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Gorman-Smith D, Garthe RC, Schoeny ME, Cosey-Gay FN, Harris C, Brown CH, Villamar JA. The Impact of the Communities that Care Approach in Reducing Violence and Crime Within an Urban, High-Burden Community. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s11121-024-01707-5. [PMID: 39023721 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-024-01707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Community violence and crime are significant public health problems with serious and lasting effects on young people, families, and communities. This violence and crime have significant ripple effects, affecting not just those who are directly physically injured, but also those who witness violent episodes, those who have friends or loved ones killed or injured, and those who must everyday navigate streets that they know have been frequent sites of serious violence and crime. The current study presents evidence of the impact that a data-driven, collective impact approach - the Communities that Care prevention system - can have on violence and crime outcomes within a large urban, high-burden community. Established as one of the national Youth Violence Prevention Centers (YVPC) funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Chicago Center for Youth Violence Prevention is among the first to implement the CTC approach in a large, urban community. The current study's findings show reductions in violence (i.e., aggravated assaults and robberies) in the Bronzeville community, compared to similar communities in Chicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Gorman-Smith
- Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Rachel C Garthe
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1010 W. Nevada St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Michael E Schoeny
- Department of Community, Systems and Mental Health Nursing, Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Chris Harris
- Bright Star Community Outreach & Bright Star Church, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Juan A Villamar
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
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Ford JD. Inequity, Intersectionality, Trauma, and Dissociation. J Trauma Dissociation 2024; 25:419-421. [PMID: 38904272 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2024.2357846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Ford
- Schools of Medicine and Law, University of Connecticut
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Ford JD. Complex Trauma and Dissociation: Charting a Course Forward for the Journal and the Field. J Trauma Dissociation 2024; 25:145-152. [PMID: 38384168 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2024.2307079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Ford
- Schools of Medicine and Law, University of Connecticut
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Barsha RAA, Najand B, Zare H, Assari S. Immigration, Educational Attainment, and Subjective Health in the United States. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 8:16-25. [PMID: 38455255 PMCID: PMC10919757 DOI: 10.29245/2578-2959/2024/1.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Although educational attainment is a major social determinant of health, according to Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), the effect of education tends to be weaker for marginalized groups compared to the privileged groups. While we know more about marginalization due to race and ethnicity, limited information is available on MDRs of educational attainment among US immigrant individuals. Aims This study compared immigrant and non-immigrant US adults aged 18 and over for the effects of educational attainment on subjective health (self-rated health; SRH). Methods Data came from General Social Survey (GSS) that recruited a nationally representative sample of US adults from 1972 to 2022. Overall, GSS has enrolled 45,043 individuals who were either immigrant (4,247; 9.4%) and non-immigrant (40,796; 90.6%). The independent variable was educational attainment, the dependent variable was SRH (measured with a single item), confounders were age, gender, race, employment and marital status, and moderator was immigration (nativity) status. Results Higher educational attainment was associated with higher odds of good SRH (odds ratio OR = 2.08 for 12 years of education, OR = 2.81 for 13-15 years of education, OR = 4.38 for college graduation, and OR = 4.83 for graduate studies). However, we found significant statistical interaction between immigration status and college graduation on SRH, which was indicative of smaller association between college graduation and SRH for immigrant than non-immigrant US adults. Conclusions In line with MDRs, the association between educational attainment and SRH was weaker for immigrant than non-immigrant. It is essential to implement two sets of policies to achieve health inequalities among immigrant populations: policies that increase educational attainment of immigrants and those that increase the health returns of educational attainment for immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Najand
- Marginalization Related Diminished returns, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hossein Zare
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Global Campus, Health Services Management, Adelphi, Maryland, USA
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mayagoitia-Novales L, Cerda-Molina AL, Mendoza-Mojica SA, Borráz-León JI, Hernández-Melesio MA, Saldívar-Hernández GJ. Psychopathology, cortisol and testosterone responses to traumatic images: differences between urban and suburban citizens in a middle-income country. