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Sancaktar E. Using Excimer Laser for Manufacturing Stimuli Responsive Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:398. [PMID: 37103825 PMCID: PMC10146765 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A 248 nm KrF excimer laser can be used to manufacture temperature and pH-responsive polymer-based membranes for controlled transport applications. This is done by a two-step approach. In the first step, well-defined/shaped and orderly pores are created on commercially available polymer films by ablation by using an excimer laser. The same laser is used subsequently for energetic grafting and polymerization of a responsive hydrogel polymer inside the pores fabricated during the first step. Thus, these smart membranes allow controllable solute transport. In this paper, determination of appropriate laser parameters and grafting solution characteristics are illustrated to obtain the desired membrane performance. Fabrication of membranes with 600 nm to 25 μm pore sizes by using the laser through different metal mesh templates is discussed first. Laser fluence and the number of pulses need to be optimized to obtain the desired pore size. Mesh size and film thickness primarily control the pore sizes. Typically, pore size increases with increasing fluence and the number of pulses. Larger pores can be created by using higher fluence at a given laser energy. The vertical cross-section of the pores turns out to be inherently tapered due to the ablative action of the laser beam. The pores created by laser ablation can be grafted with PNIPAM hydrogel by using the same laser to perform a bottom-up grafting-from type pulsed laser polymerization (PLP) in order to achieve the desired transport function controlled by temperature. For this purpose, a set of laser frequencies and pulse numbers need to be determined to obtain the desired hydrogel grafting density and the extent of cross-linking, which ultimately provide controlled transport by smart gating. In other words, on-demand switchable solute release rates can be achieved by controlling the cross-linking level of the microporous PNIPAM network. The PLP process is extremely fast (few seconds) and provides higher water permeability above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the hydrogel. Experiments have shown high mechanical integrity for these pore-filled membranes, which can sustain pressures up to 0.31 MPa. The monomer (NIPAM) and cross-linker (mBAAm) concentrations in the grafting solution need to be optimized in order to control the network growth inside the support membrane pores. The cross-linker concentration typically has a stronger effect on the temperature responsiveness. The pulsed laser polymerization process described can be extended to different unsaturated monomers, which can be polymerized by the free radical process. For example, poly(acrylic acid) can be the grafted to provide pH responsiveness to membranes. As for the effects of thickness, a decreasing trend is observed in the permeability coefficient with increasing thickness. Furthermore, the film thickness has little or no effect on PLP kinetics. The experimental results have shown that membranes manufactured by excimer laser are excellent choices for applications where flow uniformity is the prime requirement, as they possess uniform pore sizes and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Sancaktar
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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2
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Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Warman JM, De Haas MP, Luthjens LH, Denkova AG, Yao T. A Radio-Fluorogenic Polymer-Gel Makes Fixed Fluorescent Images of Complex Radiation Fields. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E685. [PMID: 30966719 PMCID: PMC6404135 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the development and application of an organic polymer-gel capable of producing fixed, three-dimensional fluorescent images of complex radiation fields. The gel consists for more than 99% of γ-ray-polymerized (~15% conversion) tertiary-butyl acrylate (TBA) containing ~100 ppm of a fluorogenic compound, e.g., maleimido-pyrene (MPy). The radio-fluorogenic effect depends on copolymerization of the MPy into growing chains of TBA on radiation-induced polymerization. This converts the maleimido residue, which quenches the pyrene fluorescence, into a succinimido moeity (SPy), which does not. The intensity of the fluorescence is proportional to the yield of free-radicals formed and hence to the local dose deposited. Because the SPy moieties are built into the polymer network, the image is fixed. The method of preparing the gel and imaging the radiation-induced fluorescence are presented and discussed. The effect is illustrated with fluorescent images of the energy deposited in the gel by beams of X-rays, electrons, and protons as well as a radioactive isotope.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Warman
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthijs P De Haas
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Leonard H Luthjens
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonia G Denkova
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Tiantian Yao
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
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4
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Duffy C, Zetterlund PB, Aldabbagh F. Radical Polymerization of Alkyl 2-Cyanoacrylates. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020465. [PMID: 29461508 PMCID: PMC6017548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanoacrylates (CAs) are well-known fast-setting adhesives, which are sold as liquids in the presence of stabilizers. Rapid anionic polymerization on exposure to surface moisture is responsible for instant adhesion. The more difficult, but synthetically more useful radical polymerization is only possible under acidic conditions. Recommendations on the handling of CAs and the resulting polymers are provided herein. In this review article, after a general description of monomer and polymer properties, radical homo- and copolymerization studies are described, along with an overview of nanoparticle preparations. A summary of our recently reported radical polymerization of CAs, using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac Duffy
- Henkel Ireland Operations & Research Limited, Whitestown, Dublin 24, Ireland.
