1
|
Ochi A, Nuntawong P, Chaingam J, Ota T, Juengwatanatrakul T, Putalun W, Shoyama Y, Tanaka H, Morimoto S, Sakamoto S. Simultaneous rapid detection of glycyrrhizin and sennoside A in Daiokanzoto samples by lateral flow immunoassay. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:678-689. [PMID: 38219281 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycyrrhizin (GLY) and sennoside A (SA) are characteristic bioactive marker compounds of the Kampo medicine Daiokanzoto. Their accurate detection in blends of Rhei rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae radix of several species (4:1 or 4:2) is essential for quality control and to ensure therapeutic efficacy. A rapid, efficient assay can significantly facilitate their detection. OBJECTIVE To establish a rapid qualitative assay for GLY and SA detection, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) was developed using specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) nanoparticles. METHODOLOGY This assay harnesses the competitive binding of mAb nanoparticles to the immobilized analytes on test strips and free analytes in the samples. Two conjugates for detecting GLY and SA, GLY-bovine serum albumin and SA-human serum albumin, were separately immobilized on the test zones of LFA strips. The detection mechanism is reliant on the visual detection of color changes in the test zones. RESULTS When GLY and SA were present in samples, they contended with the immobilized conjugates on the strip to bind with the mAb nanoparticles and produced distinct color patterns in the test zones. The limits of detection of the assay for GLY and SA were both 3.13 μg/mL. The capability of the LFA was substantiated using plant samples and Daiokanzoto, and its alignment with indirect competitive ELISA results was confirmed. CONCLUSION The introduced LFA is a groundbreaking procedure that offers a rapid, straightforward, and sensitive method for simultaneously detecting GLY and SA in Daiokanzoto samples. It is instrumental in ensuring product quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ochi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Jiranan Chaingam
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fujii S, Shoyama Y, Nomura S, Uto T. Development of Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunostaining Assay to Determine Glycyrrhizin Content Using Anti-glycyrrhizin Monoclonal Antibody. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:694-698. [PMID: 36184451 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza spp., is used in a large number of herbal medicines, such as traditional Chinese medicines, Japanese Kampo medicines, and therapeutic drugs. Since glycyrrhizin (GL) is among the main components in licorice and exhibits numerous beneficial pharmacological activities, the content of GL directly affects biological activity. The quality control based on GL content is an important factor in ensuring biological activity; however, the content of GL in licorice varies depending on plant cultivation environment, genetic factors, and species type. Previously, we prepared an anti-GL monoclonal antibody (anti-GL mAb) and employed it in various immunochemical assays for quality control of licorice and licorice-based products. In this study, we employed the anti-GL mAb in chemiluminescence enzyme immunostaining (CLEIS) to develop a very simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive quality control assay for licorice products, with a limit of detection of 3.9 ng. Furthermore, the CLEIS assay enabled semiquantitative analysis of GL in Kampo medicines. Our results showed that multiple samples can be simultaneously analyzed using CLEIS, and it is a useful tool for determining GL content, as well as ensuring chemical quality control of licorice-containing products and herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Fujii
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| | - Shuichi Nomura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University
| | - Takuhiro Uto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bioimprinting as a Receptor for Detection of Kwakhurin. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081064. [PMID: 36008958 PMCID: PMC9405580 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioimprinting was performed against ovalbumin (OVA) to confer its binding cavities for kwakhurin (Kwa), an isoflavonoid, produced solely by Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (P. candollei). The characterization of bioimprinted-OVA (biOVA), evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), revealed that it functioned as a specific receptor for Kwa. Using biOVA, two systems, i.e., an indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) and the even simpler and more rapid competitive enzyme-linked bioimprinted-protein assay (cELBIA), were developed as novel techniques for the quantitative analysis of Kwa in P. candollei and its related products. The two analysis methods were found to have limits of detection (LOD) of 4.0 and 2.5 µg/mL, respectively. The high reliability of the developed icELISA and cELBIA using biOVA was also demonstrated by various validation analyses. Subsequently, bioimprinting was performed using eight other proteins to investigate them as candidate scaffolds for the generation of binding cavities for Kwa. Interestingly, two bioimprinted-IgG monoclonal antibodies (biMAbs) recognized Kwa, but their original binding affinity to hapten was lost. That is, the MAbs obtained a new binding ability to Kwa in exchange for their original binding affinity, raising the possibility that biMAb could be alternatively used as a probe for the quantitative analysis of Kwa as well as biOVA. This is the first report of small molecules recognition by MAbs used as proteins for bioimprinting.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bakr AF, Shao P, Farag MA. Recent advances in glycyrrhizin metabolism, health benefits, clinical effects and drug delivery systems for efficacy improvement; a comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153999. [PMID: 35220130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major active constituent of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that is considered one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine and worldwide, with most effects attributed to its rich GL content. Structurally, GL a triterpene saponin that is widely used as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics, and also proposed for various clinical applications with a myriad of health benefits. Pharmacological and biological activities of GL include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Currently, there is no comprehensive review on GL biological effects and its action mechanisms. PURPOSE This review summarizes GL pharmacological actions from a molecular biology perception, presented on its metabolism and side effects based on in vitro, in vitro and clinical studies. Moreover, the potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also summarized. The progress in drug delivery research using GL presented herein is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing other novel drugs formulations. