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Jing X, Menghua L, Lihui Z, Qian W, Xueli W, Xuelong Z, Zhihui L, Guofu D, Changzhen W. Multi-frequency electromagnetic radiation induces anxiety in mice via inflammation in the cerebral cortex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35161-35172. [PMID: 38724846 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Modern life is filled with radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) in various frequency bands, while the health risks are not clear. In this study, mice were whole-body exposed to 0.9/1.5/2.65 GHz radiofrequency radiation at 4 W/kg for 2 h per day for 4 weeks to investigate the emotional effects. It was found that the mice showed anxiety but no severe depression. The ELISA results showed a significant decrease in amino acid neurotransmitters (GABA, DA, 5-HT), although acetylcholine (ACH) levels were not significantly altered. Furthermore, Western blot results showed that BDNF, TrkB, and CREB levels were increased in the cerebral cortex, while NF-κB levels were decreased. In addition, pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) were significantly elevated, and anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10) tended to decrease. In conclusion, multi-frequency electromagnetic radiation induces an inflammatory response through the CREB-BDNF-TrkB and NF-κB pathways in the cerebral cortex and causes a decrease in excitatory neurotransmitters, which ultimately causes anxiety in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Li Menghua
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhang Lihui
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wang Xueli
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhao Xuelong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Li Zhihui
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Dong Guofu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wang Changzhen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Pawar B, Vasdev N, Gupta T, Mhatre M, More A, Anup N, Tekade RK. Current Update on Transcellular Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122719. [PMID: 36559214 PMCID: PMC9786068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes drug delivery to the brain more challenging. There are various mechanistic routes through which therapeutic molecules travel and deliver the drug across the BBB. Among all the routes, the transcellular route is widely explored to deliver therapeutics. Advances in nanotechnology have encouraged scientists to develop novel formulations for brain drug delivery. In this article, we have broadly discussed the BBB as a limitation for brain drug delivery and ways to solve it using novel techniques such as nanomedicine, nose-to-brain drug delivery, and peptide as a drug delivery carrier. In addition, the article will help to understand the different factors governing the permeability of the BBB, as well as various formulation-related factors and the body clearance of the drug delivered into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-796674550 or +91-7966745555; Fax: +91-7966745560
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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Nagaraja TN, Lee IY. Cerebral microcirculation in glioblastoma: A major determinant of diagnosis, resection, and drug delivery. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12679. [PMID: 33474805 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis. Current standard of treatment is safe maximal tumor resection followed by chemotherapy and radiation. Altered cerebral microcirculation and elevated blood-tumor barrier (BTB) permeability in tumor periphery due to glioma-induced vascular dysregulation allow T1 contrast-enhanced visualization of resectable tumor boundaries. Newer tracers that label the tumor and its vasculature are being increasingly used for intraoperative delineation of glioma boundaries for even more precise resection. Fluorescent 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and indocyanine green (ICG) are examples of such intraoperative tracers. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based MR thermometry is being employed for laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) for glioma debulking. However, aggressive, fatal recurrence always occurs. Postsurgical chemotherapy is hampered by the inability of most drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Understanding postsurgical changes in brain microcirculation and permeability is crucial to improve chemotherapy delivery. It is important to understand whether any microcirculatory indices can differentiate between true recurrence and radiation necrosis. LITT leads to peri-ablation BBB opening that persists for several weeks. Whether it can be a conduit for chemotherapy delivery is yet to be explored. This review will address the role of cerebral microcirculation in such emerging ideas in GBM diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Y Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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5
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Er H, Basaranlar G, Ozen S, Demir N, Kantar D, Yargicoglu P, Derin N. The effects of acute and chronic exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation on auditory brainstem response in adult rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:374-386. [PMID: 32865045 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1813159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short and long-term RFR exposure on ABR by evaluating lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in adult rats. Sixty male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. S1:1 week sham, S10:10 weeks sham, E1:1 week RFR, E10:10 weeks RFR. Experimental group rats were exposed to RFR 2 h/day, 5 days/week during the test period. Sham rats were kept in the same conditions without RFR. After the experiment, ABRs were recorded from the mastoids of rats using tone burst acoustic stimuli. Biochemical investigations in rat brain and ultrastructural analysis in temporal cortex were performed. ABR wave I latency prolonged in E1-group and shortened in E10-group compared to their shams. TBARS level increased in E1-group, decreased in E10-group, on the contrary, SOD and CAT activities and GSH level decreased in E1-group, increased in E10-group compared to their sham groups. Edema was present in the neuron and astrocyte cytoplasms and astrocyte end-feet in both E1 and E10 groups. Our results suggest that 900 MHz RFR may have negative effects on the auditory system in acute exposure and no adverse effects in chronic exposure without weekends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Er