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Fawaz Aldabbagh
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
- Present address: Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
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5
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Wright TG, Pfukwa H, Pasch H. Advanced analytical methods for the structure elucidation of polystyrene-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate) block copolymers prepared by reverse iodine transfer polymerisation. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 892:183-94. [PMID: 26388490 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reverse iodine transfer polymerisation (RITP) is a living radical polymerisation technique that has shown to be feasible in synthesising segmented styrene-acrylate copolymers. Polymers synthesised via RITP are typically only described regarding their bulk properties using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. To fully understand the complex composition of the polymerisation products and the RITP reaction mechanism, however, it is necessary to use a combination of advanced analytical methods. In the present RITP procedure, polystyrene was synthesised first and then used as a macroinitiator to synthesise polystyrene-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PBA) block copolymers. For the first time, these PS-b-PBA block copolymers were analysed by a combination of SEC, in situ(1)H NMR and HPLC. (1)H NMR was used to determine the copolymer composition and the end group functionality of the samples, while SEC and HPLC were used to confirm the formation of block copolymers. Detailed information on the living character of the RITP process was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Gavin Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Helen Pfukwa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa.
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6
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Bartoszek N, Sawicki P, Kadłubowski S, Ulański P, Rosiak JM. Determination of Propagation Rate Coefficient for the Polymerization of N-Vinylpyrrolidone in Aqueous Solution by Pulsed Electron Polymerization and Size Exclusion Chromatography. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:639-642. [PMID: 35590760 DOI: 10.1021/mz500294c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method for determination of a propagation rate coefficient in radical polymerization, pulsed electron polymerization-size exclusion chromatography (PEP-SEC), has been tested on N-vinylpyrrolidone in water and shown to yield results very similar to those obtained by the well-established pulsed laser polymerization-size exclusion chromatography (PLP-SEC). A potential advantage of PEP-SEC is its applicability to studying polymerizations in nontransparent systems and lack of any additives. Series of nanosecond pulses of high-energy electrons from an accelerator generate radicals which initiate polymerization. Further analysis of the samples and data processing are the same as in PLP-SEC. The described technique can be potentially developed into a method complementary and/or comparative to PLP-SEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bartoszek
- Institute
of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego
15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
- BioNanoPark laboratories of Lodz Regional Park of Science and Technology, Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Sawicki
- Institute
of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego
15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kadłubowski
- Institute
of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego
15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
- European
Centre of Bio- and Nanotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Ulański
- Institute
of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego
15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
- European
Centre of Bio- and Nanotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz M. Rosiak
- Institute
of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego
15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
- European
Centre of Bio- and Nanotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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8
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Okoniewski SR, Wisniewski D, Frazer NL, Mu W, Arceo A, Rathi P, Ketterson JB. Optorheological thickening under the pulsed laser photocrosslinking of a polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N. Laszlo Frazer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Weiqiang Mu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
| | - Andrew Arceo
- Adlai E. Stevenson High School; Lincolnshire Illinois 60069
| | - Pranjali Rathi
- Adlai E. Stevenson High School; Lincolnshire Illinois 60069
| | - J. B. Ketterson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois 60208
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10
