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Blaauboer BJ, Bayliss MK, Castell JV, Evelo CT, Frazier JM, Groen K, Gülden M, Guillouzo A, Hissink AM, Houston JB, Johanson G, de Jongh J, Kedderis GL, Reinhardt CA, van de Sandt JJ, Semino G. The Use of Biokinetics and in Vitro Methods in Toxicological Risk Evaluation. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin K. Bayliss
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Metabolism, Glaxo Wellcome, Park Road, Ware, Herts. SG12 ODP, UK
| | - Jose V. Castell
- Unidad de Hepatologia Experimental, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda de Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | - Chris T.A. Evelo
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Toxicology, University of Limburg, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John M. Frazier
- US Air Force, Armstrong Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Kees Groen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research Foundation, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michael Gülden
- Cell Toxicology Section, Institute of Toxicology, University of Kiel, Weimarer Strasse 8, 24106 Kiel, Germany
| | - André Guillouzo
- INSERM U49, Unité de Recherches Hépatologiques, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Arendina M. Hissink
- Toxicology Division, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Department of Toxicology and Chemistry, National Institute for Working Life, 171 84 Solna, Sweden
| | - Joost de Jongh
- RITOX, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory L. Kedderis
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology CIIT, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Christoph A. Reinhardt
- Swiss Alternatives to Animal Testing (SAAT), P.O. Box 14, 8614 Bertschikon-Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Giovanna Semino
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Jarabek AM, Menache MG, Overton JH, Dourson ML, Miller FJ. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Inhalation Rfd Methodology: Risk Assessment for Air Toxics. Toxicol Ind Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/074823379000600522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has advocated the establishment of general and scientific guidelines for the evaluation of toxicological data and their use in deriving benchmark values to protect exposed populations from adverse health effects. The Agency's reference dose (RfD) methodology for deriving benchmark values for noncancer toxicity originally addressed risk assessment of oral exposures. This paper presents a brief background on the development of the inhalation reference dose (RfDi) methodology, including concepts and issues related to addressing the dynamics of the respiratory system as the portal of entry. Different dosimetric adjustments are described that were incorporated into the methodology to account for the nature of the inhaled agent (particle or gas) and the site of the observed toxic effects (respiratory or extrarespiratory). Impacts of these adjustments on the extrapolation of toxicity data of inhaled agents for human health risk assessment and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie M. Jarabek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Office of Health and Environmental Assessment Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Margaret G. Menache
- NSI Technology Services Corporation Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John H. Overton
- Health Effects Research Laboratory Environmental Toxicology Division Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Michael L. Dourson
- Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Office of Health and Environmental Assessment Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
| | - Frederick J. Miller
- Health Effects Research Laboratory Environmental Toxicology Division Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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Naumann BD, Weideman PA, Sarangapani R, Hu SC, Dixit R, Sargent EV. Investigations of the use of bioavailability data to adjust occupational exposure limits for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:196-210. [PMID: 19692668 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure limits (OELs) for active pharmaceutical ingredients have traditionally been established using no-observed-adverse-effect levels derived from clinical studies employing po and iv routes of administration and by applying default uncertainty factors or chemical-specific adjustment factors. However, exposure by the inhalation or dermal route is more relevant in terms of occupational safety. In this investigation, to explore new methods for route-to-route extrapolation, the bioavailability of MK-0679, a leukotriene D(4) receptor antagonist, was compared following iv, po, intranasal (in), or intratracheal (it) administration. The relative bioavailability of MK-0679 was iv congruent with it > po congruent with in. Bioavailability correction factors (BCFs) of 2.0 and 0.6 were derived from these data to adjust a hypothetical OEL of 0.1 mg/m(3) for MK-0679 with particle sizes of 10 and 50 mum, respectively. These BCFs were used to adjust the OEL established using po clinical data, to reflect the differences in bioavailability following deposition in different regions of the respiratory tract. To further investigate how bioavailability data could be used in setting OELs, a preliminary pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to describe the time course of plasma concentrations using the data from the route comparison study. An inhalation study was then performed to test the validity of using either empirical data or modeling approaches to derive BCFs when setting OELs. These investigations demonstrated how the use of route-specific PK data could reduce some of the uncertainties associated with route-to-route extrapolation and allow for improved precision and quantitative adjustments when establishing OELs. Further investigations are needed to better understand the factors responsible for differences in systemic uptake following deposition in different regions of the respiratory tract and how these can be generalized across different classes of soluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Naumann
- Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey 08889-0200, USA.
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Patra AL. Comparative anatomy of mammalian respiratory tracts: the nasopharyngeal region and the tracheobronchial region. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1986; 17:163-74. [PMID: 3959107 DOI: 10.1080/15287398609530813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicone rubber casts of the respiratory tract were used in morphological studies of the human, baboon, rhesus monkey, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, hamster, and mouse. In these studies, the trachea of the specimen was opened by tracheotomy, and silicone rubber (734 RTV) was introduced through the trachea to form nasopharyngeal and tracheobronchial casts. Measurements were made on the nasal structures, and the lungs were observed for species variation in branching pattern and number of lobes per lung. While species differences in respiratory tract anatomy are known to exist, the present study provides a focus for toxicologists when extrapolating toxicological results from one species to another.
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