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey.,Electron Microscopy Image Analyzing Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Goksun Basaranlar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sukru Ozen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Necdet Demir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Deniz Kantar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Piraye Yargicoglu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Narin Derin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
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Sharma A, Sharma S, Shrivastava S, Singhal PK, Shukla S. Mobile phone induced cognitive and neurochemical consequences. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 102:101684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Narayanan SN, Jetti R, Kesari KK, Kumar RS, Nayak SB, Bhat PG. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced behavioral changes and their possible basis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30693-30710. [PMID: 31463749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of mobile phone technology is to achieve communication with any person at any place and time. In the modern era, it is impossible to ignore the usefulness of mobile phone technology in cases of emergency as many lives have been saved. However, the biological effects they may have on humans and other animals have been largely ignored and not been evaluated comprehensively. One of the reasons for this is the speedy uncontrollable growth of this technology which has surpassed our researching ability. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony currently reaches to its fifth generation without being screened extensively for any biological effects that they may have on humans or on other animals. Mounting evidences suggest possible non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on brain and behavior. Behavioral studies have particularly concentrated on the effects of RF-EMR on learning, memory, anxiety, and locomotion. The literature analysis on behavioral effects of RF-EMR demonstrates complex picture with conflicting observations. Nonetheless, numerous reports suggest a possible behavioral effect of RF-EMR. The scientific findings about this issue are presented in the current review. The possible neural and molecular mechanisms for the behavioral effects have been proposed in the light of available evidences from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, PO Box 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
| | - Raghu Jetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions-Jeddah, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, P. O. Box 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Satheesha B Nayak
- Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - P Gopalakrishna Bhat
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
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Yahyazadeh A, Altunkaynak BZ. Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of thymoquinone on rat spinal cord exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 100:101657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Belpomme D, Hardell L, Belyaev I, Burgio E, Carpenter DO. Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:643-658. [PMID: 30025338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at low intensities poses a significant health hazard that has not been adequately addressed by national and international organizations such as the World Health Organization. There is strong evidence that excessive exposure to mobile phone-frequencies over long periods of time increases the risk of brain cancer both in humans and animals. The mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen species, gene expression alteration and DNA damage through both epigenetic and genetic processes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate adverse effects on male and female reproduction, almost certainly due to generation of reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence the exposures can result in neurobehavioral decrements and that some individuals develop a syndrome of "electro-hypersensitivity" or "microwave illness", which is one of several syndromes commonly categorized as "idiopathic environmental intolerance". While the symptoms are non-specific, new biochemical indicators and imaging techniques allow diagnosis that excludes the symptoms as being only psychosomatic. Unfortunately standards set by most national and international bodies are not protective of human health. This is a particular concern in children, given the rapid expansion of use of wireless technologies, the greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system, the hyperconductivity of their brain tissue, the greater penetration of radiofrequency radiation relative to head size and their potential for a longer lifetime exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Belpomme
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Paris V University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lennart Hardell
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Orebro University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Igor Belyaev
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Laboratory of Radiobiology, Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ernesto Burgio
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Instituto Scientifico Biomedico Euro Mediterraneo, Mesagne, Italy
| | - David O Carpenter
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