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Enríquez-Medrano FJ, Guerrero-Santos R, Hernández-Valdez M, Lacroix-Desmazes P. Synthesis of diblock and triblock copolymers from butyl acrylate and styrene by reverse iodine transfer polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Smith GB, Russell GT. Theoretical Validation of Single-Pulse Pulsed-Laser Polymerization as a Method for Investigating Chain-Length-Dependent Termination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.219.3.295.59185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ideally, single-pulse pulsed-laser polymerization (SP PLP) experiments are marked by a simple relation between time and radical chain length. Thus time-resolved data from such experiments have the potential to directly reflect the chain-length dependence of the termination reaction. However this capability is hostage to various assumptions. These are investigated by performing a series of theory vs. theory comparisons. On the one hand, assumption-free simulations of the kinetics of SP PLP experiments are carried out. The results thus generated are compared with the predictions of equations derived by making assumptions. In this way it is possible to gauge the rectitude of data-analysis methods based on the equations. In turn, the following assumptions are investigated: (1) That of radicals being of length 0 at time 0; (2) That of all radicals terminating at the same rate at any instant; (3) That of transfer being negligible; (4) That of termination being described by a simple power-law; and (5) That of propagation being chain-length independent in rate. All these assumptions are probed in relation to analysis of SP PLP kinetic data, while assumptions (1) and (4) are looked at in relation to the analysis of molecular weight distributions. While some surprising findings do emerge, for the most part it is found that data-analysis methods are reasonably robust, even if they will generally result in underestimation of the true strength of the chain-length dependence of termination. Further, it is possible to make these methods even more accurate by adopting some refinements that are recommended. In general the outstanding potential of SP PLP experiments for investigating the chain-length dependence of the termination reaction is validated.
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12
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Warman JM, de Haas MP, Luthjens LH. High-energy radiation monitoring based on radio-fluorogenic co-polymerization. I: Small volume in situ probe. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:3185-200. [PMID: 19420430 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/10/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A method of radiation dosimetry is described which is based on the radiation-induced initiation of polymerization of a bulk monomer (e.g. methyl methacrylate) containing a small concentration (about 100 ppm) of a compound which is non-fluorescent but which becomes highly fluorescent when it is incorporated into a growing polymer chain of the bulk monomer. We call the overall process 'radio-fluorogenic co-polymerization' or RFCP for short. The method is illustrated by results on the in situ monitoring of the accumulated dose within the irradiation chamber of a cobalt-60 gamma-ray source using a small plastic capsule containing about 0.2 ml of an RFCP solution. Remote monitoring of the fluorescence is carried out on a timescale of seconds using optical fibres connecting the probe to a 360 nm LED excitation source and a miniature spectrophotometer. The fluorescence is permanent and the intensity is linearly proportional to the accumulated dose from a few tenths of a gray up to hundreds of gray. The sensitivity to dose depends on the polymerizable monomer used and obeys a square root dependence on dose rate over the range studied, 0.27-3.76 Gy min(-1). The polymeric nature of the fluorescent product suggests that the RFCP effect could be used to provide fixed two- or three-dimensional fluorescent images of dose deposition in gel films or phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Warman
- Reactor Institute R3/RIH, Technical University of Delft, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
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13
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Wang W, Hutchinson RA. PLP/SEC/NMR Study of Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and Glycidyl Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801435t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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14
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Kubota N, Kajiwara A, Zetterlund PB, Kamachi M, Treurnicht J, Tonge MP, Gilbert RG, Yamada B. Determination of the Propagation Rate Coefficient of Vinyl Pivalate Based on EPR Quantification of the Propagating Radical Concentration. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Heuts JPA, Russell GT, Smith GB. Further Effects of Chain-Length-Dependent Reactivities on Radical Polymerization Kinetics. Aust J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ch07214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we finalize some threads in our investigations into the effects of chain-length-dependent propagation (CLDP) on radical polymerization kinetics, confirming all our previous conclusions. Additionally, and more significantly, we uncover some unexpected and striking effects of chain-length-dependent chain transfer (CLDTr). It is found that the observed overall rate coefficients for propagation and termination (and therefore the rate of polymerization) are not significantly affected by whether or not chain transfer is chain-length dependent. However, this situation is different when considering the molecular weight distributions of the resulting polymers. In the case of chain-length-independent chain transfer, CLDP results in a considerable narrowing of the distribution at the low molecular weight side of the distribution in a chain-transfer controlled system. However, the inclusion of both CLDP and CLDTr yields identical results to classical kinetics – in these latter two cases, the molecular weight distribution is governed by the same chain-length-independent chain transfer constant, whereas in the case of CLDP only, it is governed by a chain-length-dependent chain transfer constant that decreases with decreasing chain length, thus enhancing the probability of propagation for short radicals. Furthermore, it is shown that the inclusion of a very slow first addition step has tremendous effects on the observed kinetics, increasing the primary radical concentration and thereby the overall termination rate coefficient dramatically. However, including possible penultimate unit effects does not significantly affect the overall picture and can be ignored for the time being. Lastly, we explore the prospects of using molecular weight distributions to probe the phenomena of CLDP and CLDTr. Again, some interesting insights follow.