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1187248. [PMID: 37484079 PMCID: PMC10360937 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Living in urban places has been associated with a higher risk of psychopathology as well as with altered hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and consequently altered cortisol response, but studies have concentrated mainly in high-income countries population. The role of other hormones such as testosterone, implicated in stress response and with human social behaviors, have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare symptoms of psychopathology as well as cortisol and testosterone in response to traumatic images between urban and suburban people in a middle-income country. Methods A sample of 67 women and 55 men (N = 122, 18-45 years) from urban and suburban places of Mexico participated in the study. We quantified salivary cortisol and testosterone in response to images with traumatic and violent content (basal, 15, 30, and 45 min after images). Participants answered a general information questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist-90-R to assess their psychopathological traits. We performed Generalized Estimating Equation Models to analyze hormonal levels and MANOVAs to compare differences in participants' psychopathology symptoms. Area under the curve respect to ground (AUCG) of hormonal levels and sex differences were also compared. Results Suburban citizens showed no cortisol response, whereas urban people showed a cortisol peak 15 min after the image's exposure; however, suburban people had higher AUCG and basal levels compared to urban ones. Contrastingly, testosterone levels declined in all participants excepting the urban women, who showed no testosterone response. Although similar testosterone profile, AUCG levels were higher in urban than suburban men. Participants living in suburban areas had higher scores of somatizations, obsessive-compulsive, and interpersonal sensitivity, as well as more sleep disorders than participants living in urban areas. Conclusion This study offers novel evidence about differences in cortisol and testosterone responses to a social stressor and in mental health indicators between a population of urban and suburban citizens, highlighting the impact of urbanization process on physiological and psychological outcomes in a middle-income country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Mayagoitia-Novales
- Departamento de Etología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina
- Departamento de Etología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Javier I. Borráz-León
- Departamento de Etología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - M. Alejandra Hernández-Melesio
- Departamento de Etología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Gómez JM. Diversity Wanted! Utilizing Transdisciplinary Scholarship on Structural Inequality to Educate Psychology Graduate Students. TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY (COLUMBIA, MO.) 2023; 50:125-130. [PMID: 37066024 PMCID: PMC10103806 DOI: 10.1177/00986283211061687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) should promote diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice for the next generation of psychologists. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM I worry that the SoTL propagates an exclusionary field that becomes increasingly irrelevant in our diverse society given that graduate curricula largely exclude scholarship on structural inequality. LITERATURE REVIEW I detail the process of graduate curricular changes in my current department, with a focus on my new required graduate course, Diversity, Systems, and Inequality. I utilize scholarship from law, sociology, philosophy, women and gender studies, education, and psychology. TEACHING IMPLICATIONS I provide the structure and content of the course-including syllabi and lecture slides-as well as modes of assessment that promote inclusivity and critical thinking. I detail how current faculty can learn to incorporate the content of this work into their own teaching and scholarship through weekly journal clubs. CONCLUSION SoTL outlets can publish transdisciplinary, inclusive course materials regarding structural inequality, thus mainstreaming and amplifying such work for the benefit of the field and our world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Gómez
- Center for Institutional Courage, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Harsey
- Center for Institutional Courage, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer J Freyd
- Center for Institutional Courage, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.,Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Hassoun Ayoub L, Partridge T, Gómez JM. Two sides of the same coin: A mixed methods study of Black mothers' experiences with violence, stressors, parenting, and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 79:JOSI12526. [PMID: 36249547 PMCID: PMC9539242 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to systemic and structural inequities, the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacts the Black community, along with ongoing anti-Black racism and violence. Violence against women in the home, particularly Black women, was prevalent during shelter in place, along with the additional family responsibilities of Black mothers. Crenshaw's theory of intersectionality (1991) provides a foundation for examining Black mothers' experiences during shelter-in-place mandates. This mixed-methods study aimed to quantitatively assess violence victimization, acknowledged racial inequities, depression and anxiety, while qualitatively examining Black mothers' experiences in parenting during shelter-in-place orders. Participants (N = 127; Mage = 32.4 years) were mothers who self-identify as Black or African American living in a Midwestern US city. Results showed that Black mothers who perceived greater COVID-19 inequities in the Black community reported increased parental stress, decreased emotional support, greater exposure to physical or sexual violence, and higher symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. Qualitative results yielded numerous themes, including the integrative theme of two sides of the same coin, highlighting both positive parenting experiences and significant stressors for Black mothers. The implications point to the need for intersectional and feminist approaches to interventions and initiatives that support Black women as humans, mothers, souls, and spirits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ty Partridge
- Clinical Practice DepartmentSchool of Social Work & Center for Innovation in Social Work & HealthBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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DePrince AP. Translating Scientific Knowledge About Trauma into Action. J Trauma Dissociation 2022; 23:205-211. [PMID: 35446242 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2022.2041225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne P DePrince
- Center for Institutional Courage, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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