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China
| | - Weina Kong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China
| | - Miyessar Anwar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China
| | - Yangchun Feng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, No 789 Suzhou Road, Urumqi, China.
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation of Tumor Hospital affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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2
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Yamamoto A, Yamaguchi T, Suzuki O, Ito T, Chika N, Kamae N, Tamaru JI, Nagai T, Seki H, Arai T, Tachikawa T, Akagi K, Eguchi H, Okazaki Y, Ishida H. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of DNA mismatch repair deficient endometrial cancer in a Japanese hospital-based population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2021; 51:60-69. [PMID: 32844218 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and molecular characteristics of defective DNA mismatch repair endometrial cancers in the Japanese population have been underexplored. Data supporting clinical management of patients with Lynch-like syndrome and germline variant of uncertain significance of mismatch repair genes are still lacking. METHODS Immunohistochemistry of mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections prepared from resected primary endometrial cancers in 395 women with a median age of 59 years. Genetic and/or epigenetic alterations of the mismatch repair genes were also investigated. RESULTS Loss of expression of one or more mismatch repair proteins was observed in 68 patients (17.2%). A total of 17 out of 68 patients (25%, 4.3% of all cases) were identified as candidates for genetic testing for Lynch syndrome after excluding 51 patients with MLH1 hypermethylated cancer. Fourteen of these 17 patients subjected to genetic testing were found to have Lynch syndrome (n = 5), germline variant of uncertain significance (n = 2) or Lynch-like syndrome (n = 7). Compared with patients with Lynch syndrome, those with germline variant of uncertain significance and Lynch-like syndrome tended to demonstrate an older age at the time of endometrial cancer diagnosis (P = 0.07), less fulfillment of the revised Bethesda guidelines (P = 0.09) and lower prevalence of Lynch syndrome-associated tumors in their first-degree relatives (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study provides useful information for management in patients with DNA mismatch repair endometrial cancer. Specifically, cancer surveillance as recommended in patients with Lynch syndrome might not be necessary in patients with germline variant of uncertain significance and Lynch-like syndrome and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Yamamoto
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yamaguchi
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Okihide Suzuki
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ito
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Chika
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Kamae
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamaru
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nagai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Tachikawa
- Division of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Akagi
- Division of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Eguchi
- Diagnosis and Therapeutics of Intractable Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnosis and Therapeutics of Intractable Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishida
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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3
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Stembalska A, Klapecki J, Pławski A, Karpinski P. In-silico analysis of Thr767Ile pathogenic variant in the MSH6 gene in family with endometrial cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 238:54-57. [PMID: 31100584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the mechanism of pathogenity of Thr767Ile variant on MSH6 protein. STUDY DESIGN We describe a family diagnosed with endometrial cancer in two generations associated with variant in the MSH6 gene (p. Thr767Ile / c. 2300C>T) (rs587781462). MSH6 c. 2300C>T was associated with autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. MSH6 c. 2300C>T has pathogenic status in ClinVar and LOVD3 databases but it has never been described in context of hereditary endometrial cancer. We utilized a number of in-silico bioinformatic approaches using MSH6 protein sequence and structural information to assess influence of Thr767Ile on MSH6 properties. RESULTS MSH6 Thr767 is highly conservative amino acid among various kingdoms of organisms. Thr767Ile was predicted deleterious and likely decreases affinity of MSH2-MSH6 complex to DNA but not affect interaction between MSH2 and MSH6. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of MSH6 T767I pathogenic variant that could be associated with a hereditary endometrial cancer. Bioinformatic analyses showed that T767I substitution most likely affects the MSH6 most important role, which is a DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stembalska
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Pławski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of General, Endocrinological Surgery and Gastroenterological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Karpinski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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4