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Golomb BA. Diplomats' Mystery Illness and Pulsed Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation. Neural Comput 2018; 30:2882-2985. [PMID: 30183509 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance: A mystery illness striking U.S. and Canadian diplomats to Cuba (and now China) "has confounded the FBI, the State Department and US intelligence agencies" (Lederman, Weissenstein, & Lee, 2017). Sonic explanations for the so-called health attacks have long dominated media reports, propelled by peculiar sounds heard and auditory symptoms experienced. Sonic mediation was justly rejected by experts. We assessed whether pulsed radiofrequency/microwave radiation (RF/MW) exposure can accommodate reported facts in diplomats, including unusual ones. Observations: (1) Noises: Many diplomats heard chirping, ringing or grinding noises at night during episodes reportedly triggering health problems. Some reported that noises were localized with laser-like precision or said the sounds seemed to follow them (within the territory in which they were perceived). Pulsed RF/MW engenders just these apparent "sounds" via the Frey effect. Perceived "sounds" differ by head dimensions and pulse characteristics and can be perceived as located behind in or above the head. Ability to hear the "sounds" depends on high-frequency hearing and low ambient noise. (2) Signs/symptoms: Hearing loss and tinnitus are prominent in affected diplomats and in RF/MW-affected individuals. Each of the protean symptoms that diplomats report also affect persons reporting symptoms from RF/MW: sleep problems, headaches, and cognitive problems dominate in both groups. Sensations of pressure or vibration figure in each. Both encompass vision, balance, and speech problems and nosebleeds. Brain injury and brain swelling are reported in both. (3) Mechanisms: Oxidative stress provides a documented mechanism of RF/MW injury compatible with reported signs and symptoms; sequelae of endothelial dysfunction (yielding blood flow compromise), membrane damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, mitochondrial injury, apoptosis, and autoimmune triggering afford downstream mechanisms, of varying persistence, that merit investigation. (4) Of note, microwaving of the U.S. embassy in Moscow is historically documented. Conclusions and relevance: Reported facts appear consistent with pulsed RF/MW as the source of injury in affected diplomats. Nondiplomats citing symptoms from RF/MW, often with an inciting pulsed-RF/MW exposure, report compatible health conditions. Under the RF/MW hypothesis, lessons learned for diplomats and for RF/MW-affected civilians may each aid the other.
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Lee I, Kalkanis S, Hadjipanayis CG. Stereotactic Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas. Neurosurgery 2017; 79 Suppl 1:S24-S34. [PMID: 27861323 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The value of maximal safe cytoreductive surgery in recurrent high-grade gliomas (HGGs) is gaining wider acceptance. However, patients may harbor recurrent tumors that may be difficult to access with open surgery. Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is emerging as a technique for treating a variety of brain pathologies, including primary and metastatic tumors, radiation necrosis, and epilepsy. OBJECTIVE To review the role of LITT in the treatment of recurrent HGGs, for which current treatments have limited efficacy, and to discuss the possible role of LITT in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier to increase delivery of chemotherapy locoregionally. METHODS A MEDLINE search was performed to identify 17 articles potentially appropriate for review. Of these 17, 6 reported currently commercially available systems and as well as magnetic resonance thermometry to monitor the ablation and, thus, were thought to be most appropriate for this review. These studies were then reviewed for complications associated with LITT. Ablation volume, tumor coverage, and treatment times were also reviewed. RESULTS Sixty-four lesions in 63 patients with recurrent HGGs were treated with LITT. Frontal (n = 34), temporal (n = 14), and parietal (n = 16) were the most common locations. Permanent neurological deficits were seen in 7 patients (12%), vascular injuries occurred in 2 patients (3%), and wound infection was observed in 1 patient (2%). Ablation coverage of the lesions ranged from 78% to 100%. CONCLUSION Although experience using LITT for recurrent HGGs is growing, current evidence is insufficient to offer a recommendation about its role in the treatment paradigm for recurrent HGGs. ABBREVIATIONS BBB, blood-brain barrierFDA, US Food and Drug AdministrationGBM, glioblastoma multiformeHGG, high-grade gliomaLITT, laser interstitial thermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Lee
- *Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, New York City, New York
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Sepehrimanesh M, Kazemipour N, Saeb M, Nazifi S, Davis DL. Proteomic analysis of continuous 900-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in testicular tissue: a rat model of human cell phone exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13666-13673. [PMID: 28397118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although cell phones have been used worldwide, some adverse and toxic effects were reported for this communication technology apparatus. To analyze in vivo effects of exposure to radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on protein expression in rat testicular proteome, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 0, 1, 2, or 4 h/day for 30 consecutive days. Protein content of rat testes was separated by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis using immobilized pH gradient (pI 4-7, 7 cm) and 12% acrylamide and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Two protein spots were found differentially overexpressed (P < 0.05) in intensity and volume with induction factors 1.7 times greater after RF-EMF exposure. After 4 h of daily exposure