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in several electronic databases (Science Direct, SpringerLink, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus), using the following key words: glycyrrhizin "AND" bioactivity "OR" clinic "OR" therapeutic "OR" drug delivery. This search included manuscripts published between 1989 and 2021. RESULTS 126 researches were selected and summarized in this review. The analysis of these studies indicated that GL has antiviral activity against different viruses. Further, GL efficiently suppressed the respiratory manifestations associated with COVID-19 by reducing the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that employed by the virus as an entry point. Otherwise, GL was found to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activity. Besides, diminution the particle size of GL to nanometer size significantly augments their action and biodistribution. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the pharmacological actions of GL. The potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also presented. Nevertheless, most studies reported provide no deep insight of GL health effects warranting for more future studies to elucidate its action mechanism and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Immunological Separation of Bioactive Natural Compounds from Crude Drug Extract and Its Application for Cell-Based Studies. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10040048. [PMID: 34940000 PMCID: PMC8698370 DOI: 10.3390/antib10040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a review on a useful approach, namely, immunoaffinity column coupled with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), to separate natural compounds and its application for cell-based studies. The immunoaffinity column aids in separating the specific target compound from the crude extract. The column capacity was stable even after more than 10 purification cycles of use under the same conditions. After applying the crude extract to the column, the column was washed with washing buffer and eluted with elution buffer. The elution fraction contained the target compound bound to MAb, whereas the washing fraction was the crude extract, which contained all compounds except a group of target compounds; therefore, the washing fraction was referred to as a knockout (KO) crude extract. Cell-based studies using the KO extract revealed the actual effects of the natural compounds in the crude extract. One-step separation of natural compounds using the immunoaffinity column coupled with MAbs may help in determining the potential functions of natural compounds in crude extracts.
Collapse
|
6
|
Minami K, Yusakul G, Fujii S, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Sakamoto S, Morimoto S. Rapid magnetic particles-based enzyme immunoassay for the quality control of Glycyrrhiza spp. based on glycyrrhizin content. Fitoterapia 2020; 148:104794. [PMID: 33271257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GC) is a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza spp., a medicinal plant that is present in 70% of Kampo prescriptions. Since the GC content in Glycyrrhiza spp. affects its various pharmacological activities, Glycyrrhiza spp. is prescribed to contain at least 2% of GC in the Japanese pharmacopoeia, and its quality control based on GC content is required. In this study, a magnetic particles-based enzyme immunoassay (MPs-EIA) was developed using specific monoclonal antibody against GC (MAb 2H2) for the detection of GC in Glycyrrhiza spp. In this system, the immunoreaction time using primary and secondary antibodies was reduced by taking advantage of the wide surface area of magnetic particles (MPs) conjugated with GC by N,N'‑carbonyldiimidazole (CDI)-mediated method. Optimization of MPs-EIA revealed that total assay time (~2 h) was reduced to over half of that of conventional indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (~5 h). In addition, the GC concentration was detectable within the range from 97.7 to 781 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 71.4 ng/mL. A series of further validation analyses support the reliability and accuracy of the developed MPs-EIA for the detection of GC in Glycyrrhiza spp. Since the present MPs-EIA overcomes the disadvantage of ELISA in terms of rapidity, it provides a useful approach for the effective quality control of Glycyrrhiza spp., especially when handling multiple samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Minami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Shunsuke Fujii
- Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
| | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; School of Pharmacy, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigakudouri, Sanyo-onoda-shi, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liquiritin and Liquiritigenin Induce Melanogenesis via Enhancement of p38 and PKA Signaling Pathways. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6020068. [PMID: 31234488 PMCID: PMC6631415 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Liquiritin (LQ) and its aglycone, liquiritigenin (LQG), are major flavonoids in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza spp.). Our preliminary screening identified LQ and LQG, which promote melanin synthesis in the melanoma cells. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of melanin synthesis activated by LQ and LQG. Methods: Murine (B16-F1) and human (HMVII) melanoma cell lines were treated with LQ or LQG. After incubation, melanin contents, intracellular tyrosinase activity, and cell viability were evaluated. Protein levels were determined using Western blotting. Results: LQ and LQG activated melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase activity. The induction of melanin and intracellular tyrosinase activity by LQG was higher than that by LQ. LQ and LQG induced the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2. LQ and LQG also enhanced microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, and cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), but not Akt, was significantly increased by LQ or LQG. Furthermore, LQ- or LQG-mediated melanin synthesis was partially blocked by p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (H-89); however, ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor (U0126) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) had no effect. Conclusions: The results suggest that LQ and LQG enhance melanin synthesis by upregulating the expression of melanogenic enzymes, which were activated by p38 and PKA signaling pathways, leading to MITF expression and CREB phosphorylation.
Collapse
|