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Ryan NAJ, Glaire MA, Blake D, Cabrera-Dandy M, Evans DG, Crosbie EJ. The proportion of endometrial cancers associated with Lynch syndrome: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2019; 21:2167-2180. [PMID: 31086306 PMCID: PMC8076013 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endometrial cancer (EC) is often the sentinel cancer in women with Lynch syndrome (LS). However, efforts to implement universal LS screening in EC patients have been hampered by a lack of evidence detailing the proportion of EC patients that would be expected to screen positive for LS. Methods Studies were identified by electronic searches of Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL and Web of Science. Proportions of test positivity were calculated by random and fixed-effects meta-analysis models. I2 score was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Results Fifty-three studies, including 12,633 EC patients, met the inclusion criteria. The overall proportion of endometrial tumors with microsatellite instability or mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was 0.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25–0.28, I2: 71%) and 0.26 (95% CI 0.25–0.27, I2: 88%), respectively. Of those women with abnormal tumor testing, 0.29 (95% CI 0.25–0.33, I2: 83%) had LS-associated pathogenic variants on germline testing; therefore around 3% of ECs can be attributed to LS. Preselection of EC cases did increase the proportion of germline LS diagnoses. Conclusion The current study suggests that prevalence of LS in EC patients is approximately 3%, similar to that of colorectal cancer patients; therefore our data support the implementation of universal EC screening for LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A J Ryan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - M A Glaire
- Tumor Genomics and Immunology Group, The Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D Blake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St James's University Hospital, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - M Cabrera-Dandy
- Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, UK
| | - D G Evans
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - E J Crosbie
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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5
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Xie C, Sheng H, Zhang N, Li S, Wei X, Zheng X. Association of MSH6 mutation with glioma susceptibility, drug resistance and progression. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:236-240. [PMID: 27446556 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MutS homolog 6 (MSH6) is one of the mismatch repair proteins and is encoded by the MSH6 gene, which is located on chromosome 2 and is 23,806 bp in length, including 10 exons and 83 untranslated regions. The MSH6 protein consists of 1,358 amino acid residues and forms a heterodimer with another mismatch repair protein, MSH2. The MSH2-MSH6 heterodimeric complex is able to recognize base-base substitution and single-base insertion/deletion mismatches. Germline mutations of MSH6 lead to high susceptibility to glioma, as well as a number of benign or malignant tumors in other organs. However, somatic MSH6 mutations are not associated with susceptibility to glioma. Somatic MSH6 mutations usually follow temozolomide treatment and result in resistance to temozolomide. Subsequently, MSH6 mutations cause a hypermutation in the glioma cell genome, which may accelerate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Hansong Sheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Shiting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xuesheng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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6
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Geurts-Giele WRR, Leenen CHM, Dubbink HJ, Meijssen IC, Post E, Sleddens HFBM, Kuipers EJ, Goverde A, van den Ouweland AMW, van Lier MGF, Steyerberg EW, van Leerdam ME, Wagner A, Dinjens WNM. Somatic aberrations of mismatch repair genes as a cause of microsatellite-unstable cancers. J Pathol 2014; 234:548-59. [PMID: 25111426 DOI: 10.1002/path.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, resulting in microsatellite-unstable tumours. Approximately 35% of suspected LS (sLS) patients test negative for germline MMR gene mutations, hampering conclusive LS diagnosis. The aim of this study was to investigate somatic MMR gene aberrations in microsatellite-unstable colorectal and endometrial cancers of sLS patients negative for germline MMR gene mutations. Suspected LS cases were selected from a retrospective Clinical Genetics Department diagnostic cohort and from a prospective multicentre population-based study on LS in The Netherlands. In total, microsatellite-unstable tumours of 40 sLS patients (male/female 20/20, median age 57 years) were screened for somatic MMR gene mutations by next-generation sequencing. In addition, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the affected MMR genes in these tumours as well as in 68 LS-associated tumours and 27 microsatellite-unstable tumours with MLH1 promoter hypermethylation was studied. Of the sLS cases, 5/40 (13%) tumours had two pathogenic somatic mutations and 16/40 (40%) tumours had a (likely) pathogenic mutation and LOH. Overall, LOH of the affected MMR gene locus was observed in 24/39 (62%) tumours with informative LOH markers. Of the LS cases and the tumours with MLH1 promoter hypermethylation, 39/61 (64%) and 2/21 (10%) tumours, respectively, demonstrated LOH. Half of microsatellite-unstable tumours of sLS patients without germline MMR gene mutations had two (likely) deleterious somatic MMR gene aberrations, indicating their sporadic origin. Therefore, we advocate adding somatic mutation and LOH analysis of the MMR genes to the molecular diagnostic workflow of LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemina R R Geurts-Giele