for 30 consecutive days, ATP synthase beta subunit (ASBS) and hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 precursor (HYOU1) were found to be significantly up-regulated. These proteins affect signaling pathways in rat testes and spermatogenesis and play a critical role in protein folding and secretion in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results indicate that exposure to RF-EMF produces increases in testicular proteins in adults that are related to carcinogenic risk and reproductive damage. In light of the widespread practice of men carrying phones in their pockets near their gonads, where exposures can exceed as-tested guidelines, further study of these effects should be a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Sepehrimanesh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Po. Box: 17935-1311, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Kazemipour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Saeb
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Sırav B, Seyhan N. Effects of GSM modulated radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on permeability of blood-brain barrier in male & female rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:123-7. [PMID: 26723545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
With the increased use of mobile phones, their biological and health effects have become more important. Usage of mobile phones near the head increases the possibility of effects on brain tissue. This study was designed to investigate the possible effects of pulse modulated 900MHz and 1800MHz radio-frequency radiation on the permeability of blood-brain barrier of rats. Study was performed with 6 groups of young adult male and female wistar albino rats. The permeability of blood-brain barrier to intravenously injected evans blue dye was quantitatively examined for both control and radio-frequency radiarion exposed groups. For male groups; Evans blue content in the whole brain was found to be 0.08±0.01mg% in the control, 0.13±0.03mg% in 900MHz exposed and 0.26±0.05mg% in 1800MHz exposed animals. In both male radio-frequency radiation exposed groups, the permeability of blood-brain barrier found to be increased with respect to the controls (p<0.01). 1800MHz pulse modulated radio-frequency radiation exposure was found more effective on the male animals (p<0.01). For female groups; dye contents in the whole brains were 0.14±0.01mg% in the control, 0.24±0.03mg% in 900MHz exposed and 0.14±0.02mg% in 1800MHz exposed animals. No statistical variance found between the control and 1800MHz exposed animals (p>0.01). However 900MHz pulse modulated radio-frequency exposure was found effective on the permeability of blood-brain barrier of female animals. Results have shown that 20min pulse modulated radio-frequency radiation exposure of 900MHz and 1800MHz induces an effect and increases the permeability of blood-brain barrier of male rats. For females, 900MHz was found effective and it could be concluded that this result may due to the physiological differences between female and male animals. The results of this study suggest that mobile phone radation could lead to increase the permeability of blood-brain barrier under non-thermal exposure levels. More studies are needed to demonstrate the mechanisms of that breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahriye Sırav
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Ankara, Turkey; Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nesrin Seyhan
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Ankara, Turkey; Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey
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Zhang F, Xu CL, Liu CM. Drug delivery strategies to enhance the permeability of the blood-brain barrier for treatment of glioma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2089-100. [PMID: 25926719 PMCID: PMC4403597 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s79592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are amongst the most insidious and destructive types of brain cancer and are associated with a poor prognosis, frequent recurrences, and extremely high lethality despite combination treatment of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The existence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) restricts the delivery of therapeutic molecules into the brain and offers the clinical efficacy of many pharmaceuticals that have been demonstrated to be effective for other kinds of tumors. This challenge emphasizes the need to be able to deliver drugs effectively across the BBB to reach the brain parenchyma. Enhancement of the permeability of the BBB and being able to transport drugs across it has been shown to be a promising strategy to improve drug absorption and treatment efficacy. This review highlights the innovative technologies that have been introduced to enhance the permeability of the BBB and to obtain an optimal distribution and concentration of drugs in the brain to treat gliomas, such as nanotechniques, hyperthermia techniques, receptor-mediated transport, cell-penetrating peptides, and cell-mediated delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, National First-Class Key Discipline for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, National First-Class Key Discipline for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Mei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National First-Class Key Discipline for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Horsch AD, Dankbaar JW, van Seeters T, Niesten JM, Luitse MJA, Vos PC, van der Schaaf IC, Biessels GJ, van der Graaf Y, Kappelle LJ, Mali WPTM, Velthuis BK. Relation between stroke severity, patient characteristics and CT-perfusion derived blood-brain barrier permeability measurements in acute ischemic stroke. Clin Neuroradiol 2015; 26:415-421. [PMID: 25722019 PMCID: PMC5131081 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-015-0375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Increased blood-brain barrier permeability (BBBP) can result from ischemia. In this study the relation between stroke severity, patient