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16
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Kostov G, Rousseau A, Boutevin B, Pascal T. Novel fluoroacrylated copolymers: synthesis, characterization and properties. J Fluor Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Seabrook SA, Tonge MP, Gilbert RG. Pulsed laser polymerization study of the propagation kinetics of acrylamide in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Jansen JFGA, Dias AA, Dorschu M, Coussens B. Fast Monomers: Factors Affecting the Inherent Reactivity of Acrylate Monomers in Photoinitiated Acrylate Polymerization. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma021785r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aylvin A. Dias
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Dorschu
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Betty Coussens
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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19
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García F, García JM, Rubio F, de la Peña JL, Guzmán J, Riande E. Reaction kinetics and gel effect on the polymerization of 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate and 2(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Chauvin F, Alb AM, Bertin D, Tordo P, Reed WF. Kinetics and molecular weight evolution during controlled radical polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3935(200210)203:14<2029::aid-macp2029>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Chauvin
- Tulane University, Physics Dept., Percival Stern, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Alina M. Alb
- Tulane University, Physics Dept., Percival Stern, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Denis Bertin
- University of Marseilles I and III, UMR 6517, Case 521, Av. Esc. Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- University of Marseilles I and III, UMR 6517, Case 521, Av. Esc. Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Wayne F. Reed
- Tulane University, Physics Dept., Percival Stern, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Tanaka K, Yamada B, Willemse R, van Herk AM. Pulsed Laser Polymerization of Cyclohexyl Acrylate Involving Fragmentation of Mid-Chain Radical. Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.34.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Gromada J, Matyjaszewski K. Measurement of Initial Degree of Polymerization without Reactivation as a New Method To Estimate Rate Constants of Deactivation in ATRP. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020279z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Gromada
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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23
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Harrisson S, Davis TP, Evans RA, Rizzardo E. Pulsed Laser Copolymerization of Ring-Opening Cyclic Allylic Sulfide Monomers with Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0111663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Othman N, Mckenna TF, Santos AM, Févotte G. Monitoring of emulsion polymerisations: A study of reaction kinetics in the presence of secondary nucleation. CAN J CHEM ENG 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Othman N, Févotte G, McKenna TF. Polymer Composition Control in Emulsion Co- and Terpolymerizations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nida Othman
- LCPP−CNRS/ESCPE-Lyon and LAGEP, Université de Lyon I, Bât 308, 43 Boulevard du 11 Nov. 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Févotte
- LCPP−CNRS/ESCPE-Lyon and LAGEP, Université de Lyon I, Bât 308, 43 Boulevard du 11 Nov. 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Timothy F. McKenna
- LCPP−CNRS/ESCPE-Lyon and LAGEP, Université de Lyon I, Bât 308, 43 Boulevard du 11 Nov. 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Luthjens LH, Frahn MS, Abellon RD, Hom ML, Warman JM. Steady-state and pulsed studies of the radiation-induced polymerization of methyl methacrylate. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2001. [DOI: 10.1163/15685670152622040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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de Kock JBL, Van Herk AM, German AL. BIMOLECULAR FREE-RADICAL TERMINATION AT LOW CONVERSION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-100107776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Matyjaszewski K, Paik HJ, Zhou P, Diamanti SJ. Determination of Activation and Deactivation Rate Constants of Model Compounds in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization1. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010185+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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van den Brink M, Pepers M, van Herk AM, German AL. ON-LINE MONITORING AND COMPOSITION CONTROL OF THE EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF VeoVA 9 AND BUTYL ACRYLATE BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/pre-100103273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tsavalas JG, Schork FJ, de Brouwer H, Monteiro MJ. Living Radical Polymerization by Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer in Ionically Stabilized Miniemulsions. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001888e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Tsavalas