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Terui H, Tachikawa T, Kakuta M, Nishimura Y, Yatsuoka T, Yamaguchi K, Yura K, Akagi K. Molecular and clinical characteristics of MSH6 germline variants detected in colorectal cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2909-16. [PMID: 24100870 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The MSH6 gene is one of the mismatch repair genes involved in Lynch syndrome and its mutations account for 10-20% of Lynch syndrome. Although previous studies suggested that the difference of the geographical region affects the clinical phenotype of Lynch syndrome, there has been no report on the detailed features of Japanese Lynch syndrome patients carrying an MSH6 mutation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical and molecular features of MSH6 mutation carriers in Japan. Surgically resected 1720 colorectal carcinoma specimens were screened by microsatellite instability (MSI) testing and the MSI-high cases were subjected to a germline mutation analysis of the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6. We investigated the clinical and molecular features of the MSH6 variants, such as the family cancer history, pathological findings, immunohistochemistry, methylation status of the MLH1 promoter and BRAF mutation in the colorectal tumor. Furthermore, the impact of the missense variants on MSH6 protein was predicted by using in silico tools. We identified nine novel pathogenic mutations and eight unclassified missense variants. Among the eight missense variants, three were suspected pathogenic by in silico analysis. We also found that most colorectal cancers in the MSH6 mutation carrier were diagnosed after the age of 50 and were localized distally. Furthermore, the mean age at diagnosis of endometrial cancer in Japanese MSH6 mutation carriers (49.2 years) was earlier than previous reports from Western countries (56.5 years). These results may improve the surveillance program for Japanese MSH6 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Terui
- Division of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
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8
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Li D, Hu F, Wang F, Cui B, Dong X, Zhang W, Lin C, Li X, Wang D, Zhao Y. Prevalence of pathological germline mutations of hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51240. [PMID: 23526924 PMCID: PMC3602519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of pathological germline mutations in colorectal cancer has been widely studied, as germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 confer a high risk of colorectal cancer. However, because the sample size and population of previous studies are very different from each other, the conclusions still remain controversial. In this paper, Databases such as PubMed were applied to search for related papers. The data were imported into Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V2, which was used to estimate the weighted prevalence of hMLH1 and hMSH2 pathological mutations and compare the differences of prevalence among different family histories, ethnicities and related factors. This study collected and utilized data from 102 papers. In the Amsterdam-criteria positive group, the prevalence of pathological germline mutations of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes was 28.55% (95%CI 26.04%–31.19%) and 19.41% (95%CI 15.88%–23.51%), respectively, and the prevalence of germline mutations in hMLH1/hMSH2 was 15.44%/10.02%, 20.43%/13.26% and 15.43%/11.70% in Asian, American multiethnic and European/Australian populations, respectively. Substitution mutations accounted for the largest proportion of germline mutations (hMLH1: 52.34%, hMSH2: 43.25%). The total prevalence of mutations of hMLH1 and hMSH2 in Amsterdam-criteria positive, Amsterdam-criteria negative and sporadic colorectal cancers was around 45%, 25% and 15%, respectively, and there were no obvious differences in the prevalence of germline mutations among different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Fulan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xinshu Dong
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Wencui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Chunqing Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Da Wang
- Department of Science and Technology Administration, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yashuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Airaud F, Küry S, Valo I, Maury I, Bonneau D, Ingster O, Bezieau S. A de novo germline MLH1 mutation in a Lynch syndrome patient with discordant immunohistochemical and molecular biology test results. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5635-9. [PMID: 23112559 PMCID: PMC3482653 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i39.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a patient with a Homo sapiens mutL homolog 1 (MLH1)-associated Lynch syndrome with previous diagnoses of two distinct primary cancers: a sigmoid colon cancer at the age of 39 years, and a right colon cancer at the age of 50 years. The mutation identified in his blood and buccal cells, c.1771delG, p.Asp591Ilefs*25, appears to be a de novo event, as it was not transmitted by either of his parents. This type of de novo event is rare in MLH1 as only three cases have been reported in the literature so far. Furthermore, the discordant results observed between replication error phenotyping and immunohistochemistry highlight the importance of the systematic use of both pre-screening tests in the molecular diagnosis of Lynch syndrome.