characteristics and admission BBBP values measured with CT-perfusion (CTP) was investigated in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods From prospective data of the Dutch Acute Stroke Study 149 patients with a middle cerebral artery stroke and extended CTP were selected. BBBP values were measured in the penumbra and infarct core as defined by CTP thresholds, and in the contra-lateral hemisphere. The relation between stroke (severity) variables and patient characteristics, including early CT signs, dense vessel sign (DVS), time to scan and National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS), and BBBP parameters in penumbra and infarct core was quantified with regression analysis. Results Early CT signs were related to higher BBBP values in the infarct core (B = 0.710), higher ipsi- to contra-lateral BBBP ratios (B = 0.326) and higher extraction ratios in the infarct core (B = 16.938). Females were found to have lower BBBP values in penumbra and infarct core (B = − 0.446 and − 0.776 respectively) and lower extraction ratios in the infarct core (B = − 10.463). If a DVS was present the ipsi- to contra-lateral BBBP ratios were lower (B = − 0.304). There was no relation between NIHSS or time to scan and BBBP values. Conclusion Early CT signs are related to higher BBBP values in the infarct core, suggesting that only severe ischemic damage alters BBBP within the first hours after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Horsch
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP E01.132, 3584, Utrecht, CX, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Willem Dankbaar
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP E01.132, 3584, Utrecht, CX, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van Seeters
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP E01.132, 3584, Utrecht, CX, The Netherlands
| | - Joris M Niesten
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP E01.132, 3584, Utrecht, CX, The Netherlands
| | - Merel J A Luitse
- Department of Neurology, Utrecht Stroke Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C Vos
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP E01.132, 3584, Utrecht, CX, The Netherlands
| | - Irene C van der Schaaf
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP E01.132, 3584, Utrecht, CX, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, Utrecht Stroke Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology, Utrecht Stroke Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem P Th M Mali
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP E01.132, 3584, Utrecht, CX, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta K Velthuis
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, HP E01.132, 3584, Utrecht, CX, The Netherlands
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Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Colbay M, Yetkin I, Seyhan N. No genotoxic effect in exfoliated bladder cells of rat under the exposure of 1800 and 2100 MHz radio frequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:296-301. [PMID: 24279630 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.831354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of 1800 and 2100 MHz Radio Frequency (RF) radiation on the number of micronucleus (MN) in exfoliated bladder cells of rat which shows the genotoxic damage. Exposure period was 30 min/day, 6 days/week for a month and two months exposure periods. Thirty male wistar albino rats were used for five groups: Group I (n = 6): 1800 MHz RF exposed animals for one month, Group II (n = 6): 2100 MHz RF exposed animals for one month, Group III (n = 6): 2100 MHz RF exposed for two months, Group IV (n = 6): control group for one month, Group V (n = 6): control group for two months. Rats of the control groups were housed in their home cages during the entire experimental period without subjecting to any experimental manipulation. 1800 and 2100 MHz RF exposures did not result in any significant MN frequencies in rat bladder cells with respect to the control groups (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between 2100 MHz RF exposed groups, either. Further studies are needed to demonstrate if there is any genotoxic effect, micronucleus formation in other tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gurbuz
- Laboratory Animal Breeding & Experimental Research Center
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17
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Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, Koutsogiannopoulou E, Anastasiadou E, Stravopodis DJ, Tsangaris GT, Margaritis LH. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:250-74. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.631068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Athina Samara
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anta Xanthopoulou
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Papadopoulou
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vougas
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Koutsogiannopoulou
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Ema Anastasiadou
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Th. Tsangaris
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Lukas H. Margaritis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Athens University,
Athens, Greece
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Sirav B, Seyhan N. Effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in male and female rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2011; 30:253-60. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sirav B, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Seyhan N. Evaluation of Non Ionizing Radiation Around the Dielectric Heaters and Sealers: A Case Report. Electromagn Biol Med 2010; 29:144-53. [DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2010.505149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Stam R. Electromagnetic fields and the blood–brain barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 65:80-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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