- Polymer Chemistry & Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O.Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
| | - F. Joseph Schork
- Polymer Chemistry & Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O.Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Hans de Brouwer
- Polymer Chemistry & Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O.Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Polymer Chemistry & Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O.Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100
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García F, de la Peña JL, Delgado JJ, García N, Guzmán J, Riande E, Calle P. Synthesis and kinetics of polymerization of hydrophilic monomers: 2,3-dihydroxypropylacrylate and 2,3-dihydroxypropylmethacrylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ouzineb K, Heredia MF, Graillat C, Mckenna TF. Stabilization and kinetics in the emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Synthesis of methyl methacrylate oligomers with substituted tetraphenylethane initiator. POLYM INT 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tanaka K, Yamada B, Fellows CM, Gilbert RG, Davis TP, Yee LH, Smith GB, Rees MTL, Russell GT. Pulsed-laser polymerization-gel permeation chromatographic determination of the propagation-rate coefficient for the methyl acrylate dimer: A sterically hindered monomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ganachaud F, Balic R, Monteiro MJ, Gilbert RG. Propagation Rate Coefficient of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in Water below Its Lower Critical Solution Temperature. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000619l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Ganachaud
- Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, Chemistry School, Sydney University, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert Balic
- Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, Chemistry School, Sydney University, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - M. J. Monteiro
- Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, Chemistry School, Sydney University, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R. G. Gilbert
- Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, Chemistry School, Sydney University, NSW 2006, Australia
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Yamada B, Azukizawa M, Yamazoe H, Hill D, Pomery P. Free radical polymerization of cyclohexyl acrylate involving interconversion between propagating and mid-chain radicals. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jung M, van Casteren I, Monteiro MJ, van Herk AM, German AL. Pulsed-Laser Polymerization in Compartmentalized Liquids. 1. Polymerization in Vesicles. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9919211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jung
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse van Casteren
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alex M. van Herk
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anton L. German
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Coatings Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Kuchta FD, van Herk AM, German AL. Propagation Kinetics of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acid in Water and Organic Solvents Studied by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990906t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Dieter Kuchta
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB EINDHOVEN, The Netherlands, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 53170 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander M. van Herk
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB EINDHOVEN, The Netherlands, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 53170 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anton L. German
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB EINDHOVEN, The Netherlands, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 53170 Bonn, Germany
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McKenna TF, Othman S, Févotte G, Santos A, Hammouri H. An Integrated Approach to Polymer Reaction Engineering: A Review of Calorimetry and State Estimation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10543414.2000.10744537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schnöll-Bitai I. Instationary polymerization technique—basic principles and first results. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(99)00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Coote ML, Davis TP. Propagation Kinetics of Para-Substituted Styrenes: A Test of the Applicability of the Hammett Relationship to Free-Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990146m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Coote
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Coote ML, Davis TP. Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics of Para-Substituted Styrenes: A Critical Test of the Implicit Penultimate Model. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Coote
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- School of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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