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10
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Bartosch C, Manuel Lopes J, Oliva E. Endometrial carcinomas: a review emphasizing overlapping and distinctive morphological and immunohistochemical features. Adv Anat Pathol 2011; 18:415-37. [PMID: 21993268 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e318234ab18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the most common diagnostic pitfalls and helpful morphologic and immunohistochemical markers in the differential diagnosis between the different subtypes of endometrial carcinomas, including: (1) endometrioid versus serous glandular carcinoma, (2) papillary endometrioid (not otherwise specified, villoglandular and nonvillous variants) versus serous carcinoma, (3) endometrioid carcinoma with spindle cells, hyalinization, and heterologous components versus malignant mixed müllerian tumor, (4) high-grade endometrioid versus serous carcinoma, (5) high-grade endometrioid carcinoma versus dedifferentiated or undifferentiated carcinoma, (6) endometrioid carcinoma with clear cells versus clear cell carcinoma, (7) clear cell versus serous carcinoma, (8) undifferentiated versus neuroendocrine carcinoma, (9) carcinoma of mixed cell types versus carcinoma with ambiguous features or variant morphology, (10) Lynch syndrome-related endometrial carcinomas, (11) high-grade or undifferentiated carcinoma versus nonepithelial uterine tumors. As carcinomas in the endometrium are not always primary, this review also discusses the differential diagnosis between endometrial carcinomas and other gynecological malignancies such as endocervical (glandular) and ovarian/peritoneal serous carcinoma, as well as with extra-gynecologic metastases (mainly breast and colon).
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11
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Pérez-Cabornero L, Borrás Flores E, Infante Sanz M, Velasco Sampedro E, Acedo Becares A, Lastra Aras E, Cuevas González J, Pineda Riu M, Ramón y Cajal Asensio T, Capellá Munar G, Miner Pino C, Durán Domínguez M. Characterization of new founder Alu-mediated rearrangements in MSH2 gene associated with a Lynch syndrome phenotype. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1546-55. [PMID: 21778331 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that large genomic deletions in the MLH1 and MSH2 genes are a frequent cause of Lynch syndrome in certain populations. Here, a cohort has been screened and two new founder rearrangements have been found in the MSH2 gene. These mutations have been characterized by break point determination, haplotype analysis, and genotype-phenotype correlation. Mutations have been identified in the MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 genes in 303 subjects from 160 suspected Lynch syndrome unrelated families. All subjects were tested using heteroduplex analysis by capillary array electrophoresis. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was used to detect rearrangements in mutation-negative index patients and confirmed by reverse transcriptase PCR. The break point of the deletions was further characterized by the array comparative genomic hybridization method. Immunohistochemical staining and microsatellite instability were studied in tumor samples. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer-related phenotypes were evaluated. More than 16% (24 of 160) of the families had pathogenic mutations (8 MLH1, 15 MSH2, and 1 MSH6). Twelve of these families (50%) are carriers of a novel mutation. Seven of the 15 positive MSH2 families (47%) are carriers of a rearrangement. The exon 7 deletion and exon 4 to 8 deletion of MSH2 are new founder mutations. The segregation of a common haplotype, a similar phenotype, and anticipation effects were observed in these families. These findings will greatly simplify the diagnosis, counseling, and clinical care in suspected Lynch syndrome families and not just in specific geographic areas, so wide distribution may be explained by migration patterns.
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12
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Talseth-Palmer BA, McPhillips M, Groombridge C, Spigelman A, Scott RJ. MSH6 and PMS2 mutation positive Australian Lynch syndrome families: novel mutations, cancer risk and age of diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2010; 8:5. [PMID: 20487569 PMCID: PMC2890527 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-8-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 10% of Lynch syndrome families have a mutation in MSH6 and fewer families have a mutation in PMS2. It is assumed that the cancer incidence is the same in families with mutations in MSH6 as in families with mutations in MLH1/MSH2 but that the disease tends to occur later in life, little is known about families with PMS2 mutations. This study reports on our findings on mutation type, cancer risk and age of diagnosis in MSH6 and PMS2 families. METHODS A total of 78 participants (from 29 families) with a mutation in MSH6 and 7 participants (from 6 families) with a mutation in PMS2 were included in the current study. A database of de-identified patient information was analysed to extract all relevant information such as mutation type, cancer incidence, age of diagnosis and cancer type in this Lynch syndrome cohort. Cumulative lifetime risk was calculated utilising Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS MSH6 and PMS2 mutations represent 10.3% and 1.9%, respectively, of the pathogenic mutations in our Australian Lynch syndrome families. We identified 26 different MSH6 and 4 different PMS2 mutations in the 35 families studied. We report 15 novel MSH6 and 1 novel PMS2 mutations. The estimated cumulative risk of CRC at age 70 years was 61% (similar in males and females) and 65% for endometrial cancer in MSH6 mutation carriers. The risk of developing CRC is different between males and females at age 50 years, which is 34% for males and 21% for females. CONCLUSION Novel MSH6 and PMS2 mutations are being reported and submitted to the current databases for identified Lynch syndrome mutations. Our data provides additional information to add to the genotype-phenotype spectrum for both MSH6 and PMS2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente A Talseth-Palmer
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
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